مهدی حسن زاده

Zoroastrian Middle Persian texts consist of vast and precise moral precepts mostly found in Zoroastrian gnomic treatises, the most comprehensive of which is the Dēnkard, Book VI. The significance of morality in Zoroastrian religion is embedded in its relationship with cosmology and eschatology. Morality is intended to empower human to deliver his expected duties, to reinforce goodness front and consequently, to contribute to the progress of Ohrmaz’s aim of creating the world. Is it possible to recognize certain criteria for Zoroastrian Morality? Can these criteria support enhancement of the goals expected of morality in Zoroastrian framework? To find out answers to the above questions, we have focused our study on the Middle Persian gnomic treatises introduced in The History of Persian Literature before Islam, incorporating descriptive-analytical method. Examining the domain and depth of the moral themes and contents of these treatises, we have found them based on two general criteria: first fairness and justice, second, altruism and mercy. These criteria are compatible with the myths of origin and end in Zoroastrianism, and contribute to fulfillment of human’s duty, reinforcement of goodness in the world, and realization of Ohrmazd’s goal of creation.

Methodology is the corrector of understanding in any science; There are methods that cause extensive changes in science; Among them is political sociology, which follows a special approach in the analysis of social and political actions. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of what is the political approach in the face of political and social actions. Although researchers have noted some points in this field, the approach of this research, which will come in the form of five levels, is an innovation that has been made in this article. This research methodically explains the approach of political sociology in the face of various political-social actions with an analytical-descriptive method. The findings of this research indicate that the political sociologist must first understand the action correctly in analyzing and confronting the various actions of the society, then explain it in detail and take into account the origin and causes of its occurrence as well as the effects and consequences of the action and provide an analysis at the end.

Article 98 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows for a reduction of the demand at all stages of the proceedings. The meaning of "all stages of the proceedings" in this article, as well as the status of the reduction of the petition for complaints, needs to be examined and analyzed. Pursuant to Articles 363 and 415 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the withdrawal of the appeal and the appeal in the Supreme Court is declared unimpeded. However, we do not have a provision in the law regarding the withdrawal of other complaints, as well as the status of the withdrawal of the initial lawsuit in the appeals process. Sharing the nature of the reduction of the claim and the withdrawal of the petition and litigation requires that they be subject to the harmonized rulings, but in law and views, these two institutions have been treated differently and reciprocally, in this way despite accepting the reduction of the initial claim in the complaint process from the verdicts, the withdrawal of the initial lawsuit in these stages has been faced with doubts and opposition, and on the contrary, despite the acceptance of the withdrawal of the appeal and the appeal in the Supreme Court, the reduction of the request of these lawsuits faces questions and ambiguities.

In this study, chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffold containing hydroxyapatite/metal-organic framework (HAp@MOF) nanocomposite was prepared for potential application in tissue engineering. First, HAp@MOF nanocomposite was produced and characterized by in-situ synthesis of metal-organic framework, and then chitosan nanofibrous scaffold was produced using electrospinning method. Morphology, crystal structure, hydrophilic behavior and antibacterial activity of CS/PVA-HAp@MOF composite nanofibrous scaffold were studied and evaluated. For this purpose, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, water contact angle and disk diffusion test were used. The investigation of the morphology of the composite nanofibrous scaffold showed the production of uniform and bead-free nanofibers with an average diameter of 113 nm. Also, the addition of HAp@MOF nanocomposite has increased the diameter of the fabricated fibers and increased the hydrophilic property with a contact angle of 57 degrees. Moreover, the investigations of antibacterial activity of nanofibrous scaffolds have indicated the appropriate performance of the nanofibrous scaffold containing HAp@MOF nanocomposite against the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. The obtained results showed that CS/PVA-HAp@MOF composite nanofibrous scaffold can be used as a good candidate for potential tissue engineering applications.

