فهرست مطالب مهدی خان سفید

Considering the establishment of the academic field of landscape architecture in the last two decades in Iran, it seems that revision and improvement of the academic education of this field is useful and even necessity at this point of time, both in terms of defining the boundaries of academic fields and helping the profession of landscape architecture nationwide. This article deals with the educational issues in landscape architecture as a profession-based academic field, taking into account the global definition and the areas required in its education as well as international educational standards, including the ones stated in the IFLA/UNESCO Charter for Landscape Architecture Education which was compiled jointly by the United Nations Scientific, Cultural and Educational Organization (UNESCO) and the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). In this article, the necessities to relate the academic education to the profession and to obtain professional accreditations for training courses from the related professional body, in addition to the requirement to obtain professional certification, recognition and registration for landscape architects were investigated. The results of this study are concluded in the form of suggestions for improving the university education in the field of landscape architecture in Iran with expressing the necessity of collaboration between all stakeholders including universities, scientific and professional bodies and societies in accreditation of educational programs and registration/licensure procedures for the university graduates in Iran.

 As urbanization and population density increase, numerous issues arise in society, including a heightened risk of contagious diseases among the population, putting society at risk and in crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify preventive factors for individuals in the community to avoid attending urban parks during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to evaluate the capacity of these places to promote public health and their functionality during the pandemic.
 Using library resources and semi-structured in-depth interviews, the research data questionnaire was obtained and for sampling and determination of sample size, simple random sampling method and Cochran formula related to unknown statistical population with error level of 0.05 were used, respectively. Then, in order to analyze the data, the first question which was prioritized was 4-1 points from the first to the fourth priority and the mean score was calculated and the same process was implemented for the second part questions, respectively. After collecting the questionnaires, the data were extracted and the frequency of each of the options in the questions was determined, then to investigate the first part question which was related to the barriers to the presence of people in urban parks during the pandemic period and should be prioritized, i.e. assigning numbers 1 to 4 based on the participants' opinions, the priority was 4 points for priority 1 score 4, priority 2 points. 3, priority 3 points 2 and priority 4 points 1 selected, After averaging the relevant score, comparing them with each other, the most important barriers were mentioned in the results section, respectively. Also, in order to investigate the questions of the second part, the first question was related to the capacity of urban parks to promote public health in pandemic conditions and should have been answered as a single choice for the very significant option of score 4, the significant option of score 3, the average score option 2 and the low-score option 1, and after the average of the relevant points and comparing it with the average capacity of the park was selected. Some of the general health promotion during pandemic were identified and mentioned in the results section.
The study revealed that the most significant barrier to people's presence in urban parks was the absence of health warning signs, with an average score of 3.1. Additionally, the capacity of urban parks to enhance public health received a very significant average score of 3.3. However, the performance of these parks during the COVID-19 pandemic was rated as poor, with an average score of 1.4. Other barriers identified to people's presence in parks include:- Non-conformity of urban parks design with pandemic conditions
- Inappropriate layout of furniture in urban parks
- Inappropriate shape, material and type of furniture in urban parks in terms of public health
Also, the overall results of urban parks capacity in increasing public health and performance of these places during covid-19 pandemic are as follows:In relation to the capacity of urban parks in order to increase public health in comparison with other urban uses, the results of the survey of the received data are that out of 230 people in the study, 99 people evaluated the capacity of these places as very significant (43%), 103 significant (45%), 21 moderate (9%) and 7 (3%).
In relation to how the current urban parks play a role in covid-19 pandemic compared to other urban uses, the results of the data survey are as such that out of 230 people present in the research, 5 people performed this Places were assessed as excellent (2%), 11 were good (5%), 53 were moderate (23%) and 156 were weak (70%).
Overall, it can be concluded that urban parks have the potential to significantly promote public health, but during the pandemic period, their effectiveness was limited due to various barriers. It is recommended that designers, urban planners, and health professionals work together to create multi-functional designs that address existing barriers as much as possible. This would enable people to attend urban parks during the pandemic with less concern and potentially reduce the negative consequences of pandemic outbreaks and quarantine.

