فهرست مطالب معصومه قلی زاده

Today, the most important factor that plays a role in the education of students are the professors. For this purpose, this study investigated the characteristics of a good professor from the students' point of view of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Management.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 152 students of the Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire which validity and reliability were investigated. Students’ views about the good teacher were studied in five-point Likert scale. The data analysis was done using descriptive statistical methods, chi-square and Kruskal Wallis by the software SPSS version 24.

Overall, 67.8% of the students were female and 52.6% were students from the bachelor's degree. The most important characteristics of a good university teacher from the students' point of view were establishing a cordial relationship with the student, mastering the subject, tone of voice and accent, and general knowledge about the subject. On the other hand, compliance with the educational regulations to remove students who are absent more than allowed, decisiveness and strictness, attendance and absence in the class and the teacher's attitude towards his field of study and the students were among the features that were the least important. According to statistical tests, the relationship between the variables of education level, gender, field of study, educational status, age with the characteristics of teaching skills, evaluation skills and interpersonal communication was significant(p-value <0.05). Also, there was a positive relationship between the variable of academic year and the characteristics of teaching skills, interpersonal communication and individual characteristics(p-value <0.05).

According to the findings, it is necessary for the university to give special importance in employing teachers for their academic mastery, eloquence and interest in teaching and to plan and organize empowerment workshops for them. This leads to more satisfaction in students and improves the quality of teaching-learning.

Gait disorder is an issue in human society that can limit a person's life activity as an injury. Correct and rapid diagnosis of this disorder can help the healing process. Therefore, research has always been done to identify this disorder, based on which the physician can consider an appropriate treatment plan for the patient.Many recent studies have used different wearable and non-wearable sensors for identification. In the present study, Kinect sensor, which can identify 25 points of anatomical points of a person's body, was used to receive and record data, the identification method is defined based on the Fuzzy System defined by a medical team consisting of specialists and knee surgeons as experts in this system. The number of participants is 90, which is given from the data of 45 people in the training step and construction of the fuzzy system based on the opinions of experts, and in the second step from the data of another 45 people to evaluate the system as input. The outputs of the fuzzy system validation show that based on 7 defined features and rules made in the fuzzy system, the accuracy, precision, and recall are reported are 95%, 92.14%, and 89.26%, respectively.

Evidence-based Management (EBMgt) has been developed as a management model to improve the quality of management decisions. Hospital managers’ decisions can have a significant impact on service effectiveness and hospital success. Hence, this study aimed to survey sources of evidence among public hospitals' managers for decision-making in Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 183 managers of public hospitals in eight educational centers of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2017. The research tool was an evidence-based management questionnaire with 20 items and 6 main domains. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential tests by SPSS21. One hundred seventy-two (94%) out of 183 participants were male. The mean age and work experience were 45.28 and 19.30 years, respectively. The lowest score was related to "the academic journals" (52.56%), While managers relied heavily on "Ministry of Health programs" (80.98%). The average use of scientific-research evidence, fact and hospital information, political-social development plans, managers’ professional expertise and ethical-moral evidence and values and expectations of all stakeholders were 59.70%, 62.43%, 75.30%, 71.36%, 71.83% and 73.7%, respectively. The study results revealed that hospital managers utilized the scientific-research evidence less than other evidence, which it is a matter of concern; so, managers need to improve their education and research level. Using hexagon of evidence sources, managers can identify the best available evidence for hospital decisions and they make the best decision in the process of evidence-based decision making.

Recognition and elimination of weaknesses in the internship courses of health service management are essential to improving their quality and efficacy. The present study aimed to evaluate the viewpoints of health service management students toward the challenges in the design and implementation of internship courses at the Faculty of Management and Information in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
This qualitative research was conducted on the health service management students at the Faculty of Management and Information in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Data were collected via focused group discussions attended by 8-10 individuals per session. Data analysis was performed using content analysis.
Challenges in internships 1-4 for bachelor’s degree students were assessed in three areas, including the problems relating to instructors, internship courses, and cartable from the perspective of the students. In total, 8 main themes and 30 subthemes were extracted in each area.
According to the results, the internship curricula of health service management students should be completely modified to eliminate the weaknesses. These changes must include the correction of the course design and syllabi and essential revision of the cartable based on the latest information on health systems and labor market needs.

Necessity of development, quantity and quality improvement needs of medical tourists had been unavoidable based on medical tourism growth with its competitive function. This study aimed to determine satisfaction rate of medical tourists referee to Tabriz hospitals to get treatment services.
This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 82 medical tourists referee to all wards of selected hospitals using convenient sampling method in Tabriz city. Data was collected using a-28 items valid and reliable researcher made questionnaire. Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated 0.708. In order to data analysis, SPSS Software version 23 was utilized. Also, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between different aspects of patients’ satisfaction.
Satisfaction rate was obtained in five main aspects including cultural problems (51.88%), structural issue (57.50%), insurance payment system (16.04%), information system and communication channels (41.34%) the economic challenges (50.35%). The information system and communication channels had high effect on economic aspects (p It seems necessary that health policy makers and managers pay more attention to foreign medical tourists and faced challenges correction in order to change Tabriz city to a medical tourism center of excellence and improving regional economic development.