A religious tradition cannot be separated from the identification of faith through the intersubjective seeking of truth and salvation. By establishing a criterion for judging the attribution of people to that religion, this provision not only protects the theological message of religion and legitimizes it, but also distinguishes religious community members from others in the social sphere. Regarding the Abrahamic scriptures, how believers envision God has had an impact on both those who are concerned with salvation and the quality of their relationships with other people. As a result of this dialectic, Abrahamic monotheism has evolved different ideas about identity and salvation over time. To understand the conceptual worldview that governs the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Qur'an, this article examines the semantic field of identity and salvation using Izutsu's semantic method. We have also discussed how salvational approaches in the hermeneutics of Abrahamic scriptures, such as the reinterpretation of Abraham's spiritual heritage, have advanced.

This article aims to present a study about the Jewish notion of revelation and the principles of Talmudic commentaries in the theological and philosophical works of Emmanuel Levinas and to examine his quest for the possibility of reconciliation between tradition and human autonomy. Levinas is a philosopher who seeks help from religious tradition, especially the notion of Jewish revelation, for his critique of modern philosophical thought. However, he is not retrospective and doesn`t aim to reject human autonomy in favor of the authority of revelation. In Levinas`s Talmudic reading of Scripture adherence to revelation does not oppose rationality and freedom expected by the modern age, since in this reading, rather than knowledge about God, revelation is speaking to God, mainly receiving the ethical order, an order that is not a call for blind adherence Furthermore, the principles of Talmudic commentaries assure the renewal of its tradition and insist on the role of the commentator as the participant in revelation. Attempting to prove his claims, Levinas argues based on the form of revelation in Judaism, the relation of Jews with their sacred text, and the principles of the tradition of Talmudic commentaries. Levinas`s views on these subjects are intimately bound to his philosophy of language. He attempts to show that the language of revelation cannot be reduced to a mere tool for communicating thoughts and information but also consists of a realm that attests to the revelatory nature of language.

 Toluene (methylbenzene) is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that, when chronically exposed to low concentration, can cause a variety of adverse health effects, including immunological and neurological disorders. In addition, the release of toluene in the atmosphere causes various environmental problems, including the reduction of stratospheric ozone, the production of photochemical smog, and the increase of the greenhouse effect. The purpose of this research was to remove toluene from the air flow using imidazolate zeolite framework (ZIF-8) in order to be used in air purification processes and to prevent and reduce the risk of exposure to this hazardous pollutant in occupational settings and environments.

 Zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) was synthesized in situ, and its structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and BET testing. The absorption performance of toluene by ZIF-8 in the gas phase was studied using a dynamic adsorption system developed according to BS EN ISO 10121-1:2014 and previous studies.

 The results of the structural tests showed that the synthesis of ZIF-8 was successful. Its specific area has also increased compared to several similar articles. The average toluene adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 at a temperature of 30.5 degrees Celsius, a relative humidity of 33%, and a flow rate of 300 ml/min, with a mass of 10 mg, was equal to 2828.91 mg/g. In addition, the initial removal efficiency is reported to be 88.67%. The breakthrough time for 100% of ZIF-8 was determined to be 21,660 seconds. The recovery rate after 6 cycles of ZIF-8 remained as high as 84.7%.

 ZIF-8 exhibits a high adsorption capacity for toluene in the gas phase, along with a high initial removal efficiency and breakdown time. Due to its effective ability to adsorb toluene, this MOF can be considered for use in air purification and purification processes. However, further studies are needed to fully evaluate its potential as an industrial adsorbent, taking into account relevant considerations.

Thermal comfort is one of the important and effective parameters on the health and efficiency of the human body, and textiles play a significant role in providing this parameter. In this regard, many engineered textiles have been proposed by adjusting different thermal mechanisms. In the present study, the recent developments in the field of active and passive temperature control (heating, cooling and two-mode textiles) have been expressed with emphasis on the effective mechanism of heat transfer in the desired textile. Finally, the used methods are compared and the challenges and opportunities in this field are pointed out.

