فهرست مطالب منظومه شمسی میمندی

This study was performed to investigate possible relationships between the manifestation of stromal cells (fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts) by focusing on expression of their matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and possible angiogenesis based on CD31 and CD34 antigen expression during the various steps of hyperplastic changes to precancerous state and invasive breast cancer. Our study included 50 females with invasive ductal carcinoma. Samples were obtained by mastectomy or biopsy and were immunohistochemically stained for the MMP9, CD31, and CD34 antibody. microvessel count (MVC) was also carried out on samples. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using ANOVA and Student's t-test (P < 0.05). Findings were compared with our "Breast Cancer Data Bank" for reevaluation of their clinical staging. Positive significant correlations were observed between expression of MMP9 and invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and fibrocystic disease ± ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (FCD ± DIN) areas (P=0.001). MMP9 expression in invasive areas was more strongly positive than precancerous areas. Statistically significant correlations were observed between MMP9 expression and CD31 in grade II in invasive areas. MVC was evaluated by CD31 antibody. It was found to be inversely related to increased MVC from invasive areas, DCIS, DIN, and normal areas (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in MVC based on age, tumor size or steroid receptors in stroma of an invasive cancer, DCIS, and FCD ± DIN. MMP9 expression in invasive areas was more strongly positive than precancerous areas, and negative in normal areas. Angiogenesis can be observed before any significant changes in preinvasive breast lesions. The elevated content of microvessel count of the tumor may be an indicator for worse prognostic factor. The progression from epithelial hyperplasia toward DCIS, and then, invasive carcinoma seems too complex to be assumed a linear progression.

Addiction is one of the complicated problems in Iranian young population. The social and cultural dimensions of this social disease are less considered. So considering socio-cultural and environmental resources، this study investigated the substructures of addiction according to the viewpoints of high-school students of Kerman in 2007-2008. This qualitative study accomplished in ten high schools through a one-day problem finding workshop and continued until data saturation. The resulted terms and phrases were analyzed by content analysis. To assure about the validity and reliability، the outputs reviewed by workshops participants، and classification and codification of the data were executed separately by two experts. A total of 212 students، (45. 3% girls and 54. 7% boys) participated in the study. The students introduced the followings as the addiction substantial fundaments: lack of knowledge، positive attitude and interpretation of addiction as a value، family or friends'' habit، economy status، psycho-personality problems and availability. Rules infirmity or non-implementation of the current rules enforcement، geographical status and addiction as a conspiracy were also observed in students’ statements. The positive attitudes and historical roots of addiction along with the process of changing the values caused the growth of drug addiction in young population which could neutralize the security measures، legislations policy and even the knowledge. Therefore، intensification of personal protective factors and culturalization addressed for improving inner layers of values are recommended.

With regard to the perceptible population, cultural, social and environmental changes in the aftermath of the earthquake in Bam City, this study was conducted to pinpoint substance misuse patterns and to figure out the probable relationship between substance misuse and blood types of the addicts referred to Substance rehabilitation Clinics from 2006 to 2007 in Bam City.In this case-control study, the sample size includes volunteering and self-introduced addicts and also a random selection of 360 healthy clients referred to the Blood Transfusion Organization as the control group. Both group's data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square and the odds ratio was estimated too.Three-hundred ninety nine individuals from nearly 3000 clients referred to the rehabilitation clinic from 2005 to 2008 participated with complete consent in the study. The highest frequency belonged to opium addicts (85.6%) and the most prevalent addiction type pertains to opium consumption via smoke inhalation (58.2%). The probability rate of AB negative blood type compared to other blood types among the addicts was 6.07 fold the control group.There has been an increasing rate of addiction in bam after earthquake and The substance consumption pattern has moved towards more dangerous methods. The high prevalence of AB blood type brings about a lot of presuppositions for geneticists, epidemiologists, hematologists and all majors in basic sciences.

