منوچهر توسلی نائینی

In today's world, changes resulting from new technologies have significantly impacted human life and the learning processes of students, seriously challenging traditional methods of education. It has only been a few decades since the term "educational technology" has found its place in the global educational culture. Educational technology encompasses the systematic design, implementation, and evaluation of the entire learning and teaching process based on specific objectives and research outcomes in human learning, communication, and the use of a combination of human and non-human resources to create more effective education. Thus, we are faced with the study and ethical practice through the creation, application, and management of appropriate technological resources and processes to facilitate learning and improve performance. In this regard, the fundamental issue of education from the perspective of social sciences is extremely significant. This issue, particularly in the legal and especially human rights approach, asserts itself as a universal right. As a human right, education is a universal right for all humans. This right also serves as a means to achieve other human rights and a tool for social and economic empowerment. The fundamental issue of education on one hand and educational content on the other are significant topics of the world's educational systems, which, along with teaching tools and methods, collectively strive to prepare generations for the acceptance of global and local cultures. By accepting the right to education and emphasizing socialization, it is the duty of democratic governments to embed the teachings of democracy and rights into new generations. In fact, democratic principles and traditions must be taught so that people become aware of and appreciate their opportunities and responsibilities as free citizens. Teaching democracy is not limited to traditional knowledge learning but should be promoted through other means as well. Today, the term "educational technology" carries a progressive and evolved concept, and its scope of utilization is not merely confined to the use of educational materials and tools; it embodies a broader and more modern concept. Today, to clarify educational matters, diversify the means of the teaching process, and elucidate lesson content, the use of educational aids by teachers is inevitable.

Although according to certain specific and general laws in Iran and England, all media courts are required to adhere to general principles of due process, sometimes due to insufficient enforcement guarantees, deviation from these principles seems possible in specific cases. This research, conducted qualitatively and library-based, analyzes the observance of principles of fair trial in the judicial procedures of media courts in Iran and England in a descriptive-analytical manner. The research question is how the principles of fair trial have been observed in the judicial procedures of media courts in Iran and England. The existence of specialized media courts in some major cities, both in the investigation stage (Media Court) and in the sentencing stage (some branches of the Criminal Court of Tehran Province), as well as the development and enactment of media laws in contemporary Iran, reflects a particular focus on media rights and addressing related crimes. The evolution of laws in England and a historical review of English law demonstrate that English law has evolved through practice and judicial opinions. The results indicate that in criminal laws of Iran and England, prohibitions related to illegal recording and dissemination of court files and safeguarding press freedom have been examined. In these two countries, there is no specific definition of media crime, and violations related to the media are addressed in regular courts. Furthermore, the jury in both countries plays a supervisory and advisory role in handling media crimes.

Today, the institution of political representation is accepted as one of the most important theoretical and fundamental foundations in the field of public law in all systems based on democracy. with the introduction of this modern concept in Iran's public law which coincided with the constitutional era, there have been many debates about what is this modern institution that the result of such approaches, most of which have been based on the acceptance or non-acceptance of the modern institution of representation based on the principles and criteria of figh. In a different perspective, the authors of this article have sought to answer this question by considering the specific characteristics of the institution of representation in the field of public law, what has been the attitude of Iranian public law towards this modern institution in the constitutional era? This research intends to answer this question by descriptive-analytical research method and using library resources. The findings of this study indicate that the issue of the concept of representation as a modern legal establishment in Iranian public law and the theories presented about it has various objections and ambiguities. Therefore, what seems to be a hypothesis in the minds of the authors of this article, is the lack of legal analysis of the institution of representation and the dispersion of related issues, especially the adaptation of this modern institution to the concept of advocacy. Therefore, this study, while taking a brief look at the concept of representation in Iran, has explained and examined the background of formation and contexts of the development of this modern institution from the perspective of public law.

This research aims to examine the doctrine of human security and the guarantee of fundamental rights for migrant workers. In response to the question of how human security can support and guarantee the fundamental rights of migrant workers, human security is explored in promoting and ensuring the rights of migrant workers, particularly in the context of global challenges and various difficulties they face. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method, and the results indicate that human security, as a doctrine supporting fundamental human rights, can lead to the assurance and improvement of the rights of migrant workers, who constitute a segment of the global community facing various challenges and issues. Human security guarantees the political, economic, social, health, food, environmental, and personal rights of migrant workers in both origin and destination countries. As outlined in this study, various international documents and treaties explicitly and implicitly emphasize the fundamental rights of migrant workers, yet in practice, we witness the violation of these rights by governments.