In Zoroastrian religion Yazatas and Amēša-spantas are the greatest agents of Ohrmazd. They are assigned to carry out responsibilities in all three stages of creation, protection, and finalization of the world. Here, as the only creature privileged with intelligence and free will, human must reinforce Ohrmazd’s front by making informed choices. Zoroastrian Middle Persian gnomic treatises are sagacious texts, based on Mazdaean tenets instructing proper way of life and directing to salvation. As such, they are expected to deal with the interaction of these two important icons. In this article, we thrive to figure out the relationship between Man and Yazatas in these treatises and its dimentions. By examining this corpus as listed in The History of Persian Literature before Islam, extracting the relative content, and analyzing it, a meaningful mutual relationship between Man and Yazatas was found out. Some obligations are proposed for Man towards Yazatas, in turn, Man receives protection and bounty from them. As such, Man is ordered to perform religious rites, adhere to friendship and sincerity towards Yazatas, surrender and be submissiveness to them, have trust in them and rely on them. In turn, Yazatas will give him bounties and protection in personal and cosmic levels. Thus, within a mutual relationship, Man and Yazatas contribute to the advancement of the cause of Ohrmazd and his aim of creation of the material world.

In the field of judicial proceedings, the pivotal role of "proof" in determining the fate of a case cannot be understated. A claim or assertion must be proven in a legal forum, otherwise its origins will remain inconsequential. Consequently, legal practitioners and judges dedicate a significant portion of their attention to the issue of proof, leading to the assertion that litigation revolves around the evidence. The process of proving a claim or defense relies on documents referred to as "evidence." While legal literature commonly distinguishes between "evidence supporting a claim" and "proving the evidence itself as admissible," this distinction is often overlooked. This paper examines the legal and jurisprudential aspects of the more familiar "evidence supporting a claim," examining how parties present and defend their cases with reference to these means. Moreover, it explores the less-explored dimension of "proving the evidence itself," where the evidence is presented as a separate entity in court.

Research Question:

The fundamental question that arises in this context is the rationale behind proving evidence and the justification for such a process. Legal claimants are obligated to present their evidence to the court to prove, raising the dichotomy of whether they possess the evidence or are hindered by its absence. In the former scenario, the claim is proven; in the latter, the claim faces the risk of dismissal for failure to provide proof. Thus, the inquiry emerges: why and on what grounds must one undertake the arduous process of proving evidence, and what prompts this multiplicity in the judicial proceedings?

Research Hypothesis:

In order to address this question, a hypothesis is put forward that it is necessary to prove the reason in a civil lawsuit, on the basis of justice, the obligation to preserve rights, and to adhere to the principle of contradiction. Each of these elements, independently or collectively, justifies the necessity of verifying the existence or realization of proof means. This hypothesis indicates that the legal and judicial system seeks to guarantee the fair and just resolution of disputes by observing the principles of proportionality in demanding proof. Furthermore, it is argued that this complex process acts as a safeguard, prevents the assertion of unfounded claims and promotes the efficient administration of justice.
     To address this question, a hypothesis is posited that the requirement to prove evidence in civil litigation is predicated on the basis of justice, the necessity to preserve rights, and to adhere to the principle of contradiction [Asl-e-Tanazor]. Each of these elements, independently or collectively, justifies the need for establishing the existence or realization of evidentiary means. The hypothesis suggests that the legal and judicial system, in demanding the proof of evidence, seeks to ensure a fair and just resolution of disputes, aligning with the principles of proportionality. Furthermore, it is asserted that this intricate process serves as a safeguard, preventing the assertion of unfounded claims and promoting the efficient administration of justice.

Methodology & Framework, if Applicable:

This research adopts a doctrinal approach, relying on an extensive review of Iranian legal scholars' works and the existing legal framework in the country. The methodology encompasses an exploration of relevant jurisprudential literature, analysis of applicable laws, and an examination of precedents to derive a comprehensive understanding of the necessity to prove evidence in civil litigation. The study aims to elucidate the impact of various factors, such as the unavailability of evidence due to justifiable reasons or the claimant's assertion that evidence once existed but is no longer accessible. By considering the specific conditions under which evidence may be challenging to present, the research seeks to provide insights into how the legal system accommodates such circumstances.
     In summary, this paper endeavors to shed light on the intricacies surrounding the requirement to prove evidence in the Iranian civil litigation system, offering a nuanced understanding for the benefit of a non-Iranian audience unfamiliar with the nuances of the country's legal landscape.

