معصومه شیرزایی

Chamomile and saffron seems to significantly decrease the level of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and reduce the likelihood of caries. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of chamomile and saffron infusion consumption on the pH of saliva.

In this clinical trial study, samples were collected for salivary pH from 30 healthy male dental students over 20 to 30 years. In this method, each volunteer was asked to trickle unstimulated saliva into the test tubes through their lower lip within 3 min and every 60 s (in a seated position) before consuming chamomile or saffron (10-12 AM) infusion. After 30 min the samples were recollected 1, 5, and 10 min after ingestion of 150 ml chamomile or saffron without any sweetener in separate tubes (for each volunteer, test tubes were numbered 1 to 4) and it was transferred to the laboratory to evaluate salivary pH. The amount of salivary pH was measured by a digital pH meter in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21) by T-test, ANOVA, and repeated measurements.

The mean salivary pH was significantly different before chamomile consumption (7.26±0.55) and after that (7.71±0.33) (P=0.0001). A significant difference was observed between the mean salivary pH before saffron consumption (7.54±0.33) and after that (7.87±0.16) (P=0.0001). The mean salivary pH was significantly higher after saffron consumption than that after chamomile consumption (P=0.02).

Chamomile and saffron consumption significantly increase the salivary pH and saffron has a greater effect on the salivary pH than chamomile.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa with multifactorial etiology . Psychological factors is one of possible factors cause to recurrent aphthous ulcers and salivary cortisol level also influenced by anxiety, this study aimed to compare salivary cortisol levels in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers( during active disease and after healing )with healthy persons.

In this case-control study unstimulated salivary samples from 30 patient with RAS above 10 years (in active ulcerative stage and 2 days after healing) and 30 healthy subjects (control group) who age and gender were matched was collected and transferred to the laboratory for salivary cortisol levels measurement )Eliza method). Hamilton Anxiety Scale questionnaire was also completed to assess the level of anxiety for participants. Data were analyzed using Spss 20 and sample T-Test

Salivary cortisol levels in patients with RAS in active ulcerative and healing periods no significant different(P=0.171). Salivary cortisol levels in healthy subjects and patients with RAS in acute phase no significant different (p=0.272). Also cortisol levels in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis in healing period and control group no significant different .(P = 0.97) The mean anxiety level of people with RAS 17.6 ± 3.2 and healthy people 15.9± 2.7 no significant different (P˃0.05)

Considering to the result ,salivary cortisol levels in ulcerative period and after healing in patients with RAS and healthy subjects no different . Also, anxiety and cortisol levels no related to aphthea occurrence .

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis(RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal injuries. Various studies have shown Contradictory and varied results about inflammatory cytokines and the biological dimensions related to this complication.This study aimed to compare salivary interleukin-2 levels in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (in the active ulcerative and healing periods) and healthy people.

In this analytical and case-control study, unstimulated  saliva samples of  25 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (case group) in the ulcerative and healing periods and 25 healthy individuals (control group) were collected  for assessment of interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels and transferred to the laboratory. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software and Independent t-test. Pvalue of lower than 0.05 was significant.

IL-2 salivary levels in  RAS patients( 114.53 ± 93.48)  pg/ml and healthy controls (112.44 ±55.185)  had significantly difference (P˂0.001). Salivary IL-2 levels in RAS subjects in active ulcerative  (114.93 ± 53.48)  and healing periods ( 110.56 ±56.71) pg/ml  no significantly difference. (P˃0.05)

According to the results of the study, salivary IL-2  levels significantly increased  in RAS people in the active ulcerative , and healing periods compared to healthy controls. However, salivary Il-2 in  the active ulcerative , and healing periods  had no changing.

