مهدی زینالی

From behavioral researchers, emotional reactions play a significant role in the process of judgment and decision-making, and various judgments by people are caused by their different emotional reactions to internal and external factors. The purpose of the current research is to provide a model of audit opinion based on psychological states of audit in Iran with a data-based theorizing approach. The statistical population of the research consists of two parts: qualitative (including experts from the academic community and higher education specialists in the field of accounting and certified accountants - using the snowball method until reaching theoretical saturation with the number of 16 experts) quantitative (including all including all certified accountants - using the Cochran formula method And through simple random sampling, 310 people were selected as subjects (of course, 9 people were excluded in the pre-processing) through semi-structured interviews and the extractive questionnaire of the qualitative part, which included 49 primary codes, was used.The method of data analysis was used in the qualitative part of the theoretical coding based on the foundational data theorizing method and in the quantitative part of the structural equation modeling test (confirmatory factor analysis) and exploratory factor analysis. The results showed that the components of the audit opinion pattern based on mental states have created 6 main categories including environmental factors, auditor opinion, reporting challenges, assurance, training and audit limitations. Then, in the next important step, the researcher came to the conclusion that there is a significant and positive relationship between the environmental factors and the auditor's comments by testing the hypotheses extracted from the qualitative part. Also, there is a significant and positive relationship between the auditor's comments and training.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital and to provide an optimal model. This research is developmental in terms of its purpose, analytical-correlational in terms of the type of method, qualitative in terms of the method of collecting data, and with a meta-composite approach in terms of the method of conducting the research. The statistical population of the research includes all studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. In two parts in this research; descriptive and inferential meta-analysis, the analysis of the intellectual capital of the researches published in the period of 1366 to 1399, extracted from the Irandoc database, in the number of 51 studies (102 variables - including repeated variables, finally 53 variables) was analyzed. Based on the descriptive meta-analysis, the classification of intellectual capital research were categorized into three categories of organizational focus, the focus of intellectual capital accounting literature, and the research methods used in the research. Also, based on the criteria of concentration of accounting literature, intellectual capital research was divided into five categories: audit, accountability and governance, management control/strategy, performance measurement, and others (including the public). Inferential meta-analysis was performed using stata software. Based on the results of inferential meta-analysis, the relationship between intellectual capital components and financial performance components was examined. The results showed that based on the pattern of random effects, the average effect size extracted from the research is equal to 0.269.

this research is aimed to provide a model of default risk of default ( default ) of banking customers ( case study : legal customers of mellat bank ) .for this purpose , the statistical population of this research in the qualitative section includes experts and experts in the field of banking , senior managers of mellat bank , managers of the region of each province . .the analysis of data was carried out based on strauss - kahn 's instructions .this method consists of three main stages of open coding , axial coding and selective coding which finally the qualitative research model is expressed .results with a high confidence of 95 % can be shown that the deposit behavior and credit behaviors affect the financial behavior of customers on the risk of default .the overall situation of the macro - economy , the customer 's own personality traits , the customer 's financial position on the risk of default ( default ) of the banking customers .the situation in which the customer is operating , the banking system status , the company 's strategy on the risk of default ( default ) of the banking customers .

Results-oriented performance-based budgeting as a budget management system helps to plan and integrate multi-year strategic plans, financial risk assessment, policy planning, public sector budget cycle, programmatic budget cycle, focusing on social responsibilities and stakeholder participation. By relying on the existing literature and using the multi-faceted grounded theory, the current research aims to calculate the bases and effective strategies of results-oriented performance-based budgeting in the public sector of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The method of the current research is based on a multi-facet grounded theory, the statistical population of which comprises experts in public finance, expert professors of public administration, and auditors of executive bodies in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Likewise, the purposeful mixed sampling method has been used to achieve theoretical saturation and validation of the research findings with the existing literature. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were done.