Typically, evidence supporting a legal claim is within the reach of the litigant, readily available for citation and presentation in court. However, scenarios arise where the evidence substantiating the subject matter of a claim is unavailable, making its presentation to the court unfeasible. Consequently, it becomes imperative for the evidence itself to be proven as a separate entity. In circumstances where accessing and presenting the primary evidence pose challenges, proving the evidence becomes an unavoidable precursor to substantiating the claim. The pivotal issue casting serious doubt on the path of proving evidence is that the establishment of a claim is contingent upon presenting evidence. Should the claimant prove incapable of providing evidence, the claim is perceived as groundless, hovering on the brink of nullity or dismissal. The meticulous process of proving evidence necessitates thorough foundations to justify this intricate and duplicative procedure in legal proceedings.
     One of the most significant underpinnings for this process is the concept of "Impossibility of Performance" [Ta'azzor] and [Ta'assor]. Rooted in Islamic jurisprudential principles such as the "Negation of Hardship" [Nafy-e-Osr va Haraj] and "Impossible Duty" [Taklif-e Ma'la'yotagh], it finds parallels in foreign legal doctrines like force majeure and the impossibility doctrine. Additionally, fundamental principles such as justice and upholding rights can be introduced to rationalize the proof of evidence. In certain cases, presenting the original evidence may be impractical due to potential obstacles. In such a scenario, if the evidence is abandoned, not only does justice remain unattained during the trial, but the judge encounters an impasse in establishing the truth. Recognizing the imperative nature of proving evidence for preserving the rights of litigants, accepting the burden of proof appears essential for fairness and justice to prevail. Thus, beyond merely avoiding obstruction and hindrance in proving legal claims, the concept of impossibility of performance becomes one of the compelling reasons for mandating the proof of evidence in civil procedural law. This is particularly evident when the testimony of a witness is contested, conflicts arise between primary and subsequent witness statements, or the need for local investigation arises. Moreover, instances of perjury and false testimony by a witness can significantly impact the proceedings, necessitating the judicial authority to independently seek and establish the proof of these circumstances. This proof, however, should be situated in a manner where the demonstrated evidence, though seemingly partial, significantly influences the outcome of the lawsuit.

In conclusion, the intricate process of proving evidence in civil litigation within the Iranian legal system serves as a fundamental safeguard against baseless claims, ensuring the administration of justice in a fair and equitable manner. The concept of "impossibility of performance" [Ta'azzor] and [Ta'assor] emerges as a critical factor justifying the proof of evidence, aligning with principles of justice, upholding rights, and maintaining a proportionate approach in legal proceedings. Beyond its function as a deterrent against false testimony, the necessity of proving evidence stands as a cornerstone for the effective adjudication of disputes, allowing the judicial system to navigate challenges and uphold the truth in the pursuit of justice. The acceptance of the burden of proof, even in the face of obstacles, is deemed indispensable for the preservation of justice and the rights of all parties involved.

Litigants have several rights in civil proceedings; these rights may be abused. In this regard, according to Article 40 of the Iran's Constitution and other principles (including the role of prohibiting the abuse of rights as one of the legal principles, paying attention to the purpose of civil proceedings, public order, and the role of ethics in law), the abuse of rights in civil proceedings is also prohibited. Prohibition of abuse of rights, like other legal rules, requires a sanction; according to this, it is necessary to identify the sanction of this legal principle, and the present research has been presented for this purpose. The results of this article indicate that the prohibition's sanction of the abuse of rights in civil proceedings is divided into two categories: general sanction (including "non-ordering of the effect on the abusive act" and "compensation") and special sanction (including "civil fine" and "criminal responsibility"). Each of these sanctions have specific nature, conditions and rules that are explained in this research.