Dry type localized cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica is one of the most prevalent cutaneous parasitic infections in Kerman province. It seems that cellular immune response and the nature of immune inflammatory cells comprising the inflammatory background play a determinant role in this infection. Skin biopsies of 53 patients with acute(<2 years duration), nonlupoid chronic(≥2 years duration) and lupoid chronic (new lesions around old scar) types of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica were studied by hematoxylin-eosin staining for evaluation of inflammatory cells and epidermal and dermal changes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine immunophenotypic patterns (CD1a, CD68, CD3, CD8, CD4, CD20) and to evaluate host immune response at tissue level, the correlation between the presence and concentration of certain cell types, and the clinical presentation and duration of disease. Mean percentages of epidermal and dermal Langerhans cells CD1a+ were higher in lupoid than in acute lesions. Also, the predominant T lymphocyte in acute, chronic and lupoid leishmaniasis was T CD8+. It seems that Langerhans cells CD1a+ are responsible for the suppression of the inflammatory response against L.tropica infection and by providing Leishmania antigens in a steady state induce tolerance to the Leishmania antigens and consequently cause cutaneous chronic lupoid leishmaniasis. This study also suggests that T CD8+ play an effective role in parasite elimination and in the process of healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica.

In order to encourage of faculty members in Kerman University of medical science, the Research council approved an internal guideline for writing and performance of non- centralized research projects by faculties, research centers and committees based on their research activities.The purpose of this research was determination of outcomes of centralized and non- centralized research projects regard to scientific products and expenditures from May2005 to May 2007.In this study, all research projects records were studied and the necessary data entered in checklists. If the accuracy of the data in records was corrupted, the investigators were called and the information was collected.Sixty-four centralized and non- centralized research projects were included in the study. The most projects related to faculties from schools. The median of personnel cost was 13452700Rials in centralized projects and 8066092Rials in non-centralized projects. The median of total costs were 28705760 Rials and 12876935 reials in respectively. In regard to number of projects, kerman university of medical science not placed in the inter-quartile range among the first level ranking universities. seven papers from non- centralized projects and 9 papers from centralized projects on the basis of trapezoid table, gained 77 and 117 scores respectively.In spite of that median of total expenditures in non-centralized projects were less than half of centralized projects but indices such as published papers, participation in congress and seminars and etc, were similar to centralized projects outcomes. This indicated increment in ability of investigators because non-centralized projects were not arbitrated in the research council but they had acceptable output. Hence, to increase the productivity and optimum usage of research financial resources, the policy of university research managers must be toward decentralizing and giving research authorities to colleges and research committees.

Improving social and cultural status of faculty members is among the main universities’ duties, aimed to encourage them to improve society knowledge and culture. All faculties in a university are not active and effective in the same way. This study was done to determine the selection criteria and the ways to appreciate the pioneer faculty members in order to initiate a reverence strategy for them. In this cross-sectional study, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among all the official faculty members in Kerman University of Medical Sciences after its validity and reliability were confirmed. This questionnaire consisted of demographic features and fifteen 4-Likert-scale statements to select pioneers and 11 statements to determine the reverence strategies. The response rate was 66%. Thirty six percent of faculty members were instructors, 48% assistant, 10% associate and 6% were full professors. Among the pioneer selection criteria, the highest mean score belonged to “good-reputation and standard morality” and “having international publications”. In contrast, the lowest score belonged to “age” and “executive experiences”. “Consulting pioneers about the current affairs and engaging them” and “inviting them to participate in meetings” were suggested as the best reverence ways; “providing facilities” and “fixing photographs and biographies on walls” were of the lowest importance. In spite of the general concept of pioneer in which establishment and organizing are significant, the faculty members preferred ethical and research criteria. Financial facilities and earning reputation found the lowest importance among the reverence ways while respecting and consulting them about the university affairs were suggested as the best ways. This shows the self confidence and high socio-cultural status of teachers which necessitates more attempts in symbolizing and improving their status.

