معصومه قهرمان پور

Sohrab Sepehri, contemporary Persian poetry and Suzanne Alaywan in contemporary Arabic poetry; are among the most prominent figures whose painting elements penetrated obviously in their thoughts and poetic style. The main reason for this is issue relied on the activity of two poets in painting. The present study aims at investigating the common points among two poets based on dscriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature, as well as examining the painting components of their poetry books. The result shows that the factors and elements of painting such as, writing, composition, color combination have been revealed in the poems of both poets.

The study of the elements of painting is one of the interdisciplinary themes of comparative literature and with the advent of the American school in contemporary literary research , but this axis has been less welcomed despite numerous research areas. It should be noted that many poets have a penultimate approach And in fact they draw and paint with words instead of poetry . This process is very important in poetry of poets who are also painters in addition to the poetry profession. In the contemporary Arabic literature, the poets who have these two professions are not few. The most prominent figure in the Arabic poetry of the late period is Susan Aliwan, a contemporary poet and painter who is a poet of the nineteenth century. He has used many painting techniques. And there is a lot of solidarity between his paintings and His poems. As if he was painted with wax and color in his poetry books . Therefore, his poetry is a ground for the multiplicity of painting elements. This research uses a descriptive-analytic method to study the elements of painting in poetry Susan Aliwan. The result of the research shows; Susan Alywan in his poem has used various painting elements such as color, framing, symmetry and mirroring, objectivity and static. This is evident in the titles and sections of the poem of Alivan's Mayafoghalvasf.

Critical discourse is the complete form of discourse analysis, in which the language layers of effective discourses in literary work are identified and examined. In fact, this theory is based on two main axes: linguistic analysis and social analysis, and in critical discourse analysis studies of these two axes, and the relation between these two words are examined. In the social approach of discourse, situational context and in the linguistic approach, textual text is described. This research is based on the types of connections and links, tries to study the literary and social aspects of the novel Om Saad Ghassan Konfani and the daughter of Shina's Behnaz Zarabzadehon on the basis of the critical discourse model of Fairclough. The descriptive-analytical method and the use of library tools Including: At the level of description, scenes depict a significant part of these two novels, these illustrations help the reader to gain a deep understanding of the subject and the main content of the story and novel. At the level of the commentary, the context of the story is analyzed, the time in Om Saad novel dates from the years of the occupation of Palestine by the Zionist occupation and the Daughter of Shina to the years of the war between Iran and Iraq. At the level of explanation, it reflects the ideology of the writer, the struggle and resistance to the occupation of the homeland, stability and resistance. Also, in the internal context, the thinking of combating occupation and sustainability and resistance have been addressed to the author.

Arabic literature in the Mamluk-Ottoman era saw new varieties of poetry whose letters (as the smallest linguistic unit) played an important role in their production. Some of these new forms and forms include: chronogram, verse riddles and puzzles, geometric poetry, poetry whit dotted or un dotted letters, Circumlocution (mahbuk-altarafen), tatriz poetic prose, tashjir (tree form poetry) takhmis , tashtir, autimetabde and.... On the other hand, despite the Holy Quran, the interaction between the two Arabic and Persian litterateurs and the influence of Arabic literature on the rhetorical techniques of the Persian language are undeniable fact. Therefore, the present study have focused on five important: chronogram, tatriz, geometric poetry, poetry whit dotted or un dotted letters, and Knitted agreed poems to study the mentioned species in Arabic literature and also it is looking for  the mentioned species in Persian literature to find their differences and similarities in the two literatures, if they are common.
 

This study was carried out using library method and based on descriptive and comparative method. Therefore, the research subjects were studied separately in both literatures and after finding similar samples in Persian language, with The Arabic samples was adapted to inference their differences and similarities. And after finding similar examples in Farsi, they were matched with Arabic ones to deduce their differences and similarities.
 