The Code of Civil Procedure has stated the waiver of the right of appeal (Article 333) and the waiver of the right of Appeal to the Supreme Court (paragraph 4 of Article 369), but has remained silent on the possibility of dismissal of  the protest and third party objection. The necessity, form and nature of the agreement on the dismissal of the right to appeal as well as the time and scope of the dismissal of the appeal are among the issues that need to be analyzed and examined. The investigation of the case shows that the right to protest and retrial should also be considered dismissible, unless the defendant requests a retrial on the basis of fraud or forgery of the document which the judgment is based.. However, the waiver of the right of third party to object is not acceptable, because it entails the abolition of the fundamental right to sue. Dismissal of the complaint, except in the protest, must be agreed upon by the parties and in any case in writing, and it is not necessary that the agreement be in the form of a civil contract.

The present study investigates the optimal design of the die shape in the metal forming process using extrusion. Due to the large deformations that occur during the forming process and the resulting entry into the plastic deformation zone, the finite element method is used to analyze the problem in this area, and the modeling is performed in the Eulerian system. The objective function of this study is to minimize the total energy required for deformation in the extrusion process. The design variable is the die shape, and spline curves with multiple control points are used to generate the die shape. Due to the nonlinear nature of the forming problem, the complexity, and the large amount of computation required during the analysis, a powerful combination of two metaheuristic optimization methods, the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Ant Colony Algorithm (ICACO), has been inspired for the optimal design of the die shape. To validate the obtained results for the die geometry, they are compared with the results presented in previous studies, The error was less than 2%, showing a good agreement. The results obtained have led to a significant reduction in the total energy consumption during deformation by approximately 12% compared to the conventional linear mode.

In this research, the physical and comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics treated with muscovite minerals were investigated. First, muscovite microparticles were dispersed in a chitosan solution and then the muscovite suspension was coated on plain cotton and knitted polyester fabrics. The effect of the presence and content value of muscovite particles on the morphological and chemical properties of processed fabrics was studied. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used. The morphological study of treated fabrics shows the presence of muscovite particles in the space between the fibers and also on the surface of the fibers of the investigated fabrics. To evaluate the surface properties and comfort performance of the fabrics, the water contact angle, sliding angle, and air permeability tests were carried out. Also, the softness and comfort of the fabrics were investigated using bending length and wrinkle recovery angle analysis. The obtained results indicate that the addition of muscovite particles to the polyester fabric increased the hydrophilic property and did not have much effect on the air permeability, handling properties, and wrinkle resistance. While in the case of cotton fabric, the sliding angle of water is reduced by 66% and the surface of the fabric becomes hydrophobic. The air permeability has also been reduced by 30% and the comfort performance of the textile has also been affected. The statistical analysis of the data obtained from the above tests indicated the significance of the data at the confidence level of 95%.

In jurisprudence, it is seriously spoken about the difference between confession and testimony and the distinction of confession in validity and effect, in such a way as to prove the issue without the need for a ruling. In the laws, the legislator's expression in Article 1275 of the Civil Code and declaration of the non-objectionable (appeal and appeal to the Supreme Court) documentary evidence of confession in Articles 331 and 369 of the Civil Procedure Code shows the special attention of the legislator for this reason and the establishment of special validity and effect for this reason. Accordingly, the special condition of confession compared to other reasons and the basis for such a distinction is an important point that needs to be analyzed. Research in this regard leads us to the conclusion that what has caused the distinction of confession from other evidence and its special validity and effect is that, unlike other reasons, the confession is the reason that is prepared and presented by the person who is the reason against him and contains the acceptance of that person that causes the resolution of disagreements and the coordination between the parties to the dispute (in relation to the subject matter).

Litigation and its forms (which is "the right to sue" and the "the right to appeal against decisions) is one of the most important rights granted to individuals; these rights may be abused. For this reason, the issue of "abuse of the right to sue" and "abuse of the right to appeal against decisions" is raised. This study seeks to analyze the approach of the Iranian and French legal systems regarding the abuse of the above rights. The results of this study indicate that: The law of Iran on the prohibition of "abuse of the right to sue", provides a guarantee of enforcement, but does not say anything about "abuse of the right to appeal against decisions." French law prohibits the abuse of both rights and guarantees effective enforcement.