The prevalence rate of opioids consumption is high in Iran. The latest research approach related to substance abuse considers the role of plasma proteins in novel treatments of addiction. Since long-term consumption of opioids has some effects on liver function and plasma transfer systems, the present study was designed to determine the electrophoretic profile of plasma proteins in opiates-addict subjects. In this cross-control study, the sample groups consisted of 42 opium consumers and 35 heroine dependents as case group and 35 non-addict volunteers as control group. The control group was matched with addicts for age and sex. Opioid consumption was confirmed by laboratory diagnostic tests on urine samples such as immunochromatography (RSA), rapidosis and complementary tests including liquid-solid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). After blood collection and serum preparation, serum electrophoresis was performed. Data were presented as mean±SEM and analyzed by SPSS ver.11.5. The comparison of groups was done by using parametric tests and p<0.01 was considered as statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the amounts of albumin, alpha-1-globulin, alpha-2-globulin and beta-globulin between groups. Gamma-globulin concentration was not significantly different between opium addicts (17.38 ± 3.61gr/L) and heroin addicts (17.48 ± 4.4gr/L), but it was significantly high (p<0.01) in both heroin and opium groups compared to the control group (13.3±1.8gr/L). Morphine bonding to serum albumin and other impurities in narcotic drugs may lead to the production of antigen complexes, stimulation of immune system and consequently increase in gammaglobulins concentration. Also, opioids binding to opiate receptors, directly or indirectly, can affect immune system through stimulating hypophysis-hypothalamus pathway. Although continuous consumption of opioids affects both cellular immune and hormonal systems, significant increase of gammaglobulin band can be related to the high risk behaviors associated with opioids consumption and the higher probability of infectious diseases in addicts due to poor health status.

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal, anti-inflamatory drug that is prescribed as an analgesic. However, there is little known about the effects of diclofenac on the neural cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of diclofenac as sodium salt on the proliferation and differentiation of PC12 cells. This expeimental study was done in Kerman neuroscience research center during 2004. The cell proliferation was evaluated by using XTT assay in the both free-serum neurobasal medium supplemented with B27 supplement and DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% FBS. The nerve growth factor(NGF) – induced differentiation was assessed by measuring the neurite length for each treatment. The drug toxicity was exhibited at the higher concentrations of 310 mM in the supplemented neurobasal medium. The treatment of cells in the DMEM/F12 medium increased their sensitivity to diclofenac, with 40 and 85% growth inhibition at the 155 and 310 mM concentrations, respectively. The different generics of drug exhibited a equal toxic effects on the PC12 cells. The NGF- induced differentiation was not reduced by toxic and subtoxic concentrations of diclofenac. This study indicated that diclofenac may be able to exhibit its neurotoxic effects through growth inhibition, but not differentiation inhibition. B27 supplement has several antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the difference of diclofenac cytotoxic effects in two culture media suggest that drug cytotoxicity may be related to the oxidative stress.

Opioids, as drug of choice in acute pain treatment, have many side effects including dependency. Therefore, the combinational therapy of other drugs accompanied with opioids could decrease the side effects, tolerance and opioid dependency. In this study the effect of gabapentin and morphine co-administration was evaluated in acute model of pain. In this experimental study, the antinociceptive effect of gabapentin (30 or 90mg/kg, s.c.) and morphine (0.5, 1 and 3mg/kg, s.c.) alone or in combination with gabapentin were measured by Tail-flick test every 15 minuxtes up to 105 mins in intact adult male rats. Control rats received normal saline. Area Under Curve (AUC), as antinociceptive index, was calculated for each groups. Both gabapentin (90mg/kg) and morphine (1 and 3mg/kg) showed antinociceptive response as compared to controls (p<0.05). But there was not any significant differences between the (AUC) of 0.5mg/kg morphine and 30mg/kg gabapentin as compared to controls, so these doses were considered as subanalgesic doses. The co-administration of subanalgesic doses of morphine (0.5mg/kg) and gabapentin (30mg/kg) increased significantly AUC as compared to morphine alone (p<0.001). The co-administration of gabapentin (30 and 90mg/kg) with analgesic doses of 1mg/kg (p<0.005) and 3mg/kg morphine also increased significantly AUC antinociceptive index as compared to controls (p<0.05). Gabapentin enhanced the antinociceptive effects of both analgesic and subanalgesic doses of morphine in a dose dependent manner in acute pain model in male rats.

