منیژه لاله پور

Following the rapid growth of the population and the emergence of new urbanization developments in the world, the present researchers are witnessing the indiscriminate expansion of cities and the increasing dispersion of cities, which has led to the destruction of agricultural lands and gardens, and to the forgetting of the middle tissues and their emptying from the inside. Iranian cities have not been exempted from this; A problem that makes it more necessary to use the inner and middle capacities and potentials of cities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and investigate the capacities and potentials of internal development in Bonab. The type of applied research and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is based on library (document) and field studies. In this research, with 11 influential criteria, including barren land, net population density, gross population density, building density, occupancy level, building materials, building quality, worn texture, size of parts and grading, number of floors and slope for the endogenous development of Bonab neighborhoods was investigated. After producing the GIS layers related to indicators and criteria and their fuzziness, by overlapping the layers, the best neighborhoods of the city were selected for internal development. Then, by taking advantage of experts’ opinions and using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), these criteria were weighted, and in the next step, using ArcGIS software, the internal development map of the studied area was determined and the ability of the localities for development was determined. The research results show that neighborhoods 11 and 13 are in the first priority for development and neighborhoods 4, 5, and 6 are in the second priority for development. Neighborhoods 7, 8, 10 have the lowest development capacity.

Following the developments after the Industrial Revolution, population growth and consequently the physical development of cities has acted very fast and accelerated. So that in recent decades, the uncontrolled growth and expansion of cities has become a kind of problem or issue and the need to pay attention to urban issues and especially its physical issues in the form of a scientific framework, has become important and necessary. Objective of the present study: The purpose of this study is to identify the position of urban smart growth indicators in the physical development of Maragheh city.

The present research has been done in terms of applied purpose and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical method. Indicators of smart urban growth in Maragheh city areas have been evaluated based on three indicators of compaction, environmental and accessibility using Holdern models, Gini coefficient, and network analysis in Arc map software. Below the sewerage network index, areas 5 and 6 have the least network coverage and in the worn texture index, areas 1, 2 and 3 have the highest area of worn texture. In the bus station access index, districts 4 and 7 have the least distribution and in districts 6 and 1 have the most distribution and access, and also in the taxi station access index, district 5 has no taxi station and district 1 and 2 have the most taxi station distribution.

Natural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake is one of the most horrible ones in the history of mankind, which belongs in the category of immediate dangers. This natural phenomenon can be characterized by their high destructive potential and the brutal killing in a short time (Taghipour, 2016: 195).There are many definitions of vulnerability in the literature. Vulnerability is defined as “a state combining physical, economic and environmental factors, which increases system sensibility to danger” by the United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Peng, 2012: 95). One of the most effective strategies to reduce social and economic losses resulted from earthquakes is to mitigate the vulnerability of society to seismic hazards based on an accurate and scientific risk assessment (Wei et al., 2017: 1289). It is not possible to accurately predict the earthquake, but the earthquake can be studied from the following two aspects, so the casualties caused by the earthquake decrease as much as possible. First, seismic vulnerability should be assessed before the earthquake, and the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system should be strengthened in the regions with relative high vulnerability of population. Second, according to the estimated casualties, the reasonable rescue measures would be deployed to carry out the effective rescue (Zhang et al., 2018: 2).

In the present study, the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz due to its proximity to Tabriz fault has been assessed. District 10 is one of the northern areas of the city and its texture is mainly marginal, which increases the vulnerability to earthquake. Various factors affect the vulnerability of an urban area to earthquake including height and age of the buildings, the quality of materials, population density and distance to active faults (Khamespanah et al., 2016: 58). In the present study, 12 factor were applied to investigate the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz metropolis: slope, distance to fault, to hazardous installations, to the hospitals and fire stations, population density, residential density, access to open urban public spaces, number of building floors, building quality, materials and urban grain.In order to present the vulnerability map of district 10, thematic layers of the studied criteria were prepared and transformed into fuzzy. Decreasing and increasing linear functions were used to fuzzification the thematic layers. The five fuzzy operators i.e. and, or, product, sum and gamma can be used for combining thematic maps. The operator used in this study to integrate a fuzzy subject layer is the gamma operator. Also, the vulnerability coefficient of district 10 to the average earthquake intensity was calculated. The range of numbers obtained from the vulnerability coefficient is between 0 and 1, indicating lack of damage and a building collapse, respectively. (Ahadnezhad Reveshti et al., 2010: 182).

