فهرست مطالب ملیحه مسعودی

In Kant's philosophy, the concept of "transcendental" is so important that he has coined such a term as a core index for his philosophy to distinguish his in contrast to other philosophical systems. Professor Fatemi has tried to base his view about the theoretical principles of human rights on Kant's philosophy considering the concept of "transcendental man" as the fundamental condition for the realization of contemporary human rights. The concept of "transcendental man" in professor Fatemi's system of thought seems far cry from that in Kant's philosophy. Accordingly, his efforts to do that are open to a major objection. Failing to consider the wide range of this concept in the light of Kant's Copernican Revolution and system of transcendental idealism, professor Fatemi has adopted a pre-Kantian approach to use the term which entails an approach of substance to man neglecting the transcendental conditions of the subject. This is while, the concept of "transcendental" in Kant's philosophy concerns terms of the possibility in the light of subjectivism and has no relation to professor Fatemi's attitude towards "transcendental man" as an abstract man along with no accident.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics and updated standards of technical and vocational training in order to develop a new standard, combining the skills and entrepreneurial by private sector of Shiraz. The research method was non-experimental (descriptive) in terms of objective and data collection styles. The population consisted of all the establishers of private institutions of technical and vocational training organizations in Shiraz in spring of 2014. This consisted of355personsof establishers of active institutions, 77 persons of centers’ headers and experts and also 260 persons of industry owners guilds in Shiraz totally 692personsin Shiraz that have selected randomly and128of them as sample. In order to gathering data, after checking the validity and reliability, Inventory levels of dynamism, entrepreneurial and updating of technical and vocational education national standards developed by the researcher (2014) was used. Collected data were analyzed by Sciences Statistical Package for the Social software (SPSS), at level of descriptive style by using statistical methods, average standard deviation, and at the level of inferential by using statistical methods of T- tests of single group and Chi- square. The results from this study indicated that the standards of  technical and vocational training organization required dynamic, entrepreneurial and have to update, the necessary cost for training entrepreneur workers for each year, equals 1.5 months’ salary in one year and the runtime for theoretical and practical topics of entrepreneurship was considered at the start of each term of training standard to be a separate test C test this question by applying the same amount of influence, but accepted a test of skills. Also, test of this part was accepted as a separate test included 30 questions, but applying the same amount of influence of skill’s test. Minimum and maximum hour for Entrepreneurship training was 20 and 62 hours and it was 20% (percent) of each standard.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics and updated standards of technical and vocational training in order to develop a new standard, combining the skills and entrepreneurial by private sector of Shiraz. The research method was non-experimental (descriptive) in terms of objective and data collection styles. The population consisted of all the establishers of private institutions of technical and vocational training organizations in Shiraz in spring of 2014. This consisted of355personsof establishers of active institutions, 77 persons of centers’ headers and experts and also 260 persons of industry owners guilds in Shiraz totally 692personsin Shiraz that have selected randomly and128of them as sample. In order to gathering data, after checking the validity and reliability, Inventory levels of dynamism, entrepreneurial and updating of technical and vocational education national standards developed by the researcher (2014) was used. Collected data were analyzed by Sciences Statistical Package for the Social software (SPSS), at level of descriptive style by using statistical methods, average standard deviation, and at the level of inferential by using statistical methods of T- tests of single group and Chi- square. The results from this study indicated that the standards of technical and vocational training organization required dynamic, entrepreneurial and have to update, the necessary cost for training entrepreneur workers for each year, equals 1.5 months’ salary in one year and the runtime for theoretical and practical topics of entrepreneurship was considered at the start of each term of training standard to be a separate test C test this question by applying the same amount of influence, but accepted a test of skills. Also, test of this part was accepted as a separate test included 30 questions, but applying the same amount of influence of skill’s test. Minimum and maximum hour for Entrepreneurship training was 20 and 62 hours and it was 20% (percent) of each standard.