The most effective groups of drugs for the treatment of surgical pain are opioid analgesics. But due to the development of tolerance, chronic use of opioids limits their effectiveness. However, the real need and analgesic response to opioids in postoperative pain has not been determined in addicted patients. Therefore this study was performed, to evaluate the analgesic response to morphine in postoperative pain of ovariohysterectomy in morphine dependent rats, compared with the non dependents. The present study was carried out on 36 adult female rats. Animals were divided into four groups (6 in each group): Control– ovariohysterectomy, control – sham, dependent– sham and dependent – ovariohysterectomy groups. Rats became dependent to morphine by taking morphine in their drinking water for 21 days. Rats were anaesthetized with ether, and after incision of the abdomen, uterus and ovaries were removed above the cervix. Latency time was assessed by Tail flick test before and after the operation and after inducing morphine 4 mg/kg (sub cutaneously). Data were expressed as latency time and percent of maximal possible effect [%MPE]. The results of present study showed that the mean latency time to noxious stimulus in tail flick test was not significantly different before and after the surgery in the four groups of animals Which indicated. that latency time in morphine dependent rats (9.1 ± 0.4s), was not significantly different from control rats (10.1 ± 1.25s) in tail flick test. Morphine injection increased the latency time in all of the groups significantly. The percent of MPE showed that the maximum analgesic effect of morphine in morphine dependent rats [48.7 ± 11.8s] after ovariohysterectomy was significantly higher than sham – dependent rats (19.6 ± 5s). The present study showed that there was not a significant difference in analgesic response to morphine after ovariohysterectomy in normal and morphine dependent rats. But ovariohysterectomy only increased the analgesic effect of morphine in dependent animals.

Bone fractures usually happen during car accident and sport trauma. Different factors influence bone healing such as malnutrition and smoking. Apart from addiction, which is an important individual, social, and cultural problems morphine has several effects on body physiology and immune system. This study is performed to assess the effect of morphine dependency on bone healing and has not been reported in the literature till now. 56 rats were divided into two 28-rat groups and were kept under equal laboratory conditions, Rat of the control group were not addicted. By adding morphine powder to the water of the other group for 21 days, they got addicted and were used as case group. Following intraperitoneal naloxone injection and confirming addiction in addicted group a hole was made in tibia of both groups. Biopsies were taken on the 3rd, 6th, 10th and 20th day from 7 addicted and 7 non-addicted rats. Then the results of microscopic examination were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. The difference between neutrophilic exudates (P=0.002) and granulation tissue (P=0.003) on the 3rd day, percent of neutrophilic exudates (P=0.01) and immature bone (P=0.004) on the 6th day, percent of immature (P=0.001) and mature bone (P=0.02) on the 10th day and mesenchymal tissue (P=0.02) on the 20th day was significant. It was concluded that bone healing was delayed in the addicted group.

400000 new cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis are reported each year and unresponsiveness to treatment of choice (Glucantim) is increasing. In cases of drug resistance, Allopurinol is prescribed as alternative therapy.

In this in vitro study Allopurinol effects were assessed on L. Tropica resistant Types.

The L. Tropica Promastigote species were cultured in increasing concentrations of Glucantim to obtain the resistant type to 250 mg/ml. After cytological evaluation of all resistant types, Allopurinol effects were measured by count and by growth percentage of both wild and resistant types. The differences of these variables were then compared in and between species.