In order to assess the seismic vulnerability, it is necessary to generate a seismic micro zonation map for the study area. To this end, 3 steps were performed as follows:Thematic layers affecting seismic vulnerability were prepared in the GIS environment and their spatial distribution in the district 10 of Tabriz was evaluated.In this step, thematic layers were transformed into fuzzy using fuzzy functions.Fuzzy thematic layers were combined using a fuzzy operator and a seismic vulnerability map was prepared for district 10 of Tabriz.The results of seismic zoning of region 10 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic can be summarized as follows: - About 4.5% of the study area is in a very high vulnerability and 12.6% of its area is in a high vulnerability class. Also, the total area of ​​low and very low vulnerability zones is about 64.9%. Very low vulnerable areas correspond to the barren lands, green spaces and all open spaces of the district. In addition, in Eram neighborhoods in the north of the study area, residential and population density are much lower than others. Some of the southern neighborhoods of this region, such as Sheshgalan and Daveh Chi, are less vulnerable to earthquakes due to the lower population and residential density, proximity to the hospital, to green spaces and less distance to the fire station. . Neighborhoods such as Khalilabad and Ghorbani in the central parts of district 10, are among the most vulnerable ones to earthquakes. Factors such as high population and residential density, lack of access to urban open spaces are the most important reasons for the high vulnerability of these areas. The central neighborhoods of district 10 are the most vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Due to the high population density in these areas, a large earthquake can lead to severe damage and loss of life in these areas. The results of damage analysis in district 10 of Tabriz, considering a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10, show that the northern and southern parts of region 10 are in class D0 against a possible earthquake and will be without damage. About 6.4% of urban spaces in the study area are in Class D3, which will suffer significant to severe damage. Finally, about 0.6% of urban spaces in the study area are in class D5. This class includes part of the central neighborhoods and indicates the very high vulnerability of these areas to an earthquake.

Findings show that vulnerability is higher in the central neighborhoods of district 10. Factors such as high residential and population density, old tissue, distance to hospitals and lack of access to public open spaces are the most important factors that cause very high seismic vulnerability in this part of the city. District 10 of Tabriz is located near the large north fault of Tabriz and in this regard, the whole area is vulnerable to earthquake. However, proximity to the fault alone cannot be a measure of the vulnerability of urban buildings and structures, but planning and physical factors in the city can aggravate or, conversely, reduce seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic vulnerability coefficient of the study area to a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10 show that the buildings located in the central neighborhoods of district 10 have the highest seismic vulnerability. Due to the high population and residential density in these areas, during an earthquake there will undoubtedly be very high and catastrophic casualties and financial losses.

The issue of environment and its protection is the most important concern of contemporary man. The environment refers to the whole environment to which human is directly or indirectly dependent and is a process that supports living. Ever since human set foot on the planet, there has been a constant and stable interaction between him and the natural world. But with the growth of population and the industrialization of societies, it imposed an increasing demand on nature and caused its resources to be destroyed. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between human activities and the natural environment and the level of citizens' awareness of this issue. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Maragheh, a sample of 348 of whom were selected through the Cochran's formula. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method, which has been done through library and field study (questionnaire). The sample members were selected through cluster-random sampling. To analyze the data, sample statistical tests and Spearman correlation coefficient were used in SPSS software environment. According to the research findings, citizens with an average of 3.4% have the necessary sensitivity and awareness about the environmental issues of their city, but due to the depth of their economic and social problems, environmental issues with 6.8% are a concern. It has not been the main people. Citizens' behavior, attitude and environmental knowledge are in good condition. But the legal-institutional components that are considered as the basis for the correct thought and action of the people, managers and officials; With an average of 2.5, they are not in a very favorable situation. There is also a relationship between the components of environmental citizenship and the environmental behavior of citizens. Therefore, by training and holding courses on proper consumption patterns and legal-institutional contexts, consumption patterns and practices in accordance with environmental values can be promoted.

The risk of an earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to them, so be prepared to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them to reduce the damage. It is affected by earthquakes. In this regard, the present study examined the physical vulnerability of the neighborhoods of Varzeqan city concerning the 14 indicators affecting the vulnerability to earthquakes. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done using spatial layers related to the mentioned indicators. To analyze and overlap the layers, the MAP ALGEBRA (RASTER CALCULATOR) method has been used in the GIS software environment. ANP method was used to weigh the layers. The results showed that a significant percentage of the city of Varzeqan is located in high and very high vulnerability classes. Even more than 70 percent of neighborhoods, such as Boubl Cheshmehsi, are in a highly vulnerable class. Considering the seismic vulnerability zoning of the city and the distribution of vulnerable classes in the city neighborhoods, it can be concluded that the whole area of Varzeqan city is more vulnerable to the occurrence of earthquakes. In neighborhoods with low and very low vulnerability classes, a significant area of the city, barren land uses, open spaces, agriculture, and green spaces occupy a significant percentage of the neighborhood space, and as a result, They have low earthquake resistance.