Today, smoking is recognized as a pervasive health problem, resulting in the growing number of people exposing to secondhand smoke. Regarding this, children, who are in the early years of their growth, are more vulnerable than adults. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is considered one of the most toxic environmental exposures; in this regard, passive smoking is one of the most important public health problems. Considering the effects of cigarette smoke on C-reactive protein (CRP), which is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular problems, this study was conducted to compare the salivary CRP levels among passive smoker and non-smoker children and adolescents aged 12-15 years. The statistical population of this case-control study consisted of 80 children and adolescents aged 12-15 years (40 passive smokers and 40 non-smokers). To conduct the research, the unstimulated salivary samples were collected from the study population. Salivary cotinine level was measured using a cotinine kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Moreover, a CRP kit and immunoturbidimetric method were used to evaluate the salivary CRP level. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using an independent t-test. Based on the findings, the salivary cotinine levels were not significantly different among male and female passive smokers (0.12±0.34 and 0.15±0.37 ng/ml, respectively; p < /em>-value=0.8). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed among male and female non-smokers (0.014±0.01 ng/ml and 0.017±0.014 ng/ml, respectively; P-value=0.86). However, the salivary CRP levels were significantly higher in the passive smoker group (4.16±1.56 mg/l) than in non-smokers (3.175±1.009 mg/l; p < /em>-value=0.001). It can be concluded that children and adolescents' exposure to ETS would increase salivary CRP levels, which is a strong predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood, and consequently endanger the individual's health.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is one of the most toxic environmental exposures andpassive smoking is an important general health problem. Children are the most vulnerable group to ETSexposure. This study aimed to compare the salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidationlevels in passive smoking and nonsmoking adolescents aged 12-15 years.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 80 adolescents aged 12-15 years. The case group < br />included passive smokers and the control group comprised nonsmokers. These groups were age- andsex-matched ones. Unstimulated saliva of both groups was collected using the spitting method. Then, thesalivary total antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels were measured using the ferric-reducing antioxidantpower (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, respectively. The independentsamples t-test was used for data comparison.

There was a significant difference in salivary total antioxidant levels between the case group < br />(51.98 ± 88.97 µM) and the control group (174.35 ± 148.15 µM) (P = 0.003). There was no significantdifference between the case group (0.97 ± 1.96) and the control group (0.81 ± 0.97) in lipid peroxidationlevels (P = 0.542).

It seems that passive smoking can reduce the salivary TAC of adolescents, thereby threateningoral cavity health

Dental caries is a multi-factorial disease Demographic factors, also diet particularly breakfast  which  is an important meal are  factors affecting the level of dental caries. The purpose of this study was investigation  relationship between morning feeding and other demographic factors with  tooth decay in  9 years old Zahedan students

In This descriptive – analytical and cross-sectional study, Zahedan city  divided into four regions based on population table.From each region one public and private school (boy &girl), randomly selected,. for 400 boy& girl students  9 years old was filled the questionnaire about demographic factors, and   breakfast consumption  and oral examination was done for evaluation of  dmft, DMFT and OHI-s criterias by a dentist  . Data  were analyzed  with  soft ware  spss 21  and t-test , ANOVA and Pearson correlation..

The  Mean dmft, DMFT in children served breakfast (5.22±2.5 and 1.34±1.4 ( and in  children  did not consume breakfast (4.5±2.5 and 1.39±1.44) had no significant difference (p>0.05) but  the motherchr('39')s occupation and, father education had significant correlation  with DMFT and  mother  education had significant correlation with  DMFT,,dmft (P <0.05)

breakfast  consumption and its type  was not effective in reducing the level of dental caries. Children with educated mothers had  low permanent and  insidious dental caries and tooth decay  was significantly  lower in children with  employer or teacher  mothers and    educated fathers  .

 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is an oral premalignant condition with highest premalignant potential  among oral precancerous lesions which characterized with inflammation and  progressive fibrosis of  submucosal oral tissues (cause to significant irreversible rigidity and trismus). During the years, many classification systems have been proposed  in medicine literatures  on basis clinical, functional and  histopathological  aspects.This review study was done with aim of  assessment and presentation of proper classification systems to the physicians  use  in therapeutic centers  for early diagnosis, disease progression and proper treatment plan for OSF patients.

Research was done in pubmed, Google scholar, science direct, web of sciences and Scopus databases and totally ,30 articles were selected.

The study resulted in a new and appropriate classification system covering all aspects of the disease including clinical, functional, histological, treatment and prognosis. Also pathogenesis and  new management of OSF  have been discussed.