Human rights is a superior and valuable system and an evolved and modern form of natural rights, which consists of four fundamental principles: "the principle of human dignity and dignity", "the principle of freedom", "the principle of equality" and "the principle of fraternity" and other principles and rights proposed in the human rights instruments are under the mentioned principles. On the other hand, administrative law, which is a sub-branch of public law and defined in the constitution of every political system, and compared to other legal trends,  is nascent and new,  deals with regulating the relations between the administrative apparatus and government organizations with individuals and citizens. Recent developments regarding the duties and performance of governments in the social arena and their use of public privileges in order to "advance public order and social services" have caused violations of human rights standards in the field of administrative law system. The important point is the impact of human rights standards on the decisions of administrative courts and the effectiveness of administrative proceedings from human rights standards. In this research, according to the examination of the administrative laws of Iran, England and Australia, it has been tried to take advantage of the judicial procedure that has led to the development and implementation of the principles and rules of human rights. The research method in this paper is based on library studies and analyzesinformation in a descriptive-analytical way.

Today, human rights have become a global discourse in such a way that different legal fields are affected by human rights. In the meantime, administrative law also does not benefit from the influence of the representative in such a way that in today's world, there is talk of administrative human rights. Administrative human rights are administrative rights that adhere to and are bound by human rights standards and criteria. One of the stages of the manifestation of human rights in administrative law is recruitment and entry into government service. In entering service and employment, it is necessary to observe principles such as equality, justice and respect for human dignity. Basic laws as well as ordinary laws have considered general and specific conditions for entering the service. As long as the mentioned conditions are in accordance with the principles of human rights, there will be no problem, but sometimes it is observed that the legislators consider criteria and conditions in the recruitment and selection stage that conflict with the principles of equality, justice and competence. is placed In Iran's legal system, the regulations related to employment are included in the civil service management law and the country's selection law. The study of the said laws shows that although in the civil service management law, the legislator has tried to approach the standards of human rights, but the inclusion of some criteria in the selection law is not consistent with the said principles and deserves criticism.

One of the types of tourism is religious tourism, which has a special place for various reasons. Because religious tourism, considering that there are different opinions and sometimes even objections against it, which originates from their religious beliefs, so that in addition to their money, it also puts their lives at risk..Now, the purpose of this research is to examine the existing legal capacities and the capabilities that prevail in the rules and regulations of the regional courts. It should be determined whether it is possible to support religious tourists by submitting legal petitions or submitting criminal complaints or not? In this article, in order to achieve the goal, a descriptive analytical research method has been used. Finally, the results of this research showed by stating and explaining the rules and regulations governing the regional courts. that religious tourists or their statesmen, by using their legal and criminal capacities in the form of rules and regulations governing regional courts, are able to not only reduce many political and economic tensions in the world, Rather, they should provide the means to restore the violated rights and also prevent the repetition of similar issues in the future.

The present research aims to study the security of immigrant workers as a criterion for good governance, with a specific focus on the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research employs the descriptive-analytic method and suggests that governments can achieve this goal by joining conventions of the International Labour Organization, reforming inefficient and insufficient laws, formulating comprehensive immigration laws, establishing bilateral and multilateral agreements among immigrant-sending and immigrant-receiving countries, providing education to immigrant workers before their immigration, informing them of working conditions and advantages, and combating organizations involved in immigrant worker trafficking. By doing so, a balance can be achieved between a country's interests and the observation of its governance rights, while also protecting the acquired rights of legal workers and fundamental rights of illegal workers. This approach will help secure the civil, political, economic, and social rights of legal immigrant workers and their family members, similar to the native workers of the target country. Considering international regulations and conventions regarding refugees, immigrants, and foreign residents, as well as the laws governing foreign residents in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran is in a better condition compared to many West Asian countries. Not only has the Islamic Republic of Iran accepted and implemented numerous international criteria related to refugees, but it has also prioritized the issues of human dignity, security, and education for refugees who have not yet obtained residency cards.

