مهدی غفوری

It's obvious that crime is a general society concern. There are two main logic in crime investigations. The first set of research is based on physical characteristics such as different kinds of land use. This approach is derived from Jin Jacobs and then improved by using CPTED(Crime Prevention Through environmental design) and its strategies which previously had been discussed by Oskar Neman via protect's spaces. Second set of studies are related to quarters inhabitants' social characteristics, such as neighborhood, taking responsibilities, have a feeling of belongings to a place, social capital, cultural patterns and other variables that have been among a wide range of focused social factors in this research. Many fields of studies by considering some concepts, compare summary of netted problems. Historically, safety is perceived as an important factor in social life of every society. We can state that, city expansion and safety are two linked compartments that are followed by city sustainability, in a manner that the absence of one would cause some problems for the others and might bring obstacles for it. During recent decades, Civil researchers became vigilant about the role of architecture and city construction via making decisions and policies to create a desirable place and found some defensible theories of preventing crime by crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and environmental crime identification. Evidences shows that researches about the linkage between environment and behavior are very rampant. Nevertheless, hypothesis and processes of CPTED have been poorly tested. Sari city, reaches Mazandaran Sea from north and it reaches Alborz range of mountain from south, according to 2016 census, it's population was 347,402 people and the rate of population growth till 2026 is equal to 1.9 %. In this study, by various inhabitants' behavioral variables such as place ownership and realm protection, the sense of crowd and lack of control on environment, and anatomical variables with subsets such as place ownership, defensive privacy according to CPTED subsystems, by explicating safe habitable places in Sari city we try to figure out how can we adjust them to CPTED characteristics? Cities are sustainable and Complicated economic and social systems that deteriorate if their imbalances, such as security, are not controlled. It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents (isolation, affinity, tolerance and anonymity) on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security. One of the newest approaches to urban security is Crime prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED). It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security.Given the success of the CPTED model in different parts of the world, it is hoped that according to the hypotheses, by explaining the patterns of safe residential environments in the city, it can be adapted to CPTED characteristics and the relationship between physical environment characteristics and behavioral characteristics of residents in residential spaces. The present study, which is a descriptive and exploratory research methodology with a quantitative research approach, evaluates the components of CPTED under the hypothesis that in the course of the research, documentary and library methodology was first used to systematically review the relevant resources to identify the main CPTED criteria. Physical and social cognition of Tabarestan neighborhood through the distribution of a questionnaire extracted from the components of residents' behavioral patterns and characteristics of the physical environment, purposefully and the analysis of qualitative data, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated to aim to examine the relationship between physical environment and residents' behavior Determinants in designing a safe urban environment and using descriptive statistics in GOF certification, using factor analysis model, using inferential statistics through the criterion of research hypotheses and using Kolmogorov-Smrinov test using analysis of 384 questionnaires in the present model of G-years for 98 and 99 It was calculated that it shows a strong overall fit of the model, all research hypotheses are confirmed and conclude the presentation of the CPTED conceptual model with challenges in generations of this concept.

The rapid urbanization trend in developing countries has been accompanied with increasing number of crimes. Similar to other developing countries, Iran is in a difficult situation regarding the number of crimes. One of the newest approaches to confront the city safety crisis and study the urban structure is addressing the link between environment and practices, as well as hypotheses and processes through Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Approach. It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents (isolation, affinity, tolerance and anonymity) on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security. The present quantitative research is methodologically in the category of descriptive-exploratory research and tries to investigate the association between physical environment and residents’ behavior to provide determinant factors in designing safe residential environment and using factor analysis model, inferential statistics (using GOF index and F-value), and descriptive statistics to accept or reject research variables. In this regard, Kolmogorov-Smrinov Test has been employed to analyze the data obtained through distributing 384 questionnaires during 2019-2020. Saadi Neighborhood in Sari has been one of the safe places with environmental security, which is unfortunately becoming insecure. The output GOF obtained was 0.64, indicating the high robust fit of the model. Dependent and independent variables of the study were on an average level while behavioral patterns of residents were placed on a high level. The results showed that Saadi Neighborhood inhabitants' behavior component was the main indicator of safety in this neighborhood. All research hypotheses were confirmed and CPTED conceptual models along with challenges in the next generations were presented.

In this paper we present the structure of “customer disvalue” phenomenon as the complementary concept for customer value. Authors, who are proponents of humanized marketing, rely on the lived-experience of customers as the primary source of data in order to grasp a first-hand understanding of the phenomenon that has been profoundly shadowed by objectivism of economics. The research is based on a descriptive phenomenological method as introduced by Paul Colaizzi. The findings of the study illustrate the distinct essence of customer disvalue experience that differentiates it from interconnected notions like cost, loss, and dissatisfaction. The authors discuss the origins of  customer disvalue as a key issue, how it is generally overlooked in value models, and how its integration into marketing value theory offers it a greater depth and brings about a better understanding of customer behaviors.