The Geographical location pattern of industries is the title of spatial planning. Industrial location based on planning to manage systematic space and in format of industrial towns provides the possibility to performance the supportive policies from fragile ecosystems. The purpose of current research is to investigate the distribution pattern of the Alborz province industrial workshops in association with the role of industrial towns. that studying this topic become possible by using library resources and documents related to the topic of the research. The statistical Society of Research is the workshops with over 10 people employees and more in the Alborz province that matching with workshop census statistics in the year 201, is about 2944 item workshop. Current research in terms of goal is practical and methodological, is a type of descriptive and analytical research. Quantitative models such as entropy coefficient and qualitative data analysis were used in the analysis of workshop distribution. According to the research findings, the distance between the entropy coefficient obtained and the number 1 is very high and shows the unbalanced distribution of industrial workshops in Alborz province. A triple pattern was identified in the establishment of the province's industrial workshops.Two-thirds of the province’s workshops formed individually. From 15 industrial town’s province, 12 towns formed spontaneous and then have been approved as industrial towns. The unplanned formation of industrial towns and the dispersal of workshops in the residential and agricultural areas of the province, it has caused many environmental problems for the region.

endogenous development, the goal is not only the development of the city from inner parts, rather the quality of putting different land uses together and integrating them next to each other is a matter for planners. In this regard, the present study has considered the physical development characteristics of Khorram Abad city in terms of quality of physical development of the city by using indicators such as land use compatibility and incompatibility, land use mixture index as well as quantitative indices determining he indigenous development of city such as population density changes, the ratio of area growth to population, the number of licenses issued, and the quality and age of buildings in old texture. The research method is descriptive-analytical through library (documentary) and field studies. The results of this study show that, despite the fact that the city of Khorram Abad has internal development potentials, but like other cities in our country, it has experienced sprawl growth in recent decades. Investigation of various indicators showed that the city did not follow the indigenous development policy in its physical-spatial development. In addition, less attention has been paid to the compatibility and incompatibility of neighboring land uses and to the mixing of different land uses within the urban context. Considering the developmental capacities in the old textures of Khorram Abad city, construction in these textures, by implementing incentives policies and increasing floor area ratio, is the best way to prevent uncontrolled growth of the city, reduce costs and urban development issues