The findings revealed that the platforms and strategies effective on results-oriented performance-based budgeting include: cultural, social, and political strategies (24 indicators), technical and structural reforms (22 indicators), economic reforms (18 indicators), strengthening knowledge and skill of manpower at different levels (11 indicators), providing a legal and regulatory platform (11 indicators). Moreover, economic growth and infrastructure development, besides acquiring public trust and establishing social justice are cultural and economic consequences of performance-based budgeting in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

The aim of the current research is to review risk management with an information technology system approach. Information technology is a very important issue that plays a significant role in the development of countries, because now is the age of new technology, everything originates from the virtual world and the Internet, and the effort is to achieve this. They can expand the basin, if you don’t have enough information about information technology, it may be dangerous because it can provide the possibility of theft and phishing, so the increase in environmental challenges will inevitably change the ways of doing our work, challenges Such as rapid change, the emergence of the Internet, the diversity of the workforce, globalization, the evolution and transformation of work and family roles, the lack of skills, and the emergence of the service sector have not only affected the organizational structure, but also the nature and role of business agency. has also changed. In this research, we will have an overview of risk management with an information technology system approach using a library method.

The objective of this study is to present a Beyond Activity-Based Costing System (BABCS) model with a real-time reporting approach tailored for governmental organizations in the Kurdistan Region.

This research is applied in purpose and utilizes a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. Data were collected through interviews and a researcher-designed questionnaire. The study sample consisted of university faculty members, government officials, managers, experts, and specialists in the research field. The factors for BABCS implementation were categorized into thirteen main groups, which were further divided into domains relevant to costing and real-time reporting.

The analysis identified seven main categories of factors pertinent to costing, including organizational-behavioral, technical, economic, design and implementation, legal, external, and policy-related factors. Additionally, six categories relevant to real-time reporting were identified, such as business intelligence, performance-based costing with a real-time approach, IT infrastructure, technical and communication challenges, process orientation, cloud processing, and expandable reporting. Evaluation of the current conditions in Kurdistan Region governmental organizations indicated that only the "legal factors" are in a relatively favorable state, while other factors remain suboptimal. A significant positive relationship was found between activity-based costing factors and real-time reporting, with organizational and behavioral factors exhibiting the strongest association. The results showed that a performance-based costing approach with real-time reporting has the potential to improve the performance of governmental organizations in the Kurdistan Region by 65%.

The study underscores the necessity of addressing organizational and technological factors to optimize BABCS implementation and enhance efficiency in public sector reporting and management.

The aim of this study is to present an optimal model for capital structure management with a market value creation approach.

This study utilized data from companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over a six-year period (2017-2022). A regression model was first used to analyze the impact of various variables on capital structure. Subsequently, a decision tree algorithm and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) criterion were employed to provide an optimal model for capital structure management. The primary variables studied include economic value added (EVA), growth rate of shareholders' equity, earnings per share (EPS) growth, company size, financial leverage, and free cash flow.

The results indicated that economic value added, growth rate of shareholders' equity, and earnings per share growth had the most substantial impact on market value added. In contrast, variables such as company size, book-to-market ratio, financial leverage, and free cash flow did not establish a significant relationship with market value added. Additionally, it was found that capital structure alone is not the primary driver of market value creation.

This study demonstrates that in capital structure management, companies should focus on variables such as economic value added and earnings growth rather than solely on optimizing the debt-equity mix. These variables can significantly contribute to increasing market value and improving financial performance.

The present study provides a comprehensive budgeting model based on outcome-oriented performance for the public sector of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The study method was of a mixed type. It was conducted using a sequential exploratory design. It was first conducted in the qualitative phase and then in the quantitative phase. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section included experts in the field of public finance and expert professors of public administration in the Kurdistan region of Iraq by using purposeful mixed sampling. Using interviews, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted in this section until theoretical saturation. Also, 232 researcher-made questionnaires were developed and distributed to measure the impact of each emerging component in the quantitative section. In this regard, to validate the final model of the study, a structural equation approach was used in PLS software to fit the model.

The results revealed that cultural, environmental, and social factors (0.396), structural and technical factors (0.435), financial and economic factors (0.331), management and knowledge factors (0.493), and political and supervisory factors (0.559) are interfering factors in the budgeting based on outcome-oriented performance in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Also, providing the cultural and social conditions (0.490), structural and technical reforms (0.493), economic improvement and political communication (0.530), strengthening the knowledge and skills of human resources (0.421), and legal and supervisory conditions (0.397) were effective budgeting strategies based on outcome-oriented performance.