The litigants in civil proceedings have several rights. These rights may be abused. In Iran's Civil Procedure Law, the prohibition of the abuse of the right is not explicitly foreseen in the form of a legal article. Therefore, a fundamental question is raised that "is the principle of prohibition of abuse of rights accepted in civil proceedings or not?” Due to the silence of Iran's Civil Procedure Law, there may be doubts about the prohibition of abuse of rights in civil proceedings, but by using the library research method and citing other evidences and foundations (including legal principles, public order, ethics, proceedings’ purposes, etc.), this doubt will be resolved and it will be possible to prove the prohibition of abusing the right in civil proceedings. Although these foundations are also current in French law, the French legislator has not been satisfied with these foundations and has not remained silent regarding the prohibition of the abuse of the right, but has provided transparent and numerous legal articles to prohibit the abuse of the right.

The Code of Civil Procedure does not specify whether a verdict challenged by a third party is final or whether a non-final verdict can be challenged by a third party. In this regard, different and reciprocal views and analyzes are presented. The statement of Article 422 of the Code of Civil Procedure regarding the objection of a third party, before the execution of the sentence and after it, is vague and debatable and has several problems. Examining the issue shows that considering various aspects, it is preferable not to consider the non-final verdict as objectionable to a third party and to consider the third party objection as specific to the final judgment. Article 422 of the Code of Civil Procedure should also be taken to mean that if a long period of time has elapsed since the execution of the sentence, in such a way as to indicate that the third party, if he had a right, waived it, after that, the third party objection will not be accepted unless it proves otherwise.

Nowadays through the bulky extent of body allegations to each other in the courts, make legal systems confronting with many problems, like much longevity of cases prosecution, pay attention to some substitutionary options instead of formal courts procedures. As example can indicate, is amiable resolutions which today, more or less, use to being utilized. In the way, the most important to notify, is courts roles in encouraging of parties to compromise with each other completely or partially through the amiable resolutions, out of engaging courts time. The present contribution by the prospect presented, after conceptualizing the amiable resolutions, tries to outlines courts roles in encouraging of parties in triangular legal systems; common law, civil law and Islamic Iranian law.As the contribution conclusion, it would be so amazing to know that all these triangular legal systems by their basic rules have been paying attention, much more than can be imagined, to the judge roles in encouraging parties to amiable resolutions. However, through the vacuum of Iran civil procedure law in the present case, although, in presence of some other laws indicating the matter like; criminal procedure law & family law, Iranian today judges through the lack of acknowledgement because of civil procedure law vagueness, have no colorful role in the indicated field that is necessary to be reformed.

The Code of Civil Procedure In Article 120 has announced: the plaintiff is liable for damages to the litigant as a result of garnishment in the event of a final judgment against him, and in Article 323, the liability of the applicant for an interim injunction is determined if the plaintiff fails to file a lawsuit within the legal deadline or the plaintiff's claim be rejected. But the plaintiff's liability in other cases of cancellation of the garnishment or order needs to be reviewed and analyzed. Examination of the subject shows that, in addition to the issuance of a verdict against the plaintiff, in cases of issuance of a final lawsuit and failure to file a lawsuit within the deadline and termination of the garnishment appointment due to protest, fault and liability of the plaintiff is proven. However, in cases of cancellation of the garnishment or order due to rising up the cause of it, withdrawal of the applicant and removing the effect of the order by entrusting security, responsibility of the plaintiff depends on the outcome of the lawsuit.

In its path to Enlightenment, Europe saw its historical self-consciousness in breaking with its Christian tradition and the concept of autonomy. In the twentieth century, however, and in the wake of unprecedented historical crises, the claim to autonomy and enlightenment was challenged; as a result, Europe’s relationship with Christianity once again became the subject of scrutiny and investigation. Broadly speaking, two currents of thought emerged in response to this question. The first, was to construe this new historical situation as an extension of the old era, and thus proceeded with a questioning of all its assumptions and foundations. The second response construed the contemporary crisis wholly anew and characterized their time with a form of understanding that is capable of providing answers to life-long questions. Noting the limitations of both responses, this paper asks whether theism and humanism can be reconciled. In light of this question, we examine the concept of Messianism in Jewish philosophical thought in order to step beyond the current dichotomy and argue for a third response according to which the relationship of modernity to tradition is not antagonistic. In fact, messianic ideas generate critical force and constructive hope for the modern transformative thought.