Urban branding is a valuable tool for cities to effectively manage domestic and foreign opportunities and turn them into competitive advantages. In an increasingly globalized world, cities are increasingly competing to attract businessmen, investors and new citizens to their area, many of these areas use branding techniques to distinguish their identity from others. Or this method is used to have a unique offering. Urban brand is the city's stable reputation and nature, showing its special value and has a competitive advantage. Cities and countries need to take advantage of this process to survive in today's competitive world and stability of their competitive advantage. Urban branding is a new topic in the field of urban studies and the history of branding is about two or three decades ago. The present study seeks to identify the potentials and constraints that this city faces in utilizing its urban branding capabilities and to identify priorities for planning and orientation of urban branding. To this end, the research hypotheses are that: Maragheh is in a desirable position in terms of (economic, social, cultural and environmental) urban brand. And the second hypothesis is that there seems to be a significant difference between the components of the urban brand in Maragheh. Evaluating these hypotheses will determine not only the status of each component for urban branding, but also the components that are most strongly correlated with urban branding. Now, given the importance of this issue, one of the most important means of distinguishing and recognizing the city's reputation is to create urban branding. One of its most important goals is to capture factors contributing to economic growth such as purchasing power, investment, product capability and city-wide innovation. The results of the one-sample t-test for the first hypothesis show that the average social component in Maragheh is 2.718, which is smaller than the baseline (3.00), indicating an undesirable status of the components. Is a social brand; Also, the P-value obtained (1.00) is greater than the alpha at the significance level of 0.5 With 0.95 confidence, it can be concluded that the social component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not favorable. One of the main reasons for the poor status of the social component is the low level of cooperation of urban managers with the private sector, low participation of people in the implementation of urban plans, high poverty in some neighborhoods, etc. The calculated average for the economic component is 2.931 which is smaller than the base number (3.00). The P-value (0.998) was also greater than the alpha at the significant level of 0.7. It can be concluded with 0.95 confidence that the economic component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not favorable. One of the main reasons for the low economic component is the low level of domestic and foreign investment in the city, the low quality and quantity of business centers and Concerning cultural components, since the median value 3 is within the confidence interval (2.989–3.161 / 161), with respect to the P value (0.44) that is smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.7. As a result, the successor assumption is accepted. then, that the cultural components of the brand in Maragheh are in good standing. One of the main reasons for the desirability of the cultural component is the city's historical presence, the presence of 300 recorded monuments, and . The average environmental component of the brand is 3.505, which indicates a higher value than the baseline (3.000) and the condition is favorable and Null hypothesis is rejected. The obtained p-value (0.00) is also smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.5, thus the successor assumption is accepted. Therefore, it is concluded that the environmental component of the brand in Maragheh is in good condition. The main reasons for the high environmental footprint are: favorable climate and pollution, being a paleontological indicator of the world's fossil paradise, having many springs, being a city garden. The test results for the second hypothesis show that the p-value obtained is (0.000) which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 which means that there is a significant difference between the brand components in Maragheh. Next, Tukey's test is used to examine the details of this difference. Which shows that the socio-economic components do not differ significantly. Environmental component and cultural component There is a significant difference between them and other components. he results of linear regression showed that social component has the highest affinity to urban brand and economic component is in the second place of correlation and cultural component is in the third stage and the environmental component is in the lowest position. This research is done based on descriptive-analytic and documentary-library studies, as well as field studies (questionnaire and interview), and the type of this research is applied. In this regard, for each of the studied components, the indicators and descriptors were designed and attended by experts in Delphi Method in the form of multi-stage questionnaires. The provided questionnaires were given to the statistical community by a panel consisting of 15 experts from Maragheh city in different specialties. The obtained data were analyzed by Mini-Tab software. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the professors. Cronbach's alpha method was used to reliability evaluation of measure instrument, which indicates the data is reliable (0.93). One sample t-test was used to investigate the first hypothesis of research and to identify the status of the components of urban brand. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to examine the significance of differences between components of urban brand. Then, using linear regression, correlation between components and brand was obtained.

Land policy making is generally aimed at optimizing the allocation of resources in land and housing. Land buying and selling without restrictions in the market and not receiving added value of land from the owner leads to the investment in the land sector and creation of the speculative demands in land and housing sector. This process causes land shortage and increase in urban land price in the process of urban development. From this point of view, the present study has focused on the laws and policies of urban land in Tehran metropolis. This study is a descriptive-analytical research, and the general method of the research is a secondary analysis. The results of this survey showed that government policies and laws in the land sector not only have not been targeted by countering the speculative approach in this sector, but have intensified the speculation in the urban land market. The ineffectiveness of the tax system in the land and housing sector, zoning rules, land differentiation and inefficiency determine the range of cities in urban comprehensive plans. Also the inability of laws to exclude or restrict the private ownership of urban land, lack of determination and efforts in local management to prepare land for new urban development, the weak performance of the government and municipalities in recycling land in urban areas, inefficient texture, are all the results of the past few decades policy making in the land and housing sector in Tehran metropolis, which in turn result in the continuation and prosperity of more speculation in land and housing sectors of the cities.

Humans awareness of hazards and reaction to them, depends on the past experience and information and knowledge received from family, environment and society. Getting knowledge and experience about hazards is an educational process and need guidance in order to stay in the right way. Although the response is very important, the other way of reducing the impact of crises on societies is consideration the process of preparation in order to reduce vulnerability and improve flexibility. Elimination of hazards is impossible, but reduction of its damage is possible and society readiness is considered as part of decrease in damage and vulnerability program. More emphasis of readiness phase is empowerment and capacity building in the society which is at risk. Since every crisis is a local event, readiness begins from home with some simple steps in order to enhance the level of safety in life, protect life and property against events. Regarding importance of the subject, the present research has considered the level of readiness of Varzeqan city's households against natural hazards. Among 41 types of natural hazards in the world, 31 disasters occur in different regions of Iran. In Varzaghan based on its location, geological structure and existence of natural elements various disasters happen every year. One of the hazards that threatens Varzagan is flood, earthquake, snowfall, severe cold, blizzard and etc. Varzaghan is one of the most vulnerable areas which locating at the Alborz and Zagros Mountains encountering. Varzaghan is considered as one of the earthquake prone regions of the country. There is an earthquake hazard in the whole of the region, and the latest earthquake in the area occurred at 16:53, August 11, 2012, with a magnitude of 6.4 near the cities of Ahar and Varzaghan.  Considering the importance of investigation of this subject in the study area, the research hypotheses are as follows: The readiness of households against natural hazards in the Varzgan city is not appropriate. There is a significant difference among the urban neighborhoods of Varzaghan in readiness against natural hazards. There is a significant difference among the readiness components of Varzaghan city's households against natural disasters.