Investment, the choice of assets to maintain and earn more for future prosperity, is one of the most important issues in the economy of all countries, commanding attention from individuals and high-ranking officials alike. Enhancing stock returns through forecasting is a critical concern in capital markets, necessitating attention from both individual and institutional investors. Accordingly, the present study aims to optimize the forecast of risk-based stock returns in selected industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange.

Data analysis was performed in two phases. In the first phase, the data were estimated using a combined data method and AR (1) autoregressive process, from 2010 to 2019. This model forecasts stock returns for selected industries on the stock exchange. In the second stage, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), stock return forecast optimization by the previous stage was optimized for selected industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2019.

The results of optimization of stock return forecast in three industries of oil and gas extraction except exploration, extraction of metal ores and petroleum products revealed that the oil and gas extraction industry, except exploration, exhibited a higher efficiency of 0.4214 compared to other industries. The metal ore mining industry with an efficiency of 0.3728 stood in second place and the petroleum products industry with an efficiency of 0.2516 ranked in third place in terms of efficiency.

Therefore, it can be said that optimizing stock return prediction in the oil and gas extraction industry, excluding exploration, is at a higher level compared to other industries examined in this study. Given the oil industry's higher efficiency and optimization within the country, it is feasible to integrate oil into the production cycle using effective methods and introduce technological advancements to enhance oil supply within the country. This is particularly viable as the production output of other industries is significantly lower compared to these three industries. basic measures should be taken to increase the production of industrial and non-oil goods to reduce imports and increase exports of final goods to other countries to increase economic growth. Hence, it is recommended to utilize the oil and gas extraction industry, excluding exploration, for the production of final goods, followed by leveraging other industries for further production of final goods. Also, since the oil products industry is influenced by more variables in predicting stock returns, it is recommended that investors in the oil products industry be aware of the variables studied in this research, especially the industrial production growth rate, and consider their stock returns and investment levels accordingly. Future research should explore and assess the optimization of stock return forecasting in other significant industries like pharmaceuticals, electricity, steam, hot water supply, etc. to compare and evaluate their outcomes alongside the findings of this study.

The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions and components of management accounting using the real-time reporting approach. Therefore, it seeks to systematically evaluate and analyze the emerging components resulting from interviews with management accounting professionals using a grounded theory approach, and present the platforms and strategies of management accounting in the light of real-time reporting and sustainable development.

Given real-time reporting and sustainable development tend towards elitism, the grounded theory method and semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to express known and unknown aspects of each of the phenomena studied in this research. The research was conducted during 2022-2023, and the statistical population consisted of university professors expert in management accounting and management accountants of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The findings showed that effective platforms for management accounting with a real-time reporting approach include cultural, environmental and economic platforms that enhance employee awareness, and strengthen managers' knowledge and human skills regarding integrated real-time reporting, and designing organizational architecture and adaptive architecture. The main corrective strategies in this area include documenting processes within the framework of continuous improvement and focusing on total quality management through process management and information technology governance. Also, in the field of sustainable development, allocating sufficient financial resources to support policies for achieving sustainable development goals and development priorities in the economic and cultural environment for long-term national interests rather than corporate interests were identified among the requirements for realizing sustainable development management accounting strategies. To this end, The establishment of the timely management accounting system with the information technology governance approach will strengthen the corporate governance and internal controls of the company.

Stochastic programming has proven to be a powerful modeling tool when an accurate probabilistic description, ie the exact values ​​of system parameters and the specific probability distributions for random variables, is available. However, such information is rarely available in practice. In such a situation, there are two main ways to deal with ambiguities. One through-sample average (SAA) is also known as the Monte Carlo method, where the SAA is constructed from the expected value of the underlying performance using experimental data. The aim of this study was to provide an optimal stock portfolio model by limiting random dominance and reducing absolute risk aversion. The statistical sample of the stock exchange and the type of data collected from that time series are the changes and cumulative changes of the total index of the Tehran Stock Exchange in 1390 to 1400. The stock portfolio is based on information from 50 companies. First, these data are examined, then the desired algorithms are designed and the model is analyzed based on the necessary conditions and tests.Performance is evaluated based on Sharp, Trainer, Sortino, and Omega tests. In the following, the stock portfolio is determined based on the initial assumptions and is modeled and measured based on the companies' returns.