Ecotourism is based on environmental potential and presents an opportunity for suitable utilization and conservation of the sites under management practices, considering accurate planning, potential of the area and people preferences. The present study is conducted to evaluate the ecotourism potential in MianKaleh wildlife refuge. The area is located south of the Caspian Sea. After defining the recreational activities and people priorities, we used Multi Criteria Evaluation for assessing the ecotourism potential. The approach included 5 steps: objective determination, criteria definition, standardization of criteria, assigning weights to the criteria using the analytical hierarchical process and finally criteria combination using Weighted Linear Combination method. Results show the area has potential for boating as the highest with 32879.7 hectares and camping has the lowest potential with only 353.88 hectares. Water depth and distance to shore were found to be the most affective in suitability mapping for boating,. Also, the most effective factors for camping were distance to access routes and water sources, so the suitability map mostly reflected these factors. Other uses in order of potential are swimming (21665.5), viewing scenery (3375.63), bird watching (1075), and horse riding (444.69). The final areas for each activity is changeable due to the competition of these in a multi objective land allocation. Overall, the results revealed that MCE method is capable of evaluation of wildlife refuge for various recreational activities. Also, the geographical information system was found a useful tool, allowing combination of many factors and Boolean layers. The system also can act as a decision support tool, letting stakeholders change weights and standardization within the accepted ecological thresholds and arrive at a consensus on the final results in an iterative process

The recognition of human bioclimatic comfort in geographical area is an important factor for planning of ecotourism. Climate is a very important component to identify natural landscape values. For better planning and management of landscape units such as recreational purposes, there is a need for emphasis on the visual aesthetic aspects, and also for understanding the climatic effects on recreation-seeking humans. Becker and TCI are models for assessment of human bioclimatic comfort and for this research both have been used for MianKaleh wildlife refuge. Climatic normal statistics were gathered from three synoptic stations covering the period 2001-2011. The result showed that bioclimatic comfort in the study area changed during the year from tolerable to excellent condition. Optimal conditions were seen in May, June, July, August, September and October. In the remaining months of the year we need measures to eliminate discomfort brouth about by inclement climatic conditions such as cold air for tourism.

Today، ecotourism is a major tourist activity around the world. Ecotourism is one of the strategies for supporting conservation and ensuring income in the protected areas. When implemented within the capabilities of natural systems evaluated based on natural and socio-economic factors، ecotourism can simultaneously lead to regional prosperity and environmental protection. The goal of research is determination of natural potential، recreational opportunity، and effective factors in their choice in natural areas. The area is located south of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. We used questionnaires and field survey for collecting public opinions. Results indicated the high tendency of visitors for bird watching، swimming، nature photography and filming and boating among all the suggested recreational activities. Also، the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for assessment of the relationships between age، sex and visitor groups and recreational activities. We found significant relationships between the groups in many of recreational activities such as research، resting and photography and filming of nature. The results of this study showed this area lacked sufficient facilities for visitors، therefore planning، preparation and implementation of comprehensive tourism infrastructure are essential to attract more ecotourists that can also reduce negative effects of recreational activities on the environment.

Ecotourism is a major tourist activity around the world nowadays. Wetlands, birds, and beautiful viewssceneries are examples of natural attractions for ecotourism. When implemented within the capabilities of natural systems which are evaluated based on natural and socio-economic factors, ecotourism can simultaneously lead to regional prosperity and environmental protection. We chose Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge in the south of the Caspian Sea. We used self filled questionnaires for collecting public opinion. In doing so, experts chose 14 suitable recreational activities for the area. We asked visitors to rank the recreational activities on a range of 1 to 14. A formula was suggested for analyzing the collected data. The results indicated that the weights of the selected recreational activities are as follows: bird watching (91), swimming (89), photography and filming of nature (84.7), viewing scenery (83.6), horse riding (83), boating (81.6), fishing (77.3), resting (76.6), research (75.6), camping (59.5), viewing cultural locations (75.5), picnicking (74.8), biking (74.8), and hunting (74.2).