  Attempts to provide and update the knowledge of Submucous fibrosis classification system to assist clinicians, can be useful in researches and classifying this potentially malignant disease and help greatly in the early diagnosis, proper management and reduction of morbidity and mortality of the disease.

Salivary gland dysfunction has commonly been mentioned by patients with diabetes.
The aim of this study was to compare the salivary cortisol level between patients with controlled type 2 diabetes and healthy subjects.
In this case-control study (2014-15), the unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 60 patients with controlled type 2 diabetes above 30 years old (case group) and 60 healthy subjects (control group) matched for age and gender. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and salivary cortisol levels were measured using ELIZA. Data were analyzed using independent sample T-Test.
Findings: The mean salivary cortisol level in patients with type 2 diabetes (1.73±1.017 mmol/ dL) was significantly different from healthy controls (1.08±0.643 mmol/ dL). The mean salivary cortisol levels in men (1.73±1.05 mmol/ dL) and women (1.73±1.01 mmol/ dL) with type 2 diabetes were significantly higher than healthy men (0.74±0.44 mmol/ dL) and women (1.26±0.66 mmol/ dL).
With regards to the results, it seems that salivary cortisol level considerably increases in patients with controlled type 2 diabetes in comparison with healthy subjects.

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an inflammatory condition with unknown etiology. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to compare salivary lipid peroxidation in patients with oral lichen planus with healthy subjects. This case-control study was conducted in Zahedan School of Dentistry during 2014-15. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 30 patients with OLP and 30 age and gender-matched healthy controls and were transferred to the laboratory. Salivary lipid peroxidation products were measured using TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) method. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Salivary lipid peroxidation in patients with OLP was significantly higher than healthy controls (1. 57±0. 63 µM vs. 1. 2 ± 0. 77µM). Mean Salivary lipid peroxidation in women with OLP was significantly higher than healthy women (1. 67±0. 67 µM vs. 1. 16±0. 82 µM). With regards to the results، it seems that lipid peroxidation in patients with OLP is higher than healthy subjects.

Dry mouth is one of the most common complications during menopause that affects quality of life as well as oral tissue dysfunction. The aim of this study was to compare the unstimulated salivary flow rate and oral symptoms between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This case-control study was conducted in 80 healthy women including 40 postmenopausal women as case group and 40 over 30-year-old premenopausal women as control group. Data were collected through a questionnaire including demographics, oral symptoms and examination. The subjects were asked to avoid eating and drinking 90 minutes before examination. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured by spitting method in milliliters per minute. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Mann Whitney U test, T-test, and Spearman correlation coefficient. The mean unstimulated saliva was 0.182 ± 0.149 ml/min and 0.304 ± 0.129 ml/min in postmenopausal and premenopausal women, respectively and the difference was statistically significant. The prevalence of dry mouth was 45% in postmenopausal women and was 12.5% in premenopausal women. Burning sensation in mouth and change in taste sensation were 27.5% and 5% in postmenopausal women and were 2.5% and 0% in premenopausal women. There was negative significant correlation between the unstimulated salivary flow rate and age. The unstimulated salivary flow rate decreases after menopause. Oral symptoms are more prevalent in this period compared to before menopause. These differences may be due to hormonal changes (decreased estrogen and progesterone) during menopause.

Dental fluorosis is a kind of hypoplasia, enamel and dentin deficiency due to fluoride overuse. Since there is little known about this important dental problem in Southeast area in Iran we designed an analytic descriptive study to estimate the dental flurosis prevalence in 7-10 years old students. Three hundred thirty four (334) children attending to community dentistry center during year 2006, were studied to evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Dental index (fluorosis rates) identified by a trained dentist. Criteria for definite diagnosis were existence of enamel defects with spread bilaterally and symmetrically. Children with hyperplasia tetracycline -induced, acute febrile illness in childhood and fetal birth dental defects (Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Amelogensis imperfect) were excluded from this study. The prevalence of dental flurosis estimated to be 30.8 percent in this sample. Dental fluorosis protests in the subjects were so: enamel opacities (70. 6%),discoloration(14.2%), pit(1.36%), enamel opacities and discoloration(12.9%),enamel opacities and pit (1 %). Superior anterior teeth were the most effected by fluorosis. There are significant difference in dental fluorosis between boys and girls (P=0.004), and intensity was higher in boys (37.5% versus 22.6%). fluorosis pattern no clear difference in both sexes (P=0.27). The prevalence of fluorosis was estimated 30.8% and intensity was higher in boys in Zahedan. Therefore it is essential that fluoride source and amount of fluoridation of drinking water be considered in Zahedan city.