In companies, the central control authority is the board of directors. The board of directors is a group of managers who oversee the overall operations of the company. Board oversight ensures that the company complies with national and corporate laws and regulations. The board of directors controls and directs the activities and processes of the company to ensure the sustainability and survival of the company. Information Technology Governance (ITG) is the process of managing and controlling key IT capability decisions to improve IT governance, ensure compliance, and increase the value of IT technology investments. IT governance is centered around ensuring that the organization understands how IT decisions impact business value creation. The purpose of this review research is to review the corporate governance literature with the information technology governance approach and provide a model for the establishment of information technology governance in the power transmission industry as one of the effective factors on corporate governance. The review of the research background and the case study in the power transmission industry showed that the need for supervision has caused the information technology governance to be included in the corporate governance codes and practices in order to strengthen corporate governance by creating real time reporting and information transparency. provide for investors to enter this industry.

One of the basic criteria for making decisions in the stock market is stock returns. Stock returns can be affected by risk. Risk is statistically divided into explained (systematic) and unexplained (unsystematic) groups. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the efficiency of stock returns based on risk in petrochemical industries by the fuzzy dynamic network data envelopment analysis method. The statistical sample studied are 10 petrochemical companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data analysis was done in two parts. In the first step, systematic and unsystematic risk for entering the network were calculated. In the second stage, using fuzzy dynamic network data coverage analysis, the efficiency of stock returns for petrochemical industries of Tehran Stock Exchange was measured in the period of 2019 to 2019. Based on the obtained results, three petrochemical companies Maron, Jam Petrochemical and Zagros Petrochemical have higher efficiency than other petrochemical companies. Therefore, the three mentioned companies were more controllable for systematic and unsystematic risk among the companies.

The aim of the current research is to explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital in Iran's economic environment. Also, in terms of nature and method, this research was analytical-correlation, which examined the factors affecting intellectual capital. The statistical population of the current research includes all the studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. Therefore, sampling was not done and all the researches that have been done about intellectual capital were reviewed until the end of 2019. STATA software was used to analyze the data, and according to the results of the research, among the factors related to intellectual capital, the added value of the market has the largest effect size and the capital structure has the smallest effect size. In conclusion, we find that the study of intellectual capital has made undeniable progress and has become more complete during the last thirty-three years in Iran. Nowadays, not only academics from different fields, but also other important social stakeholders (professionals, policymakers, managers, etc.) know more about this field. Researchers can challenge the status quo in future research and use innovative methods and new experiments on intellectual capital.

During the last two decades, major developments in the business environment in the world have emerged, which have had an all-round impact on the functioning and activities of economic enterprises on the society. So that the life of many organizations is focused on their ability to increase the accuracy of the cost management system and reduce costs throughout the process and value chain. Management accounting plays a vital role in using invincible strategies. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the social consequences of management accounting with an invincible approach. The research method was mixed, first the qualitative phase and then the quantitative phase. The method of the qualitative part of the foundation data theory type and the quantitative part was also done using confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the qualitative part was management accounting experts, operational managers and university faculty. The sampling method was carried out in the targeted qualitative section and after collecting the interviews until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 28 people were interviewed. The data collection tool was prepared in the qualitative stage, semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part of the questionnaire. The results of qualitative analysis by En Vivo software showed that the core codes included 50 codes, which reached 16 main codes according to the inductive approach. The results show: the role of management accounting varies from company to company and industry to industry, from economy to economy, which requires attention to management accounting tools including budgeting.