Social responsibility is one of the most important elements of the organization's existential philosophy, especially organizations such as hospitals. This study was conducted to evaluate the perspectives of the managers and head nurses of public and private hospitals in Tabriz/ Iran about social responsibility.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 57 head nurses and managers working in public and private hospitals in Tabriz selected by census method in 2016. Data collection tool was a four-part questionnaire including 24 questions for assessing the status of social responsibility in the hospital. Data analysis was performed through SPSS 21 software.
From the perspectives of our subjects in public and private hospitals, patients were the most important group affecting organization's activities (mean scores: 3.73 and 1.82 respectively), approaching to international standards was the most important motivator (mean scores: 3.23 and 3.70 respectively) and attention to suppliers was the most important focus area (mean scores: 3.76 and 3.51 respectively).
According to the obtained results, most managers and head nurses, based on the type of hospital working in it, had a different conception of social responsibility. Therefore, it is suggested to provide the required trainings in relation to the necessity of establishing social responsibility in hospitals, regardless of the type of hospital.

Hospitals are one of the important components in a health care system and have significant role in health of humans. Organizational justice shows the perception of fairness and equality in the workplace by staff and affects their behavior. This study examines the relationship between organizational justice perception and self-efficacy in employees of a selected hospital of Tabriz/ Iran.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive- analytic study performed on 156 employees of one of the selected hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Chen, Gully & Eden Self-efficacy questionnaire and Rego and Cunha organizational justice questionnaire were used as data collection tools. Data analysis was done through SPSS23 and using analytic statistical tests such as Spearman correlation, Chi-Square and regression.
There was a significant positive relationship between dimensions of organizational justice and self- efficacy (P Since dimensions of organizational justice affect employee's self- efficacy, hospital managers should find appropriate strategies for improving organizational justice in order to increase self- efficacy and ultimately the performance of their employees.

Evaluating higher education is a systematic process for identifying student’s progress in order to reach predefined goals. In this study we aimed at evaluating educational program of Bachelor of Sciences in health services management using CIPP model in Tabriz.
Material and A descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the sample size of 94 people, of which 18 were faculty members, 55 were students and the others were graduated. A questionnaire was used to collect data which its validity and reliability were confirmed in Kerman University of Medical Sciences. We used SPSS software and descriptive and analytical statistics to analyze the data.
Total scores of the studied curriculum in aspects of context, input, process, and product were 64.96, 64.11, 63.45, and 63.97 percent, respectively. Generally, the curriculum was assessed as partly appropriate.
It seems that considering revision in some lessons and putting the major focus on teaching skills can improve the utility of the curriculum.

Medication errors can cause serious problems to patients and health system. Initial results of medication errors increase duration of hospitalization and costs. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons of medication errors and the barriers of errors reporting from nurses’ viewpoints.
Material and A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2013. The study population included all of the nurses working in Tabriz Sina hospital. Study sample was calculated 124 by census method. The data collection tool was questionnaire and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 package.
In this study¡ from the viewpoint of nurses¡ the most important reasons of medication errors included the wrong infusion speed¡ illegible medication orders¡ work-related fatigue¡ noise of ambient and shortages of staff. Regarding barriers of error reporting¡ the most important factors were the emphasis of the directors on the person regardless of other factors involved in medication errors and the lake of a clear definition of medication errors.
Given the importance of ensuring patient safety¡ the following corrections can lead to improvement of hospital safety: establishing an effective system for reporting and recording errors¡ minimizing barriers to reporting by establishing a positive relationship between managers and staff and positive reaction towards reporting error. To reduce medication errors¡ establishing training classes in relation to drugs information for nurses and continuing evaluation of personnel in the field of drug information using the results of pharmaceutical information in the ward are recommended.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of managers of hospitals in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the field of strategic planning that was done in 2013. The complexity of the changing environment and needs of the society requires strategic thinking¡ planning and strategic action. The current study explored this issue in teaching hospitals as the key bottlenecks of the health system.
Material and This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Sudy population included 57 individuals selected by sensus method that 39 accepted to participate in the study. Data collection was done by questionare and data were analyzed using ANOVA¡ Pearson correlation¡ independent T-test and post hoc Tukey test.
Managers'' awareness about developing strategic planning and their attitude towards the developing and implementing strategic planning were good and positive. Between knowledge and attitudes and between knowledge and management training records in management and strategic planning of managers was a direct and significant relationship. Educated managers compared to managers who were educated in other disciplines and managers with master degree compared to managers with a bachelor''s degree often had more awareness of how strategic planning are developed and implemented.
Average awareness of manager about strategic planning along with positive attitude towards the developing and implementing strategic planning and understanding importance of it indicates the need for combined strategies to increase their awareness. Service training for management and strategic planning has an important role in raising managers’ awareness in this field. Also¡ the fact that educated managers in the field of management are often more aware in the developing and implementing strategic planning reflects the importance of employing experts in managerial post and developing strategic planning.