 The research method is descriptive-analytic, which is done using library-documentary and field study (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research is the households of Varzaghan city, which according to the statistic of 2015 were 1401 households. The sample size was estimated 305 households using Cochran formula. The analysis unit has been selected the households of old, middle and new textures of Varzaghan city. For sampling a cluster (neighborhoods), class (context) and simple random sampling (households) have been used. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the experts. Cronbach's alpha method was used to reliability evaluation of measure instrument, which indicates the data is reliable (0.935). In order to find answer to the first hypothesis and measure the level of desirability of household readiness, one sample T test was used. To answer the second hypothesis and study of significance difference in readiness level among the neighborhoods of Varzaghan city, one-way analysis of variance has been used. To answer the third hypothesis and study of significance difference among the components of Varzaghan household's readiness, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test has been used.

 The results of t test for readiness of the Varzagan households against natural disasters indicate that the P-value (0.312) is greater than the alpha level (0.05); As a result, the state of readiness is not suitable and the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The neighborhoods difference has been studied in terms of readiness components among the old, middle and new textures. The results of one-way analysis of variance for differences in the level of readiness of households living in these neighborhoods indicate that there is no significant difference in the level of readiness among neighborhoods of Varzaghan city. The P-value obtained in this test is 0.743, which is greater than the alpha value of 0.05; Therefore, H0 is confirmed and the second hypothesis of the research is rejected. The reason for the lack of significant difference among neighborhoods is that of the homogeneity of the social and economic conditions of the people of the city, the lack of difference and discrimination among the city's textures and the equal consideration of them for the planning and implementation of programs, low population and small size of the city, which makes every program and training course to be considered for the whole city so that the entire population of the city is in a same state of readiness. The results of one-way ANOVA test showed the difference among the components. P-value in this test is 0.004, which is below the alpha level of 0.05; therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the third hypothesis of research is confirmed. The results of the Tukey test in determining the difference among the components show that group A contains physical readiness with an average of 3.1 and operational readiness with an average of 2.947 is in group B. Mental-attitude readiness with an average of 3.037 is in both groups. In the output of the second part of this test, there is only a difference between the operational readiness and physical readiness, and there is not significant difference between the other components.

Households' readiness has been studied in terms of three components, namely operational, mental-attitude and physical. The society preparation goal is rapid response to reduce the damages and short-term and long-term problems caused by a hazard and, ultimately, to reduce the damage and prevent them. The present research considered the level of readiness of Varzeqan city's households against natural hazards. In Varzaghan based on its location, geological structure and existence of natural elements various disasters happen every year. In general, the results of this study indicate that this region need to take the risks resulted from natural hazards seriously and increase the readiness of citizens against it. This requires serious attention to the public education of all classes and households by institutions and organizations which are responsible for this field.

Infraction means any violation of laws, rules and urban development and building regulations. In spite of penalties considered in article 100 of Iran's municipal laws for such infractions, with the boom in construction and prevalence of sale of density in cities, building infractions has increased. So, due to large number of building infractions which occur in the cities of our country and damages resulted from these infractions on cities body, it is necessary to study this problem and its causes and motivations. Hence, the aim of the current study is consideration of building infractions conditions over urban regions in Shiraz and its causes and motivations. The method of research is descriptive- analytical and causal which is performed using library- documental and field study. The number and type of building infractions was extracted from the files of the secretariat of the commission on article 100. Results show that in regions where there is boom in land market and housing (region 1 and 6), because of profit resulted from infractions for owners, private builders and municipality; surplus density and land use change infractions has been high. On the other hand, in the regions where economic-social situation is not suitable and profit resulted from infractions is equal to or lower than municipality punishment, infraction is low. Instead, the violations related to illegal construction, excessive advance and removal of parking can be seen in these regions (region 7, 9, 10 and 11). Therefore, precise monitoring of municipalities on constructions, raising citizen's awareness and paying more attention to poor strata in urban policy making can be useful in the reduction of building infractions.