 With the development of new military technologies and the supply of laser weapons and military equipment to the context of international and non-international armed conflicts and the inconsistency of international legal rules and regulations to control and limit the use of said technologies, the witness of concern in the international legal community We are. The use of laser weapons in international and non-international armed conflicts is a violation of the Fourth Additional Protocol of 1995 to the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons, in which the use of laser weapons that result in blindness and vision impairment is prohibited. Rule 86 of customary international humanitarian law also prohibits the use of laser weapons. Based on Article 36 of the 1st Additional Protocol of 1977, the governments in the production and use of new weapons and equipment should ensure that they are not prohibited from the perspective of international rules and laws. Using the aforementioned weapons in armed conflicts is a violation of international obligations. The main goal of this research is to verify the international responsibility of governments in using laser weapons in military operations. Therefore, by using an applied research with a descriptive-analytical method to collect the data obtained through library studies and field investigation, we have sought to realize this goal. The result of the research showed that the use of laser weapons is a violation of the above-mentioned international obligations, and considering the conditions of hostilities and the declaration of the governments.

Religious tourism is an important type of test tourism that has different cultural, social and economic dimensions. Its economic dimensions have been given less attention. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal jurisprudence of this type of tourism and its economic effects explain.

Thise article is Analytical descriptive .

Ethical considerations: 

In this article, Originality of texts, honesty and trusteeship Has been complied with. 

The Results showed It has been accepted and recommended in religious tourism jurisprudence. In Iran's legal system, although there is no specific law related to religious tourism, some laws have been established to support tourism. Of course, the laws supporting tourism, including religious tourism, are facing loopholes. The support for tourists is not very tangible and the existing laws are not sufficient to support tourists. Lack of tourism police, lack of preventive approach and attitude of the factors related and interested in tourism are other legal gaps in the field of religious tourism in Iran. In addition, the findings indicate that creating employment, economic prosperity and increasing national income are among the most important economic effects of religious tourism.

The result is that laws to protect tourists, including religious tourists, are formulated and supporting institutions such as the tourism police are established. On the other hand, in order to be economically productive from tourism, planning and management of religious tourism is necessary. A systematic, specific and appropriate management model is very necessary to exploit the existing capabilities in religious cities.

The issue of political participation is general and comprehensive in human communities and it is rarely found a day when it is not talked about human rights and people’s participation in governments’ fate in the mass media, the press, and even everyday conversations. In Iran also, especially after the Islamic Revolution, political participation and specifically voting behavior grabbed particular attention. In the Iranian political and legal structure, the different means of realization of political participation have been accepted, though with some barriers, in the framework of the constitution and the laws in the area of public rights. Thus, the present study aims to analyze and explore the position of political participation in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. To do so, the indicators of political participation and its mechanism in the constitution were expressed using library studies. Besides, the election as one of the components of political participation in the constitution was investigated. the results indicate that the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran as the main document to guarantee rights and freedoms explicitly or implicitly enumerates the people’s political participation as a right for them and determines its boundaries. The Islamic Republic system and its constitution are created by the people’s votes and in the meantime, the election of the Supreme Leader indirectly as well as the president’s selection and selection of members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and participation, in the government administration and participation in the advancement of the country's affairs.

Political participation has various aspects, including the existence of rights and duties as related components. However, human rights schools each have different views on the issue of rights and duties. Therefore, the question of the present article is: What is the position of rights and duties in the constitutional rights of J.A. Iran and the Universal Charter of Human Rights? The hypothesis is this: the Islamic law of Iran based on the inherent dignity of man and his responsibility has caused the duality of right and duty in the issue of political participation. But the reliance of the Universal Charter of Human Rights on human rights ignores human responsibilities and duties. The research findings show that political participation in c. A. Iran is based on the duality of right and duty. Based on this, the relationship between right and duty is a two-way relationship and these two cannot be separated from each other, rather duty always belongs to the right and duty other than right has no meaning. However, right and duty are not seen as a twin in global human rights, and it is a negative approach that ignores the category of political participation. In this article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, and by identifying the axes of comparison, a kind of comparative approach is taken.

Legislative assemblies in democratic governments have a special importance which are referred to as fundamental institutions; so that after the introduction of this concept in during the constitutional period, it has attracted the attention of jurists and thinkers. Given the importance of this issue, the question is; what is the position of the parliament in Iran from the perspective of figh and public law? Considering in this area can be found that the dominant approach to the concept of representation of efforts to localize this emerging institution in Iran. However, by examining each of the views expressed in relation to the position of the representative, it can be seen that the scholars and thinkers emphasized on the implementation of this emerging institution on sharia law. But it seems that the concept of representation, despite its similarity with the power of attorney contract, cannot be compared with it. This is because representation, as one of the modern concepts of public law, has its own rules and characteristics, according to which it is by no means logical with the so-called advocacy in figh, but in terms of non-conflict with the principles and norms of Sharia, it has been accepted in the form of customary terms.