Promastigotes of resistant type were decreased in dimension, their tails got thicker and shorter or even disappeared, and cytoplasm got dentate while kinetoplast moved next to nucleus. Allopurinol decreased growth percentage and the number of both resistant and wild Promastigotes. But growth percentage of resistant type was significantly less than Wild type for all Allopurinol concentrations.

Mechanisms of Glucantim resistance lead to morphological and growth rate changes. In agreement to precedent clinical studies the in vitro resistant type of L. Tropica Promastigotes were more sensitive to Allopurinol, although Allopurinol is effective on both wild and resistant species.

In normal animals, neuro pathic pai n aris ing from scia tic nerve ligatio n injury ca n res ult in in cr e ase d se ns it ivity to bot h nox ious (hy pe ra lges ia) a nd no n-n o xi o us s t imu li (a llodynia) and are accompanied by a num be r of ne uroplast ic alte rnations at the level of sp ina l cord incl uding upregu lat io n of neurotransmi tte rs including dynorp h in. neu ro pe p t id e Y a nd cholecystokini n. Some research studies have bee n sh own th at the mechanisms underlying ne uropath ic pain pr o ce ssi ng d if fe red as a fu nc t io n o f ge nde r a nd gon ada l hormone status. Howe ve r, th e effe ct of nerve injury o n ac ute no cicep ti on an d se x- re lated di ffcr c nc c s in time-course o f hyperalgesia has not been exte nsive ly stud ied. A model of perip he ra l nerve in j u ry was used to st udy gend e r d iffere nces in the progression of chronic co nst ric t io n injury ind uced hype ra lge s ia in male and female mice. Nerve ligati o n injury was pro duced by un ilat eral ligation around th e le ft commo n sciatic nerve. Anima ls we re examined for response to acu te nocicep tio n daily during the thre e postoperative weeks. I n t his regard, the la te ncy o f t ail fli ck response (T F L) wa s me asured in co ntrol gro up and at se t intervals (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days af te r sciat ic ligatio n as liga ted or surgery wi t hou t ligati o n as sham gro ups in bo t h sex e s) by us in g a n a ut o ma ted an algesia me ter. In the absence of ne rve inj ury. int act (8.4 ± O.95 Sec) and sham (8. 35 ± 0.3 Se c) males responded fast er tha n control (8.7 ± O.99 Sec) and sham (8. 9 ± O.34 Sec) fema les to a thermal nocice pt ive st imulus. Howeve r. the re were no sign ifica nt differences be tween gro ups and both sexes. Significant hyperalgesia was develo ped in ligat ed male and female mice, as compa re d to co n trol a nd sh am groups, wi th in 10 d ays afte r sc ia tic nerve injury (P< O. OI). Howe ver, it el onga ted for six d ays in ma le s an d more tha t 10 d ays in fema les. On t he other hand, TFL in males (4.9±O.1 Sec) red uced significa ntly (P

The previous studies have been suggested that tolerance, sensitivity and pain threshold are different between men and women. These differences can be affected by various factors. In this study, the effect of gonadectomy on gender differences in thermal pain threshold was tested by hot plate method in rats. Therefore the reaction time (The delay occurred in response to thermal stimulus) at zero, 15 and 30 minutes was registrated. Mean of those 3 values was respected as thermal pain sense threshold. Then the gonads were occluded and the pain sense threshold at 7th, 21st and 35th days was measured. The results were compared between sexes and also in each sex in different days. The results showed no gender differences before gonadectomy. However after gonadectomy the thermal pain threshold was decreased in both sexes and reached to its minimum value on 21st day an returned to basal value on day 35 in both sexes. Although this reduction was more dominant in males, no significant difference was observed between sexes. Gonadectomy in males caused a significant reduction of pain threshold in 7th and 21st days. Gonadectomy in females had no effect. In conclusion it seems that female sex hormones have no effect on thermal pain threshold, but testosterone was effective. Since pain sense threshold was also returned to basal value in male rats, we concluded that stimulatory effect of testosterone (up to day 21) may be more important than its organizational effect that appear after 30th day.