In order to achieve electronic city, a city should reach a suitable degree in electronic readiness. The aim of this study is consideration and examination of Tabriz metropolis in order to establishment of electronic city. Statistical population of the research is the citizens of four regions in Tabriz metropolis. These regions differ in geographic characteristics and include city's central business district (region 8), inner- city texture (region 3), informal textures (region 7) and urban planned textures (region 5). The aim is to recognize differences among these regions in electronic readiness components. To this end, according to these regions population, the sample size was determined 383 individuals using Cochran formula. Then, using quota sampling, depending on population of each region, the proportion of each region from sample size was determined. Using Cronbach's alpha, reliability of questionnaire was estimated at .76. The method of this research is descriptive- analytical and required data was collected using library and field studies (questionnaire). Based on CID model, the components of the research were classified into 5 groups. In order to analysis of data, one sample T test and Kruskal Wallis has been used. The results show that based on T test in all regions the mean is greater than threshold value (2) and the p-value (0.000) is quite small (less than the common -level of 0.05). So, studied regions are in a suitable situation in terms of electronic readiness. In order to illustrate differences between the regions, Kruskal Wallis was used. Based on this test, there is a significant difference among regions in electronic access, electronic society, electronic economy and electronic policy. Just, there is not a significant difference in electronic education among 4 regions.

The expansion of digital resources in the twenty-first century caused the emergence of E-cities hence by training and development of E-citizens many expenses, loss of energy and opportunities can be prevented. The aim of the present study is to investigate the situation of E-citizen and the acceptance of IT among people. The Somple size was determined using Cochran test and Simple random sampling among 383 samples in two regions with regard to the population of each region. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the test, obtained result (0.74) showed the good reliability of the questionnaire. For the purpose of the study, descriptive-analytical methar was used based on documental and field studies. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. To analyze the data, the SPSS software and (Pearson and multivariate factor analysis) was used. To investigate the indices of the E-citizen, CSPP was used. The results of the study also showed that there is a significant correlation between information knowledge and acceptance of information technology in Region 1and8 Both regions with the significant level of (sig= 0.000). In the hypothesis of the effect of E-citizen indicators in acceptance of technology components, 20 indicators were presented in Region 1 as a combination of 5 significant factors. The percentage contribution of each factor in technology adoption has been found. The percentage of contribution of each factor is also proven in acceptance of technology. In Region 8, 20 E-citizen indicators were presented in 6 factors. The percentage of contribution of each factor in technology adoption among people of Region 8 were determined

The realization of citizen's participation in cities administration requires creating capacities in the institutional and organizational dimensions of urban spaces. From this approach, in order to realize participation and along with the formation of structural elements such as city councils, factors that are related to status and communication capacities between urban management organizations and citizens in urban spaces are concerned. Regarding the theoretical idea, and with the aim of identifying the components of institutional capacity-management of urban spaces and its relationship with citizen participation, the present study examined this issue in Tabriz district No. 8.The problems that urban management is faced with in this area that is related to the lack of active citizenship can be the lack of urban management revenue, the weakness in the provision of services to citizens, lack of cooperation of citizens for paying duties to the municipality, irresponsibility of citizens toward the issue of cleaning up neighborhoods,, neglecting the priorities of citizens in implementing urban projects, unfamiliarity with citizenship rights, etc. The research method is a descriptive and correlation study which was conducted using library-documentary and field study (questionnaire and interview). The sample size was estimated to be 384 according to the size of the statistical population. Data reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76. Through implementing one-sample T test, the two first hypothesis of the research based on the unfavorable status of participation and the low management-institutional capacity of urban spaces for Citizen's Participation in District NO. 8 was approved.The result of the stepwise regression test showed that the component of government's attitude toward participation with the Åeta coefficient of 0.469 had the most effect among the components of institutional-managerial substrates. Then, the components of the role of mass media, the role of popular organizations and the creation of opportunities for communication with urban management with Beta coefficients of 0.443, 0408 and 0370 were in subsequent steps. Also, the result of Pearson correlation test shows that there is a relationship between participation and institutional and managerial components involved in citizen participation in the studied area.