The C.P.C in Articles 112, 118, 318, and 322 introduces the failure to file a lawsuit within the legal time limit and elimination of garnishment and temporary order to cancel garnishment and temporary order, and in Article 318, the issuance of a final verdict against plaintiff and the return of petition and lawsuit have been determined as the cause for the elimination of garnishment; however, there is no specific order in this regard in temporary order. Also, the garnishment may be annulled due to the objection of the litigant. In contrast, the abolition of the interim injunction by the provision of security is provided for in Article 321 of the C.P.C. The removal of the effect of garnishment and temporary order is searchable in cases such as resignation of applicant, issuance of any of final court orders, conciliation and issuance of an incompetence court order, but there is no definite explanation for this. The analysis of the subject in question shows that provisions of C.P.C are very incomplete, inexpressive, and inconsistent in stating the cases of cancellation of garnishment and temporary order And in each of these two institutions, it has paid attention to some cases of elimination And other cases have been neglected.

Nowadays, the photocatalytic process, one of the advanced oxidation methods for removing environmental pollutants, has attracted tremendous research interest. The piezo-photocatalytic effect has been proposed as one of the most effective methods to improve photocatalytic activity to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of advanced oxidation methods. Many recent efforts have been made in dye wastewater treatment using photocatalytic compounds. However, few studies have suggested using piezocatalytic properties to improve the photocatalytic performance of materials (piezo-photocatalysts). This study reviews compounds' photocatalytic, piezocatalytic, and piezo-photocatalytic properties with these properties and their potential in removing dyes from wastewater. Also, considering the literature, the approaches to increase the performance of photocatalysts and advanced applications of piezocatalysts and piezo-photocatalysts have been presented. Finally, piezo-photocatalyst has been introduced as the best approach to remove dyes from wastewater. Piezo-photocatalytic dye decomposition shows the piezoelectric efficiency in developing the piezocatalytic process. This process can promote the separation of photo-induced electron-hole pairs and lead to the synergistic effect between photocatalytic and piezocatalytic properties.

The conditions to consider a first instance verdict absentia are mentioned in Article 303 of the Code of Civil Procedure which states the absence in the hearing and the lack of written defense and the lack of actual notification of the notice as conditions for the sentence to be considered in absentia. The expression of article 303 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall be noted and investigated in several ways. Article 364 of the Code of Civil Procedure has also stated the conditions of the absentia verdict in the appeal stage, which are different from the absentia verdict in the first instance stage. The expression of this article also has some notable points that need to be studied and analyzed. The examination of the issue shows that adding the condition of “lack of actual notification” mentioned in Article 303 of the Code of Civil Procedure has created a change in the conditions of a verdict to be considered absentia in the first instance stage and has minimized the instances of an absentia verdict in the this stage. However, the legislator did not include this condition in Article 364 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and this has led to a significant difference between the absentia verdict in the appeal stage and the absentia verdict in the first instance stage.

Luckmann defines religion as a meaning system that transcends man from his biological nature to become actor of the social scene. Since understanding the philosophical foundations of science is important for understanding and interpreting theories and research results accurately and clarifies the basis of the researcher's thought and coherence of his theory, in this paper the ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations this definition has been investigated. Luckmann has an intermediate position in ontology; he seems to be realistic in that religion arises in the intersubjective relationship of individuals, and has the power of social control as an institution. In epistemology and methodology, he is constructivist; believes that phenomenology is an approach can provide a framework for understanding the concepts and measuring social reality from a constructivist standpoint. But in method, he distinguishes between sociology as science and phenomenology as philosophy, and uses phenomenology as a theoretical context for his thought.