Social responsibility is one of the most important parts of an organization’s existence. The aim of this study was assessing the social responsibility of Tabriz University educational hospitals from managers’ perspective. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2012. 40 managers of educational hospitals have been selected through census sampling method. Data were collected through Ministry of Health and Medical education (MOHME) valid and reliable questionnaire and analyzed by spss software package and descriptive statistics. From the managers’ perspective، patients are the most effective group on hospital activities (48. 5 percent)، international standards are the most important motivation for hospitals (27. 5 percent)، the implementation of the organization’s legal obligations is the most important definition of social responsibility (27. 5 percent). To be ensured a fair and ethical behavior، hospitals have benefited greatly from the workplace and employees (30 percent). Managers (90 percent) emphasized that corporate social responsibility activities have a positive effect on hospital financial performance. The findings indicated that managers have no unique definition of social responsibility and it is difficult for them to understand the concept of social responsibility and there is no special policy or process in hospitals to understand this concept. They have introduced social responsibility as compliance with obligations of the organization.

Results of the previous studies indicate that nutrition as one of the basic elements in patient safety is neglected or plays a minor role in treatment process. This study aimed to assess patient satisfaction with food services in teaching hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences. This cross-sectional study was conducted in teaching hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences. A total 314 number of available beds were selected. Data gathering tool was a LIKERT-based researcher–made questionnaire with 15 questions. Validity and reliability of the tool were verified by Delphi method and Cronbach’s alpha test of 0.91. Sample t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze data. This study’s findings declared the minimum satisfaction about hospitals’ food services include: patients’ demands, assistance while eating, the effect of food on improving health conditions, clean appearance of meal services, observing health standards and respect by distributors. The findings revealed a significant difference among different nutritional services in studied hospitals. However, there was not a meaningful relationship between the level of satisfaction and gender, occupation, education and place of residence. Based on the results of this study, hospital managers are recommended to carry out activities to promote awareness of food services staff regarding food safety programs, employing more nutritionists and their active presence at the patient’s bedside and providing freedom of choice for patients.

With the dramatic increase in private institutions and hospitals، health services market has become somewhat a competitive market; in this position one of the most important duties of hospitals is to struggle to attract customer. So، the purpose of this research was to determine the most important factors that patients adopt to choose a public a or private hospital.

This research was a descriptive – analyical study. In this study، participants included patients who were in-patients in Shams and Emam Reza hospitals in Tabriz. By the sampling method، 376patients were chosen. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was made in 2 parts and its validity and reliability was confirmed. Finally Data were analyzed by Chi-Square، T-Test، fisher test.

The results showed that among the factors influencing choice of hospital، emergency، doctor’s recommendation، family income، kind of inssurance، quality of hospital، and education presented to patient about illness، were the most important faehors.

According to the finding، al though factors such as family income، kind of inssurance، quality of hospital services and … were effecive on hospital choice، the role of patients was meager in choosing hospital.

Health Services cost analyzing is an important management tool for evidence-based decision making in health system. This study was conducted with the purpose of cost analyzing and identifying the proportion of different factors on total cost of health services that are provided in urban health centers in Tabriz. This study was a descriptive and analytic study. Activity Based Costing method (ABC) was used for cost analyzing. This cross–sectional survey analyzed and identified the proportion of different factors on total cost of health services that are provided in Tabriz urban health centers. The statistical population of this study was comprised of urban community health centers in Tabriz. In this study, a multi-stage sampling method was used to collect data. Excel software was used for data analyzing. The results were described with tables and graphs. The study results showed the portion of different factors in various health services. Human factors by 58%, physical space 8%, medical equipment 1.3% were allocated with high portion of expenditures and costs of health services in Tabriz urban health centers. Based on study results, since the human factors included the highest portion of health services costs and expenditures in Tabriz urban health centers, balancing workload with staff number, institutionalizing performance-based management and using multidisciplinary staffs may lead to reduced costs of services.