The Court of Administrative Justice can be considered one of the important control and monitoring mechanisms to prevent violations of the Constitution. In this, the role of the head of the administrative justice court is very important. Based on this, in this research, we will discuss what are the jurisprudential and legal requirements for the presidency of the Administrative Court in Iran's legal system. In this regard, I will also have a look at the French law.

The present research was carried out with a descriptive analytical method.

According to the provisions of the law, the only necessary condition is a judicial experience of more than 27 years to be the head of the Court of Administrative Justice. Besides this condition, there is no other description in the legal texts. But in assigning the powers and describing the duties of the head of this court, it seems that the image that the legislator had in mind of the head of the court, in addition to legal and judicial expertise, also includes jurisprudence and management expertise.This article examines the legal texts, including the procedure and organization of the Administrative Court of Justice, the Law on the Coordinated Payment System and the Law on the Management of State Services, as well as the substantive interpretation of the principle of the rule of law, along with the use of jurisprudential rules and principles such as the rule of prohibiting if the Prevent better from taking precedence over good , comes to the conclusion that the law's silence in stating the jurisprudential and managerial conditions necessary for the presidency of the Administrative Court of Justice does not reduce the requirement to consider these qualities for appointing people to this position.

Corporate groups are collections of independent mother and subsidiary companies that their performances as a single economic unit are controlled by a common source. One the one side, these companies in front of individuals economically appear as a single economic unit, for the fact that group members (subsidiary companies) work under the control and guidance of mother company in order to achieve collective goals and interests, and at the same time legally, each of these subsidiary companies has independent legal personality and its own rights and obligations.German law as the leading system in the field of corporate groups law, while accepting independent legal personality principle and limited liability rule, due to the governance and control that mother company has over the subsidiary with inadequate capital (inadequacy of capital) and disproportionate to company’s economic goals, knows mother company liable for payment of the debts and fulfillment of the obligations of subsidiary company to the third parties.

Religious tourism is one of the most common types of tourism because nowadays most people in the world believe in one religion, and this has led to establishing religious tourism around the world; On the other hand, this type of tourism is more at risk than other ones which are due to the religious beliefs, so that sometimes the tourists’ properties and lives are endangered. Therefore, we seek to find out what supporting services for this type of tourist exist in the form of documents internationally. Can international laws and global documents help and support them if their rights as religious tourists are violated? Therefore, the purpose and motivation of this study were to study and recognize the practical documents of the world to deal with the violation of the rights of religious tourists so that they can be properly used by regional and international judicial and quasi-judicial authorities in the first place to prevent and later to realize the rights concerning the tourists’ violated rights. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The research results showed that there are various documents in the international arena; which can certainly have a positive effect on reducing the violation related to religious tourism rights. Countries can reduce many of the world’s political, economic, and social tensions by using general and specific documents. On the other hand, by recognizing the supportive documents of the government officials, the tourists can seek the rights that have been violated and also demand compensation.

Weapons come in two general forms, conventional and unconventional. The 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1907 Hague Thirteen Treaties divide unconventional weapons into three general categories: toxic and chemical, biological and nuclear. The use of unconventional weapons in any case is prohibited. Conventional weapons are also divided into two categories, authorized and prohibited, under the 1980 Convention. Conventional weapons are prohibited weapons in which the principles of segregation, proportion and necessity are not applicable. Weapons used for the purpose of causing great pain and uncontrollable human harm are prohibited conventional weapons. The main purpose of this article is to separate laser weapons into conventional and unconventional from the perspective of international law and to limit the use of prohibited and unconventional laser weapons in armed conflict. Therefore, by using an applied research with descriptive-analytical method, in order to collect data obtained through library studies, we have sought to achieve this goal. The results show that laser weapons in a variety of blinders and destroyers have a lot of pain and suffering and in cases that use direct lasers, their side effects are uncontrollable. Therefore, laser weapons, in which high-power lasers are used directly, can be considered as unconventional or conventionally prohibited, and their use by governments in armed conflict is subject to legal liability. and knew the punishment.