 Moral hazard arises as a result of factors such as delegated powers to managers and their motivation to use these powers for personal gain, without regard to the interests of shareholders. Earnings management occurs when, as a result of delegated authority, managers make judgments in financial reporting and transaction structure to change financial reports figures. Therefore, in order to investigate this issue, in the present study, the relationship between moral hazard between managers and shareholders with Earnings management based on accruals and Earnings management based on real activities was emphasized with emphasis on corporate governance mechanisms. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. Research data have been collected through financial statements, documents, and annual audited documents of companies in the period of 13 years from 2007 to 2019 from Tadbir Pardaz database and Rahavard Novin software. Findings showed that the moral hazard between managers and shareholders for real earnings management and accrual earnings management had a positive and significant effect. Regarding the effect of corporate governance in relation to the moral hazard between managers and shareholders with real earnings management and accrued earnings management, the results indicate a negative and significant effect. Therefore, moral hazard between managers and shareholders causes managers to be more willing to manage profits and corporate governance mechanisms cause control and ultimately weaken the management of real and accrued profits as a consequence of ethical risks.

Creative accounting relates to information engineering and financial reporting because it tries to make financial disclosures appear better than what is honestly stated. The aim of the current research is to provide a conceptual model of creative accounting in Iran's environmental conditions. In terms of methodology, this research is one of the qualitative research projects with an approach based on theorizing the context. The statistical population includes experts in the field of theoretical and practical foundations of creative accounting, After obtaining expert opinions through 21 semi-structured interviews during 2020-2021, the conceptual model of creative accounting includes causal conditions, including tax, banking, reporting and cultural incentives; The context of the subject, including managers' motivations, company goals and characteristics, legal loopholes, environmental pressures; Intervening conditions, including the way of monitoring and implementation; The central phenomenon includes a positive or negative view of the subject; Strategies including environmental and management factors, factors related to users, creating up-to-date technologies, improving quality and proper implementation of laws; And also their consequences including economic, social and organizational consequences are presented. The results showed that corporate governance and strengthening laws can reduce tax, banking, reporting and moral incentives leading to deviation from the facts. The necessary training should be given to the users and enforcers of the laws in the two dimensions of implementation and monitoring, so that its adverse consequences, including the unfair transfer of wealth, can be prevented and resources can be moved in the direction of national interests.

Presenting a Model of Insurance_Linked Securitisation using Fuzzy Delphi method and Dematel Technique in Iranian Environmental ConditionsAbstractInsurance_Linked Securities are one of the financial risk management tools. Insurance_Linked Securitiesh has helped to expand the capacity of the reinsurance market, and because Insurance_Linked Securities performance is considered to be uncorrelater with the economic cycle, they provid helpful diversification for investment portfolios. With the publish of insurance securities, it is possible to move in the direction of diverse development of the financial services industry. Therefore, the present study was conducted to review and develop a model of insurance securitisation in Iran.The present study is a type of exploratory researches. Therefore, experts and commentators in insurance securities were interviewed. Second, based on the theme analysis, the content of the interviews was analysed, and a proposed model was developed. The extracted indicators were validated using the Fuzzy Delphi method. In the next step The model of communication between factors in insurance securities was designed.using Fuzzy Dematel method.Keywords: Insurance Linked Securitisation model, Iran’s environmental conditions, theme analysis, reinsurance. Catastrophic Insurance Bonds.

based developments in the country's economy and markets have a profound impact on the accounting procedures and financial information issued by companies. One of the important factors that financial information users face on,  is the companies complexity that can make it difficult to extract and use the required financial information. The purpose of this study is to design a conceptual model for companies complexity based on a Grand theory approach. Statistical population of this research consists experts in the field of companies complexity that includes researchers, financial managers or accounting information providers, auditors and users of accounting information. The results shows that  companies complexity can have consequences such as stock mispricing, increased information asymmetry, Manipulation and income management, Reduced investment efficiency, Delay in decision making and Reduce public trust. In this model the causal factors and strategies of companies complexity are presented that arise in the context of the underlying factors and the intervening conditions expressed.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of structural failure on the value relevance of accounting information.