Advances in Science and considerable attention to health issues has led to an increase in use of medications. In recent years, plant extracts have been the focus of attention due to less side effects and higher cost effectiveness compared to chemical therapeutic products. The aim of this invitro study was to compare the inhibitory effects of plant extracts containing thyme, clove and cinnamon with nystatin on candida albicans. This experimental study assessed the antimicrobial effect of 3 plant extracts on Candida Albicans. Thyme, Cinnamon and Clove extracts were selected based on previous researches and traditional use. C.Albicans was cultured on sabouraud dexterose agar containing chloramphenicol. On each plate, one plant extract disc, one nystatin disc (aspositive control), one methanol and one blank disc (as negative controls) were placed. The mean diameter of non-growth halo around each plant extract was compared with the mean diameter of non-growth halo of positive control discs after 24 hours.Data analysis was done by ANOVA statistical test. There was significant different between the diameter of non-growth halo around the plant extracts and nystation discs. (P<0.05). The diameter of non-growth halo in cinnamon discs (31/3) was smaller than that for nystatin discs (32/6) (p<0.000). Non-growth halo in discs containing Clove (27/4) and Thyme (13) were also smaller than Nystatin discs (32/6) (p<0.000). Thyme, Clove and Cinnamon exhibited antifungal effects on C. Albincans.

Smoking leads to several oral complications and it is a predisposing factor for oral cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the oral changes related to consumption of tobacco & opioids in patients attending the Oral Medicine Center at Zahedan Dental School. This was a cross-sectional study performed based on simple sampling. A total of 211 tobacco and opioids smoker persons attending the Oral Medicine Department at Zahedan Dental School were examined during February to May 2006. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Statistical tests including the chi-square and variance tests were used for analysis of data. Of 211 persons, 186 were males and 25 females with a mean age of 38.5±7.6 years. The overall prevalence of oral changes was 98.5% and the prevalence of every single change in oral cavity was 3.3% (leukoedema); 30.8% (pigmentation); 21.7% (leukoedema and pigmentation); 43.3% (leukoedema, pigmentation and hyperkeratosis); 0.9% (leukoedema-pigmentation, and tobacco pouch). The prevalence of oral changes in men was higher than in women (p<0.05). Cigarette smoking in men and hookah in females were common. The most common oral change was pigmentation. Oral changes were more common in men than in women. and the smoking pattern showed difference between men and women. The most frequent material consumed was cigarette in men and hookah in women.