In the increasing current development of cities, organizations and institutions, some encountered problems and complexities are the results of the increase of failures in the area of urban management. One of the problems added to the lots of problems of urban management which has become worse, considering the current trend of globalization of the world has been regarded as the crisis, is the issue of informal settlements. This study aims to explain the influencing institutional-administrative reasons in the formation of informal settlements and finally to provide fundamental solutions in order to improve them. The method of research is a scientific-survey one. The data collected from written documents and references has been descriptively organized and analyzed considering the subject and essence of this research. The regional management and programming system in Iran with the total direct and indirect effect (0.622) is ranked 1st, in local management (0.515) is in the rank of 2nd, in the defined terms and conditions in the plans of urban development (0.384) in the rank of 3rd, in the programs and regulations monitoring the constructions in the legal area and privacy of cities (0.309) in the rank of 4th, in the social, economic and bioenvironmental macro policy making (0.261)in the rank of 5th, in the plans and policies of housing of low-income earners (0.179)in the rank of 6th, in the regulations governing the process of separation and segmentation of the land in Iran (0.168)in rank 7th, in the organizations of civil society and privacy section (0.158) in the rank of 8th and in the weakness of urban culture (0.114) is in the rank of 9th, respectively

Universe has been increasingly vulnerable to the risks. Identification and reduction of vulnerability of the cities, especially in Iran in which cities have old and heterogeneous tissue, is of great significance. In recent years, the active institutes and agencies in the field of disaster reduction, have concentrated their activities on reaching a resilient society against disasters. the purpose of this study is the evaluation and estimation of the amount of resiliency in Kerman city without considering any kind of risk. For this purpose, among 400 experts overlooking the condition of the city, 40 of them has been chosen as sample by stratified random sampling considering expertise and occupation. The stability of the used data has been evaluated by Cronbach alpha of 0.942. In the order to reach this goal, descriptive- analytical research method was used based on the analysis of questionnaire among experts. And in order for data analysis, it has been used of statistical methods of mean, mode average, K-S test, on sample T-test and step by regression. The results of statistical analysis show that according to the experts the resiliency of Kerman city in every dimensions and elements is lower than the desired level. In a way that the calculated resiliency of total society is 2.62 lower than the basis 3. Finally based on regression test, among the resiliency dimensions of Kerman city, the institutional- management dimension with B coefficient of 0.282 has had the most impression on resiliency dimension, environment- skeletal dimension, social and economic dimension with B coefficient of 0.259, 0.230, 0.226 and at last economical dimension with B coefficient of 0.216 have had the most share in resiliency of Kerman city.

Today one of the most important issues in urban planning, discussion of balanced and proportionate development in cities having a population of urban services is appropriate. The urban planners to collect and analyze local and spatial data and reflect the results to urban managers are trying in achieving this goal is the distribution of urban facilities and services will lead to a way that will benefit all social groups in society and lead to social and spatial justice in cities. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between population distribution and the distribution of urban services in urban regions, 37 urban regions of Tabriz and evaluation its urban areas and its population; the civil service has been made. In this study, to assess the distribution of population of the relative entropy model and to assess distribution of services have been used TOPSIS model. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical. The results of entropy model indicates that the distribution of population is proportionate in Tabriz; Also, the evaluation results the distribution of urban services in urban regions indicate that regions of zone 9,10 Tabriz which have the lowest utility and region 1 of zone 2 and zone 3 in the TOPSIS model are having the greatest enjoyment of civil service. Also, the evaluation results correlation between population rank and to its impact on the enjoyment of civil service pay, by using of the Spearman model about (0.4991) shows a high correlation between population rank and access to urban services exist.

In recent years, the number of those who live in cities have exceeded than those living outside the cities. Today, the population centers are subject to the occurrence of disasters, which will result in the instability urban development. Nowadays the prevailing view of focusing on merely reducing vulnerability has changed to increasing resiliency against disasters. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the resiliency of the four regions of Kerman. Using stratified random sampling, 40 experts as the sample have been selected. To achieve this goal, a descriptive – analytical method based on analyzing questionnaires of the experts was used. In order to analyze the data techniques such as Entropy VICOR and SAR are used. The results of the statistical analysis show that among the indexes in four regions, the social index weighing 0, 35 become relatively more important. Based on the results of the ranking techniques the regions are categorized as region 2, region 1, region 4 and region3. Generally, it can be said that region 2 of the city has a better status and region 3 has the worst status in terms of resiliency in facing disaster.