This is a quasi-experimental, post-event, and interdisciplinary study. Various econometric methods including multiple regression analysis with panel data econometric method, endogenous calculation of structural failures, and Wong's test-z were applied to determine the difference between the coefficients of the models. To measure and calculate the structural failure, the endogenous structural failure model proposed by Bay and Peron was used and to measure the value relevance of accounting information, the two variables of profit and book value in both price and return models were used.

The research findings indicated the existence of three valid structural failures during the research period.  Iran's capital market was suffering a structural failure during the time span of 2011, 2012, and 2017. It was also found that when a structural failure occurs, the value relevance of accounting information decreases. The value relevance of accounting information while ignoring structural failure is 16%. This figure reaches 37% if structural failure is taken into consideration. In addition, the findings of the research showed that due to the difference in the coefficients of determining the fitting patterns, the price pattern is more explanatory than the yield pattern in case of structural failure.

According to the achieved results, a structural failure has occurred in the capital market. When structural failure occurs, the value relevance of accounting information decreases. Having considered the structural failures, fitting models show different performances. By applying structural failure, the explanatory power of fitting models increased to more than twice its initial value. Therefore, it can be accepted that the value relevance of accounting information is influenced by structural failure. For this reason, paying attention to the phenomenon of structural failure makes the obtained results to be real and reliable.  It also makes it different from the case where structural failure is not taken into account. The models show different performances while considering the phenomenon of structural failures; hence, just considering accounting variables without structural failure events seems to be the simplification of the problem. This issue leads to an unfavorable effect on the interpretation of accounting information users to predict the results of the future economic activities of companies. Therefore, by ignoring the phenomenon of structural failure, linear models with constant parameters cannot explain the behavior of accounting variables efficiently. In other words, ignoring structural failures is in fact using an incorrect model. According to the results of the research, the price model shows a better explanatory power in studies compared to the yield model in case of structural failure. The research results suggest that increasing the reliability of the results in accounting research requires the implementation of regression and econometric models. The concepts and assumptions of economics and the fitting model based on structural failure should be used similar to the present study.

One of the important factors that investors are faced with in a stock exchange is the complexity of companies.  Complexity can disrupt the process of extracting and using the required financial information. Increasing market uncertainty influences stock pricing. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of informational, operational, and corporate governance complexity components in firms on stock pricing.

The statistical sample of this research consists of 180 companies enlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2009 to 2019.

The achieved results showed that the components of company informational complexity (i.e. divergence, negative operating cash flow, accruals, consolidated financial statements, the standard deviation of operating cash flow, and standard deviation of net changes in operating assets) have a positive and significant effect on the incorrect stock pricing. Also, among the components of operational complexity, three indices (i.e. cycle length, export sale ratio, and product variety of the company) have a positive and significant relationship with incorrect stock pricing. However, the present study could identify no significant relationship between production technology level and incorrect stock pricing in Iran. Finally, the components of leadership complexity (i.e. political communication, CEO tenure, and ownership concentration) were found to have a positive and significant relationship with incorrect stock pricing.

The results showed that the complexity of companies affects the mispricing of stocks, which increases the risk of making wrong stock choices for investors.

The purpose of the present study is to design a model for the improvement of morality with an emphasis on decreasing behavioral deviations in the accounting workplace. In terms of classification of the research based on purpose, it is considered practical and has a qualitative approach, and in terms of theory and argumentation, it is proving and inductive. The research statistical population consisted of 367 auditors who were members of Iran's Official Accounting Society. The research data were collected using a questionnaire instrument in 2021. Data analysis was conducted using structural equations modeling with the approach of partial least square. The results showed that decreasing behavioral deviations is immensely effective on the betterment of the moral condition of auditors and that by reinforcing the research criteria, we can control behavioral deviations and also improve moral condition in the accounting workplace. Furthermore, the results showed that there was a significant (≤0.05) correlation between leadership, psychological, and organizational criteria and accounting moral condition and decreasing behavioral deviations.