The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between time management and career stress in physical education teachers. The study was descriptive, survey conducted as a field research. The statistical population consisted of all physical education teachers of elementary schools in Mashhad city (N=1167). 291 subjects were selected by cluster random sampling method (134 males and 157 females). 3 questionnaires were used to collect data: Demographic (researcher-made), Time Management and Career Stress standardized by Moghimi (2006). The analysis of data showed a reverse correlation between time management and career stress (r= -0.48, P≤0.01). The results of the linear regression analysis showed that time management significantly predicted career stress of physical education teachers; this variable explained 50% of career stress variance. Among demographic characteristic, only education level had a reverse and significant relationship with career stress (r= -0.49, P≤0.02). The analysis of data was conducted using SPSS18 and Excels. It seems that time management decreases career stress through eliminating time stressful factors. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities of Ministry of Education should try to administer time management courses to reduce career stress and increase job satisfaction and performance.

Motivation is one of those factors affecting the success and quality of athletic performance. However, limited research has been conducted on the motivational traits of Iranian athletes. This study aimed at describing the motivational traits of skilled and novice athletes of team and individual sports in some selected sports fields. Players of national teams of the individual sports of karate, taekwondo, fencing, badminton, sailing and team sports of basketball, volleyball, Dragon boat, handball and futsal were purposively selected as the population of skilled athletes and 60 athletes were randomly selected from all above selected sports fields from some selected provinces as the sample of novice athletes. Data from the Sport Attitudes Inventory (SAI) were classified according to team and individual sports and players were classified according to novice and skilled levels and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistical results of ANOVA showed that competitive motivation was significantly higher in skilled and novice athletes of individual sports than team sports and it was higher in skilled athletes than novice athletes (P

The purpose of this research was to study mental preparation strategies used by Iran''s elite soccer goalkeepers. Phenomenological approach in qualitative research was used. In this study، seven Iranian elite goalkeepers with experience of participation in national teams or super-league were interviewed using in-depth، open-ended، and semi-structured interviews. The goal of this research was to categorize and report specific strategies used during days leading to a competition. Data was analyzed using open and coaxial coding as well as hierarchical analytical methods. Results from data analysis showed that the most important strategies to prepare elite goalkeepers mentally and behaviorally just days before a competition included: a). effective and useful practice، b). self-confidence building strategies، c). goal-setting، d). planning competition، e). motivational strategies، and f). motivational strategies. In addition، preparation strategies used on the day of competition included: a). emotional monitoring & regulation، b). strategic utilization of distraction، c). strategies to create motivation، d). imagery، e). thought control، and f). pre-game routines. Considering differences in preparation strategies in various sports، it is important to obtain a deeper understanding of such needs in order to be able to design and implement effective counseling and psychological interventions that are appropriate to specific needs of athletes.

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage self-emotions and others'' emotions and includes the intelligent use of emotions. This study aimed at investigating the emotional intelligence in male and female elite athletes in team and individual sport fields. The sample consisted of 62 female elite athletes and 74 male elite athletes selected from different individual and team sports. They filled out Schutte''s emotional intelligence scale. The obtained data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and independent t test at significance level of 0. 05. The results showed no significant difference in emotional intelligence between male and female elite athletes (P>0. 05). Findings also revealed no significant difference in emotional intelligence between individual and team sports (P>0. 05). The results showed that female athletes benefit from emotional intelligence in their sport performance and progress as much as male athletes and also both individual and team athletes need the same degree of improvement of emotional intelligence and use it in their sport، so it is suggested that special exercises should be planned regardless of gender or sport type to increase emotional intelligence of athletes.

Article abstract:Fuse-plug is a very important appurtenance to irrigation and other water supply systems; therefore, many theoretical and experimental investigations have been performed to design and construct a better structure. However, employing the numerical modeling in the design of this structure has been relatively neglected. The BREACH numerical model along with the finite difference method was used to solve the hydraulic and sediment transfer equations, particularly for calculating the time required for the complete wash out of a fuse-plug containing a vertical or an oblique argillaceous core. Construction of nomograms facilitated calculation of the wash out time of the plugs with vertical or oblique argillaceous cores. It was observed that the fuse-plug with the core slope of 120o and the m/H ratio of 0.4 (m: thickness of core, H: high of dyke) offers the best design. Employing the numerical models (BREACH, SEEPW, and STABL) revealed that the optimum compaction percentage for the fuse–plug was 84%. Results also confirmed that ripraps better protect the downstream shell of the fuse plugs against erosion than vegetative covers.