Periodontal disease and dental caries are one of the most important factors of tooth loss and the most common oral health problem, therefore the present study was performed to assess oral hygiene index in the 12-years-old students in Zahedan city. In this descriptive-analytical study, Zahedan city (2009) was divided based on socio-economical situation in to two areas and 10 school (boys & girls school) from each area, and 47 students from each school, were selected randomly. Oral hygiene status of 942 12-years-old male and female students was assessed with OHI-S index. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version-15 (t-test and chi-square). The mean OHI-S was 1.43±0.72 and 44.7% persons had well OHI-S, 50.3% had medium OHI-S and 5% had poor OHI-S. The mean OHI-S was 1.42 in boys and 1.44 in girls. Correlation between OHI-S with father occupation (p=0.03) and sequences of tooth brushing (p=0.001) was significant. Oral hygiene status of studied students was in the middle and people who brushes their teeth more time, had higher OHI-S indices.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral ulcerative disease that affects 20% of general population. The etiology of RAS is unknown and it is due several different mechanisms. The purpose of study was to assess the epidemiology and related factors in its occurrence. Subjects and In this descriptive -cross sectional study, 1105 persons attending to health centers in Zahedan, selected in a multi-stage random manner, were assessed for abundance and effective factors in development of RAS. The data were gathered as single stage and by interview, completion of a questionnaire and clinical examination. The data were analyzed by Chi-squared test using SPSS software. Among 1105 persons (476 males and 629 females) examined, 199 persons (18%) were affected by aphthea and 168 (84.4%) case had minor, 26 case (13.1%) had major and 5 case (2.5%) had herpetiform aphthea. In this research, there were sign- ificant correlations between the abundance of RAS and age (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), job (P = 0.002), allergy (P = 0.02), kind of allergy (P = 0.004), predisposing disease (P = 0.005), family history (P < 0.001) and brushing (P < 0.001). No significant differ- ences were found between the abundance of RAS and gender, using snuf, tobacco or mouth wash. RAS is a multifactorial lesion and factors such as age, high-stress job, high education, trauma and allergy are positively co-related with occurrence of the aphthea.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), also known as giant cell reparative granuloma, is a non-neoplastic proliferative lesion with unknown etiology which commonly occurs in the right side of the mandible. This lesion presents a wide variety of radiological and clinical manifestations that may lead to misdiagnosis. In many situations, CGCG is diagnosed through histopathological examinations. Case: In this study, a case of CGCG with irregular clinical and radiological aspect arising from the anterior, left side of the maxilla was reported. In differential diagnosis of swellings arising from the anterior portion of the maxilla, the possibility of CGCG should be considered. Also, histopathological examinations are of great importance in the diagnosis of CGCG.

Nursing caries is a developing and rampant form of caries in the primary dentition, which results from pooling of fermentable liquids on primary teeth. This study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding factors on the development of nursing caries in 2-4 year old children in kindergartens of Zahedan.

In this analytical-cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2006, the social-economic status background (educational background of parents), past feeding practice (breast or bottle feeding and frequency of feeding in day or at night) of 230 2-4 year old in Zahedan, who had been selected in a multi-stage random manner, were examined. The children were examined by mirror and catheter. Diagnostic criterion for nursing caries was caries of at least two maxillary incisors.

Prevalence of nursing caries in the studied population was 13%. Factors such as breast feeding, frequency of bottle feeding at night, referring to dentist, and gender correlated with development of nursing caries (p<0.05). Bottle feeding during day or at night and the frequency of breast feeding did not have any significant effects on the development of nursing caries.

The prevalence of nursing caries was less in children who had breast feeding, whereas it was higher in children who had frequent bottle feeding at night. Nursing caries was also more common in boys than girls.

Abstract Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral ulcerative diseases. This lesion affects 20%of general population. Clinical features of these lesions are as minor, major and herpetiform ulcers. Etiology is unknown. It seems that RAS to be multifactorial. Evaluarte the associated factors with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In this descriptive –analytical and cross sectional study, 1105 persons attending to health-therapeutic centers in Zahedan were selected in a multi-stage random manner they were assessed for associated factors to development of RAS. Data gathered as single stage and by interview, filling questionnaire and clinical exam. Diagnosis was performed at base of clinical feature, in this type, in minor aphthea, the ulcers are less than 1cm in diameter, round, clearly defined and erythematic ulcers. In major RAS, painful lesions are more than 1cm in diameter which may last for several weeks, and usually heal with scar formation. The herpetiform aphthous stomatitis, the least common type, presents itself as multiple clusters of pinpoint lesions that may give rise to large irregular ulcers lasting 7 to 10 days. Finally all of data were extracted from the questionnaire and statistically analyzed by SPSS and chi-square manner. Among 1105 examined person (476males and 629 females), 199 persons(18%)were affected to aphthea that among them, 168 cases(84.4%) minor aphthea,26 cases(13.1%) major and 5 cases(2.5%)had herpetiform. There were significant statistically correlation between the abundance of RAS and age (P<0.001), education (P<0.001), job (P=0.002), history of aphtea (P<0.001), family history (P<0.001) and brushing (P<0.001). There were significant statiscally correlation between the abundance of RAS and sex, using snuff, using tobacco and using mouthwash. RAS is multifactorial lesion and factors such as age, high stress job groups, high education were associated with occurrence of the aphthea in this study. Tobacco had no correlation with occurrence of RAS.