Considering the huge challenges of the effects caused by economic growth at the global level, the targeted development of sustainable innovation is an inevitable social responsibility. However, despite some progress, sustainability has not yet been incorporated into the development of large-scale production. Although bio-inspired innovations seem to offer solutions, the transfer of sustainability through the bio-inspiration process is only implicit, and the promise of bio-inspiration can only be realized through It is known as the traditional form. According to this situation, the concept of sustainability with biological model is determined by considering bio-inspiration and environmental sustainability and becomes fundamental by creating an integrated evaluation method. This concept shows the current link of sustainability assessment, which represents sustainability in construction and aspects of sustainability in biological systems. The basic evaluation structure is derived from biological systems that provide the necessary functions through the optimal use of scarce resources. Its application covers the entire development process of bio-inspired innovations, providing feedback and therefore support for decision-making with a focus on sustainability. The research method is logical reasoning and content analysis, which has the technical tools of library and document studies. Also, the basic evaluation structure of this research is the DGNB system, which seeks the principle of protecting areas that constitute natural social and cultural values. Research findings show that bio-inspired sustainability transmission is enhanced by targeted transmission and the promise of bio-inspiration to create environmentally sustainable and inspiring innovations. As it is expected that the evaluation method itself is bio-inspired, it is based on the characteristics of biological systems such as effectiveness, adaptability, multifunctionality and flexibility.

In this paper the concept of “Creative City” is introduced as an innovative and progressive paradigm towards urban management to solve numerous and varied complex and interrelated challenges of contemporary urban context. Based on many profound and radical changes of the urban environment، creative city is defined as a strategic approach in speculating، rethinking، planning and implementing urban plans and projects as well as policies and programs. It influences many aspects of the civic life including the social، cultural، economic، financial and business dimensions. Urban creativity tries to integrate ideas of a wide array of interests and encourages public participation of all stakeholders including citizens، owners of businesses، planners and designers in addition to managers. In order to accomplish this goal، a shift of perspective through with the city is looked at is mandatory; from a rigid bureaucratic process towards a dynamic and flexible procedure for urban policies، plans and projects. Creative city can have great influences on urban planning and management and the whole city in a broader sense. It can bring new latent and unforeseen opportunities to the urban environment. Creative solutions and innovative strategies to overcome the challenges of cities appear to become attainable by making best of the available physical and intellectual recourses that the cities possess. The quality of life within the cities and the urban livability is directly related to the success of urban planning and management. As a revealing and representing example، “City of Melbourne” is considered as one of the world’s most livable cities and the quality of life in this city is located among the highest in worldwide rankings. In order to maintain its position and improve its performance، the City of Melbourne has established goals، objectives and indicators to measure the effectiveness of the activities related to urban planning and management. The eight goals of urban management in Melbourne include; city for people، a creative city، economic prosperity، a knowledge city، an eco-city، a connected city، lead by example and manage the resources well. Each of these goals is defined and the objectives and indicators are presented in this paper. Under the theme of “Creative City and Urban Management”، the goal of creative city in Melbourne is elaborated in the light of livability and quality of life concepts. The future plans for Melbourne have identified creativity as one of city’s major strengths and try to build up on this as a great opportunity for the citizens. Consistent with the City of Melbourne’s objective of creating an inclusive environment that encourages participation of all citizens and stakeholders، the urban management has revised its strategies and aims to encourage a vibrant، creative community and sets out a vision for nurturing and enhancing the quality of life and level of livability within Melbourne Central Business District and Metropolitan Melbourne inner and outer suburbs. In addition to presenting case specific progressive urban strategies and solutions، the results of the case study of Melbourne can be utilized by urban planners and managers in other cities as a successful example in terms of targeting goals and establishment of objectives and indictors in urban management performance.

The city is identified as altered natural environment by excessive changes in nature and increasing presence of manmade structures. Urban green spaces are remnants of nature in this environment and play an important role in ascending the level of life quality in the city. In this study the effects of urban sprawl on quantity of urban green spaces in region 2 of Tehran municipality were studied comparatively in 1989 and 2002 using aerial photos interpretations and geographical information systems (GIS). The studies indicate a considerable decrease in urban green spaces with a more intensity in the northern parts of the region. The sub-region 8th had the greatest amount of decrease among 9 sub-regions and 6th sub-region had the minimum rate of decrease. Two general strategies are concluded from the results of this study: 1) the priority of conservation and support of the existing green and open spaces 2) establishing new green spaces in some parts of the region which benefit less environmental quality.