Nowadays, respecting patients’ rights is the principal concern of hospital administrators to improve quality and patient satisfaction. It is also one of the most important competitive advantages for hospitals.Since administrative personnel are at the top of the healthcare team, their awareness of patients’ rights is essential for better implementation of these rights. This study was conducted to determine the extent of administrative personnel awareness of patients’ rights in Tabriz educational hospitals in 2009. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted as cross-sectional by census method with the contribution of 55 participants (including hospital administrators, supervisors and matrons) of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collecting. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied for data analysis. Chi-square and Fisher tests were used to compare the relationship between variables. SPSS 10 was used for data analysis. In total, 1.8% of the managers had poor awareness, 76.2% average and 22% of the managers had good awareness. The findings of the awareness divided by administrators, supervisors and matrons are as follows: poor, average and good awareness of managers were (0%, 10%, 7.2% respectively). Also, poor, average and good awareness of supervisors were (1.8 %, 47.3%, 14.8 % respectively). The awareness of all matrons was on average in patients’ rights. The rate of good awarenessamong hospital managers had the highest rank compared with other groups. By investigating the relationship between individual variables and awareness of patients’ rights, there was a significant and inverse relationship between job experience and knowledge about the patient’s rights. The findings indicated that 63.3% of studied subjects had no training course about patient’s rights. The moderate knowledge and awareness of administrative personnel about the patients’ rights indicated necessity of implementation of combined strategies for improving the awareness level. Educational courses, continuous training on patients’ rights in educational curriculum of medical sciences fields can be applied to promote the awareness of health care staff about patients’ rights.

Evaluating academic members by students is carried out to determine their success rate in achieving educational goals. The purpose of this study was determining the students’ viewpoint about affecting factors on evaluating teachers at the health and nutrition faculty in the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. This analytic descriptive study was conducted by the participation of all the students who were studying at the second semester or higher at their education program in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2011. A questionnaire, containing demographic data and some factors influencing on teacher evaluation including effective teaching skills (7 questions), faculty members’ personal characteristics (16 questions), student’s personal characteristics and attitudes towards the lessons (6 questions), was distributed among the students before the beginning of the lecture at the classroom. The questionnaires were collected and the data were analyzed using t-test, Leven and Friedman statistical methods. Results showed that from the viewpoints of the students, the proficiency of the teacher on the course (98.2%), teacher ability in conveying concept (91.3%), personality (89%), good manner (87.3%), the way of teaching and organizing (85%), have high and very high influence on evaluating teacher. Also, student’s other viewpoints have low and every low impact on assessing teacher. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between the gender and field of study with teacher evaluation score. There was no significant relationship between native and nonnative status, grade point average with teacher evaluation score.  The results of this study indicated that academic capabilities (such as academic proficiency and providing new and updated scientific information on the course subject) is one of the most important factors influencing teacher evaluation outcomes. Moreover, it seems that besides teaching methods, teacher personality could promote student enthusiasm and motivation for learning as well which ultimately improves the quality of education.

The aim of this study was to understand the viewpoint of professionals about developing home health care system (home care services and home nursing) in Iran. In this qualitative study, semi structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted and thematic analysis was performed. After each session, the correctness of all notes was checked with the participants. For expert validation, interview contents were separately checked with two academic members and then were combined. Five themes regarding home health care advantages were identified which were: economic advantages, social advantages, advantages for the patient, family, and health care system. Findings indicate that home care insures solidarity in family and society it will also promote the quality of life and community health, and reduce health care costs. Home care increases satisfaction of patient and family and improves quality of services, since it is being provided in familiar and friendly context. It also reduces medical errors and adverse affects caused by clinical and hospital procedures. Based on participants’ perception, home care has socioeconomic advantages and uses the capacity of the families, communities, and non governmental organizations in service provision thus, plays an important role in providing health care services. Implementing home care will help to develop better community participation, which is a principle of primary health care that has not yet been reached in Iran. Obviously, evidence-based studies such as assessment of cost effectiveness are needed to identify the exact benefits of home health care systems in Iran.

This study was carried out to evaluate the family physicians program (strengths and weaknesses) in Maragheh. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the study population included 375 under care people, family physicians, health system managers and staffs from Rural Health Centers in Maragheh. Data collection instruments were questionnaire and checklist which have already been confirmed for reliability& validity. SPSS software was used for date analysis. About %97 of participants had awareness about family physician implementation; 97/6% used family physician services and 96/8 had health insurance. The major strengths of family physician program were: developing the health files for all people, improving prenatal and child care, increasing easy access to physician and medicine, and decreasing health expenditure for people. However, the major weaknesses were: increasing health houses customers, lack of job security and delay in salary payment for family physician team members, and limited availability of physician in health houses. The study results imply some suggestions that can solve family physician weaknesses, improve quality of delivered care, and increase customer’s satisfaction: 1. developing electronic health files for family physician clients. 2. Motivating and briefing specialists on the manners of dealing with referred patients and giving appropriate feedback. 3. Revising and redefining the target population. 4. Solving financial problems of family physician team members.