One of the traditional methods of acquiring citizenship has been based on marriage. In French and German law, this approach has been obsolete for many years. Thus, marriage to foreigners has no effect on nationality anymore. Iranian civil law, using Islamic law and Imamieh Feqh (jurisprudence), has benefited the experiences of law-abiding countries, specifically France and Switzerland. Iranian society has undergone several changes since the year the law was passed. However, the citizenship section of the law is still based on the same traditional view. According to the Iranian laws, if a person from Iran marries a foreign woman, and if an Iranian woman marries a foreign man, according to the principle of “unity of couples”, the nationality of husband is imposed on his wife. In French and German, however, this approach of imposition has been denied for years and marriage to foreigners has no effect on citizenship. The present research compares the laws of the three countries and analyzes the negative effects of imposing the citizenship upon marriage in the Iranian law. The results show that reviewing and revising the old rules on the imposition of citizenship on foreign and Iranian women upon marriage is necessary.

Arbitration as one of the main methods of resolving disputes in international trade disputes is undeniable at present. For the ruling law, the arbitral tribunal must find the appropriate solution by referring to the conflict resolution rule. In this regard, in international trade arbitration, a number of legal theories regarding the selection of the law governing the arbitration procedure, including; The rule of law, the application of the rules of international law, the rule of will of the parties, as well as in relation to applicable law in the nature of differences of legal opinions, including; The rule of law is established, the issue is resolved with the legal relationship, the exercise of the transnational rights of businessmen, arbitration based on justice and fairness, the freedom of the arbitrator to choose the governing law and the principle of the rule of will. This research intends to analyze the proposed theories and explain the function of each of these theories in the rules of conflict resolution of international commercial arbitration.

It is possible to improve the legal system governing the government contracting contract in terms of quality, in the light of paying attention to some principles. These principles are conceptually related to what is known in the political, legal, and managerial literature of the 1980s as "good governance," and have common and intertwined boundaries. Transparency, participation, rule of law, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness are among the most important of these principles. In this article, after briefly explaining the theory of good governance and explaining its definitions, the authors have criticized the system governing government contracting contracts in the light of the principles of good governance. In some cases, criticisms of the law and in some cases refer to procedures, decisions, and policy-making in this regard. At the end, suggestions are made to amend the law and change the method of determining methods and decision-making. In general, the use of good governance model in administrative contracts seems to be a good model for improving, promoting, efficiency and effectiveness of the legal system governing government contracting.

Traditional knowledge is a kind of science and experience that has been gained after many years of experience in indigenous and local communities in certain geographic regions. With the increasing expansion of trade exchanges in the international arena, the need to support this knowledge is felt more than ever. The efforts of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, which began in 2000 with the aim of drafting an international document for the protection of traditional knowledge, has continued, and various countries have, in parallel, taken actions in their domestic law to support traditional knowledge. In Iran, the Intellectual Property Policy Council is also preparing a draft law to support traditional knowledge. This research seeks to see if Iran can use India's experience in supporting traditional knowledge in legislative and implementation. The result of this research is stated Since India has taken actions in supporting traditional knowledge from many years ago and has achieved some success both domestically and internationally given the historical, cultural, and legal affinities of India and Iran, its experiences can be useful in the field of legislation and more than that, the establishment of mechanisms for the collection and consolidation of information and protection of Iranian traditional knowledge as one of the richest sources in Asia. Looking at India's experiences in developing and implementing the traditional knowledge system, this research offers suggestions for developing and implementing the mechanisms of this issue in Iran, including the method for collection and maintaining traditional knowledge databases.

Although LCS, as the most important form of payment in foreign trade, has significantly covered the risk of transactions for buyers or creditors, it has not been able to free the process of payment of goods in international trade contracts without any risk. . The practice of LCs in the light of the legal principles governing LCs, the most important of which is the independence of LCs from the basic transaction and the principle of absolute acceptance of documents, can pose numerous risks to buyers that, if fulfilled, It will significantly affect their interests. Therefore, in this paper, the authors, while analyzing the types of risks involved in LCs for sellers and exploring how they are implemented, have outlined ways to prevent or at least reduce their probability by considering the principles of LCs. The material presented in this article shows that buyers should consider the risks that could seriously affect their trading interests in the process of credit accreditation, and implement various enforcement strategies to safeguard their contractual interests. To consider.