One of the main concerns of managers and urban planners is systematic guidance and control of physical-spatial development of cities. This requires resources and tools such as sufficient financial resources. Urban management incomes appropriateness means it should be some kind that access to them doesn’t expose qualitative conditions of city -as alive and dynamic phenomenon- to the threats. Considering this matter, present paper has explained the combination of income resources of Tehran’s urban management and its effects on qualitative of physical-spatial development of Tehran. Research method is descriptive-analytical that has been done using library- documentary study and referral to the records and existing references. Results show that abandonment of urban management in achieving financial resources has led to financial reliance of Tehran’s municipality on resulted incomes from buildings and lands taxes, especially sale of the excess of floor area ratio. The overview of the records indicates that this procedure of the achievement of financial sources has relied on violation of Tehran’s physical projects rules and laws and this matter has caused not reaching to suggestions of Tehran’s comprehensive plan and as a result the city’s imbalanced vertical development and more disruptions to its physical-spatial organization. At the end, the message of this study is to maintain the quality of the urban environment and the development of infrastructure for creating and providing services to citizens in the long term need to correct and detailed planning in order to reduce dependence on unstable incomes of urban management and move towards a sustainable income.

Metropolitan area is a geographical zone including a central city and population، production، service and tourism centers around it which have environmental، economic، social and spatial interaction together. In this regard، the main challenge is to find useful points for organizing the “relation and connection” among different functional areas. In other words، if independent managements of metropolitan area’s realm don’t move toward management integration، physical- spatial plans will not have the essential ability to lead and control area’s physical and spatial evolutions. According to this approach، the aim of this study is the recognition of the trend of spatial evolution of urban settlements and industrial spaces of Tehran metropolitan area and identification of the position of management system and formal planning and performed plans about organizing the residential and activity region in Tehran metropolitan area. The study has been done using descriptive- analytical method and by using documents، records، available studies and reports related to study. The consideration of this matter in Tehran metropolitan area shows that formal system of urban management and planning in the same framework of traditional structures of management and planning has performed the plan of the construction of new cities and industrial towns in Tehran metropolitan area. A glance to the results of the study shows that construction of new cities and industrial towns which has been done with the aim of organizing the population establishment and activities in Tehran metropolitan area، in spite of providing considerable capacity for new cities and planned industrial towns، hasn’t played an important role in organizing of population establishment and industrial activities. Attraction of population and industrial and workshop units outside of new cities and industrial towns has been more than planned centers. As a result، planned leading and controlling of physical-spatial evolutions under the condition of management multiplicity and fragmentation in Tehran metropolitan area is impossible and any action in this relation depends on the integration in structure، process and policies of area’s management and planning system.

Urban management as a local institute is responsible for the supervision and controlling over physical changes of the cities. In connection with this, the subject which is managed is the space and the set of the activities that take place in it. Playing this role requires appropriate levels of political-managerial decentralization and sufficient authority for policy making, decision making, planning and performance at local level. According to this view the present research has analyzed the urban management structure in Iran. The components of this research include political-managerial decentralization styles, elements involved in urban management based on the source of power, domain of tasks and finally the spatial domain of urban management. Results of the study showed that concentration in managerial structure of the country has led to a constraint on urban management authority in urban issues. In this relation, investigating the urban management structure in Iran represents the domination of the governmental elements in policy makings, planning and spatial management of cities and the weakness of the inherent position of the municipalities and the city council in the process of urban management. The results of investigation about the official duties of urban management elements and their spatial domain indicated disharmony and fragmentations in urban management structure. These sparsities have been discussed in the field of guidance and control of physical-spatial changes of the cities in administrative, political, territorial and policy areas.

In recent decades, economy globalization process has affected the structure and socioeconomic and space organization of countries, tangibly. This process with integration of countries economies, has led to a new organization of urban areas, particularly metropolitans in global scale,which has close economic and social relations. In this article the relationships of globalization process with development of metropolitan areas,particularly its reflections in spatial-space planning and management of metropolitan areas, have been examined. The analytical – descriptive method relying on document study has been used. Results of theoretic and case studies of metropolitan areas show that, the recent structural changes in the global economy had *extensive reflects in the balance of structures and approaches of spatialspace management and planning in these areas, especially in some developing countries for organization of geographical space for playing the desired in the national and global scale. The results of examining spatial policies and programs of Tehran metropolitan area already show at least in the past two decades’ spatial policies and programs, the changes of globalization of economy in metropolitan areas and the use of potential capabilities of these areas have been noted. However, because of the governing of traditional structures of state management and planning, particularly this region has not had suitable reactions to requirements of economy globalization process and no ability to regional, national and promotion of national position.