One of the types of poetry whose letters play a key role in the production  is chronogram. In this way, letters are used as numbers, each letter has special number and the poet tells the story of the occurrence by letters through the poetic verse. It uses a proper word or phrase that sums the numbers of the letters making up the date. Although a chronogram was common in Arabic literature Before the Mamluk  period . but in this period it was seriously considered. This type of poetry is also popular in Persian literature, influenced by Arabic literature and has a similar function , and the date of this technique in Persian back to the fifth century but it reaches peak from the middle of the first half of the eighth century.
Geometric poetry is another type in which letters have the ability to play in a certain geometric form, such as a circle, triangle, square, rectangle, and rhombus. By considering in poems that are written in geometric shapes like circles and squares in Persian verses, it can determine that the basis of such poems is on the word, not on the letter.
Poetry whit dotted or un dotted letters is made with the help of punctuated and non-punctuated letter. Thus, if all of its words are punctuated, the poem is dotted poetry(Mojam) and if its words are non-punctuated, the poem is un dotted poetry(Mohmal), and if the letter is punctuated and other one is non-punctuated, a poem raqta is formed. As well as in Arabic, the Artistic practices had also been common in persian Poetry industry is the epitome of poetry.
The word "tatriz" means to decorate and to paint dress by colored thread in the poetic term is a kind of poem that poet arranged the early letters of the verses to form a definite name. The technique that the Persian poet uses to create a poem such as the poetic Arabic poetry is called the technique of soliloquy. In such a way that the author or poet in his writing or reading poem, inserts such a letters or words an independent word or term (whether prose or poem) is created by separating them from writing or poem.
Circumlocution (mahbuk-altarafen) is a term in which all verses or a piece of poem start and finish with same letter, or each verse starts with one of the mojam letters. But studies of Persian rhetorical books indicate that this kind of poetry is not applicable in this literature. Perhaps the most important reason is its limitation in domain of vocabulary, as seen –according in the Arabic example- this type of poetry requires a huge number of vocabularies to be selected desired words by the poet as he wants. As Mohammed bin Omar al-Raduviani by studying on lipogram have pointed out this problem and he said " it is accepted in 'Arabic' more than in Persian, because in Persian letters are scant , and also words and terms ." (Al Radaviani, 1362: 108).
Letters as the smallest linguistic unit, are effective in producing poetic species, including the use of chronogram, geometrical poetry, tashtir and…. Some of them which have been effected by Arabic are also popular in Persian such as the geometrical poetry, and geometric poetry.However, there are differences in geometric poetry in the two literatures. That means, the basis of such a poem in arabic literature are letter and is very diverse but in Persian it is the word that forms the basis of such a poem. And it has just appearance on round and square form. Some of  poetic species have found differently usage  in this language as we saw in the acrostic. And Some of them are used only in Arabic due to derivative characteristics and the ability to construct multiple words from a single root, (such as Shakib, 2005: 162-149).

Today poems, not as a personal interest, but as a tool to instill a culture that sometimes faulty thinking or amend a particular trend in society, and everyone knows its importance. The precursors of gender equality have used this tool according to their conditions and positions to define their demands. Simin Behbahani and Saad al-Sabah are two contemporary poets who used this tool to draw a picture of a man in their poems. This research is used descriptive analysis comparative study of the man as the other gender in the poems of these two poets. Findings show that these two poets or their poems are true pictures of contemporary man, they have tried to depict two cursed and praised views of them. Simin Behbahani and Saad complained against men and the bad conditions of women resulting of incorrect behaviors of men in order to provide the equal rights for women. Besides, they exalted their husbands.

In the contemporary era of contemporary Arab poetry, poets deliberately and consciously take advantage of the techniques and techniques of other techniques such as cinema, painting, music, etc., deliberately grounding their poetry on the basis of such techniques. One of the most prominent and postmodern Arab poets who put the principles of the new poetry on the table is the contemporary Lebanese poet Susan Alivan whose poetry is as distinct from that of his predecessors or modernist Arab poets such as Siab, Bayati, Nazik al-Mirae Is. The Lebanese poet emphasized the style and content characteristics of nineteen-century poets, most notably the interplay and application of other arts and techniques, especially collage in poetry. The collage, which represents the disorder and chaos of the contemporary world, was invented by Cubism painters, relying on components and sticky elements. Following this approach, the contemporary poet creates a collage-like poetic approach that this descriptive-analytical research seeks to analyze and analyze in the court of Susan Alivan's "Rashiq al-Ghazal". The result shows that Susan Alivan has clearly used this technique in poetry and her poems have a distinct and varied image, adhering to the principle of stickiness and inducing concepts such as chaos, disorder, confrontation, rupture, and high power and display capacity

Abstract One of the topics that have been very much considered by the poets, it's a chess game. This game is from the themes seen in Arabic poetry, especially poetry of the Abbasid poets and Persian poets of the Iraqi and Azerbaijani style. Due to the prevalence of chess in various literary periods and the king's interest in it, the poets have been able to reveal their thoughts and emotions and the theme of their minds through the symbolic use of chess and vertebras. The purpose of this study is to compare the poetry of the Arab poets of the Abbasid period and the poets of the Iraqi and Azerbaijani style of Persian literature. The research method is descriptive-analytical in order to find out the chess phenomena in the poems of these two periods. The results of this research show that the symbol of chess has different meanings in Arabic and Persian poems. It can be said that the common themes of chess in the poems of the Arab poets of the Abbasid period and the style of Iraqi and Azerbaijani is that Iranian and Arab poets in some of their poems have likened the chessboard to worldly life due to the instability of its vertebrate on the chess board. And they consider chess as a tool for entertainment and a tool for polishing and defining mind or intellect. They also explain the scene of war and destiny and having a wisdom in life by interpreting the game.