فهرست مطالب مهدی شامحمدی بنی

Considering the abundance of medical narrations in Islamic tradition on the one side and daily increase in their scientific and practical use in medicine on the other, the way these narrations are interpreted and implied is a crucial issue to discuss. Interpreting and understanding these medical narrations requires some standards independent from those used in the domain of jurisprudence. Among the important medical books derived from these narrations is “Derasah fi Tib al-Rasoul al-Mustafa” the author of which has used the Ijtihad Method to train medical students and treat patients. Thus, considering the real effect of this ijtihad method on patients’ lives, the purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of this method in the field of medical narrations.

The current research was conducted utilizing a descriptive-analytic method and relied upon the aforesaid book and books from the field of jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence to evaluate and criticize the method employed in the book discussed. The authors reported no conflict of interests.

It was found that the criticisms targeted at the methodology of Ijtihad from medical narrations used by the book involve, 1) neglecting the general standards of understanding and interpreting the narrations which entail; heavy dependence on the texts without considering the associated evidences, neglecting rebuilding broken up narrations, deficient lexical and topical investigation, speculative generalizations and specializations, extending the meaning of narrations to material issues, 2) neglecting the exclusive standards for interpretation of medical narrations including; neglecting the distinction among a real (fulfilled) case, a potential (assumed) case and particular (conditional) case.

Studying the examples from method and style of the book in interpreting medical narrations with regard to recognition and treatment of illnesses showed that the inferences made by the book are not reliable due to their inattention to primary standards and general knowledge of narrations’ jurisprudence. Thus, without ensuring the validity and accuracy of the authors’ interpretations, the method is not reliable because it exerts real effects on human lives.

The complexity of the human social system and the numerous issues and problems that threaten social well-being have made it very difficult to manage society. Islam religion has also used a set of moral teachings. Accurate understanding of the concept of key words is one of the most important requirements for understanding and applying religious teachings correctly. "Mercy" is one such word. The aim of the current research is to answer these two basic questions: What is the exact meaning of the word "mercy" in the field of social relations? What are the educational effects of "mercy" in social relations? In response to these two questions, the verses and narrations have been examined and analyzed with the descriptive-analytical qualitative study method. First, the concept of "mercy" has been analyzed in the field of social relations. According to the findings of the research, the word "mercy" is not only limited to human inner actions such as kindness, compassion, and pity, but also includes selfless and selfless actions to compensate for the shortcomings and weaknesses of the deceased. Also, the presence of mercy in social relationships has educational effects that will have a tremendous impact on social well-being. These works include: flexibility in collective life; development of relationships and social solidarity; Spreading forgiveness, forgiveness and forgiveness; creating a sense of responsibility towards society; establishing complete security in relationships; maximum fulfillment of needs; Lack of patience in delivering mercy and ultimately the basis for personal and social growth.

Social conflicts, which are as old as the history of human life on earth, have always been one of the major and most important problems in the collective life of humans and an obstacle on the way to their exaltation and glory. Social conflicts are any conscious hostile thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur at different levels of society, from relationships between individuals to groups and between people and governments. The most basic requirement for solving social conflicts is to know their types and roots and their main factors. Allameh Tabatabaei (may Allah be pleased with him) as a great philosopher and social theoretician, has handled this task well in his worthy Al-Mizan interpretation. The aim of the current research is to answer these two basic questions: How many types of social conflicts are there from Allameh Tabatabai’s point of view? And what are the main causes and reasons of its occurrence? In response to these two questions, the verses related to the topic based on Al-Mizan interpretation have been examined using a descriptive-analytical qualitative research method. The findings show that according to Allameh Tabatabaei, social conflicts are divided into two general types, natural and religious, and any other sub-contradictions fall under these two. They consider the occurrence of social conflicts to be certain and inevitable. Because the issue of civility and its main pillar, i.e. social justice, is something that humans have accepted based on urgency and necessity, not according to their original nature. This urgency is the result of several factors: the existence of the natural characteristic of recruitment in man, which seeks absolute exploitation of all his fellows, the quality of his natural creation, and finally, his extensive and ever-increasing needs, which he is unable to satisfy alone. In addition to this urgent need for civility, the difference in human nature, which is caused by the difference in the creation and geography of their lives, should also be considered. These two main causes have triggered natural conflict among humans. As a result, divine laws appeared to resolve this type of conflict. But the existence of jealousy and rebellion among the scholars and the bearers of religion has doubled the type of religious conflict over the previous conflict.

Social contradictions are any conscious hostile thinking, feeling, and behavior that occurs at various levels of society, from relationships between individuals to between groups and between peoples and governments. This issue has many individual and social effects and consequences, one of the most important of which is to threaten the order of society and create an obstacle in the path of spiritual and material growth and excellence of society and its individuals. Therefore, for many decades, the study of various dimensions of this social issue has been considered by humanities thinkers in the fields of sociology, social psychology and human relations. The purpose of this study is to answer these two questions: What is the type of Islam's confrontation with the issue of social conflicts? And in religious teachings, how are the causes of social contradictions explained? In response to these two questions, verses and narrations have been studied and analyzed by a descriptive-analytical qualitative study method. First, the main concepts of the research are analyzed, then the Islamic view on the occurrence of social conflicts and its factors are examined. According to the research findings, from the perspective of Islam, the occurrence of social conflicts is inevitable and arises from the type of human creation. Factors of social conflict also include four categories: individual, social, transsocial and supernatural.