The purpose of this study is to determine and rank the criteria for measuring the risk of companies for listing at the capital market. To achieve this goal, by studying the theoretical foundations and research background as well as interviewing capital market experts, a set of risk assessment criteria of companies were extracted, and then by performing fuzzy Delphi and consulting experts, the risk assessment criteria consensus of experts was determined. Then, using confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loading of the criteria was determined and by performing the Mabac ranking method, the weight of each criterion in determining the risk of companies was determined.The results of confirmatory factor analysis show that out of 107 criteria agreed by experts, 100 criteria include 33 out of 38 criteria related to "operational risk", 25 criteria out of 27 criteria related to "strategic risk", all 20 criteria related to "financial risk" and all 22 criteria related to "information risk" have been approved. Also, the results of the MABAC ranking indicate that the criteria related to corporate governance from the group of strategic risk have the greatest impact on corporate risk at the time of listing.

Behavioral strains of managers, including optimism, overconfidence and short-sightedness, can overshadow their behavior and type of decisions in the organization while improving the company's financial performance. The tone of financial reporting is influenced by these behavioral characteristics.An optimistic tone in reporting is born of a kind of perceptual bias and distortion of facts that will make reporting less transparent to shareholders.When agency motives are present, the tone used by managers in explanatory reports can mislead the reader and be used strategically rather than for informational purposes.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of managers' behavioral aspects (optimism,overconfidence andshort-sightedness) on the optimistic tone of financial reporting. 

The present research method is applied in terms of implementation result, in terms of implementation process (or data type), in terms of quantitative content analysis. In quantitative content analysis, it is mostly limited to the appearance of the text and the counting of certain words or sentences. Content analysis is the analysis of speech, writing, speeches, interviews, films, images, the way words are pronounced, the tone used in words, speeches, political announcements, and the like.The statistical sample includes 115 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2012 to 2021. To measure the optimistic tone, the vocabulary frequency method was used. In order to test the research hypotheses, the multiple regression method with combined data was used. 

The results showed that managers' optimism and overconfidence have a significant effect on the optimistic tone of financial reporting. But management short-sightedness has no effect on the optimistic tone. 

With the dramatic expansion of Iran's capital market in recent years, many people have been engaged in activities in this market, and many of these people are actually non-professionals, so they have less understanding about the company's explanatory reports, and on the other hand, the producers of annual reports are aware of this fact and This awareness in turn creates an incentive for producers to change their tone in order to impress them. Companies use more positive words in written messages to express a favorable image of their performance.Emerging foundations in financial economics focus on the personality traits of managers. Therefore, it is very important to know the behavioral patterns of managers. Overconfidence, optimism, and short-sightedness can be mentioned among the most important behavioral traits of managers that affect management performance and decisions, such as the tone of the board's activity report. The specific characteristics of managers beyond the specific economic factors of the companies affect the choices related to the financial reports and disclosures of the companies. Considering the existing limitations related to the choice of language and the difficulty of verifying the legitimacy of the language based on the existing facts, it seems that the tone is affected in a special way by the behavioral patterns of managers.As managers become more optimistic and confident, the optimistic tone of financial reporting increases. In other words, optimistic and confident managers use an optimistic tone in financial reporting because of their beliefs and opinions about future issues. The manager's specific optimism refers to his specific tendency to optimistically describe the company's performance in the form of an optimistic tone. Optimistic managers pay less information transparency due to their beliefs and opinions about the company's future issues. Optimistic people emphasize the use of positive words in the form of optimistic tone of financial reporting to focus on positive factors in the face of negative events.When the company has overconfident managers, the strategy of using a positive tone is more often used to mislead investors or hide bad news. Therefore, in order to realize his managerial attitude, he has an optimistic bias in providing information, which affects the quality of information and the tone of reporting.Since the behavior patterns of managers lead to their use of activities outside of accounting principles and foundations to show favorable financial performance in the short term and due to the lack of stability of this favorable financial performance in the long term, it is suggested to investors that when deciding to buy shares of the company in question, Pay special attention to its long-term financial performance.Legislators and accounting standard setters are suggested to design a specific framework for developing explanatory reports with specific words in developing new standards and laws. So that the freedom of action and authority of the management in the use of positive words in the form of unusual optimistic tone is prohibited so that the managers cannot deceive the users by using the optimistic tone opportunistically in the form of perception management.