مهدی محمدیان امیری

Today, Islamic jurists are obliged to have a proper communication with the international system through using taqῑyyah (dissimulation) in the light of preserving the glory of Islam. Using the descriptive-analytical method with the aim of explaining the strategy of Islamic jurisprudence regarding dissimulation in international relations and meeting the need for preserving the interests of the Islamic system in order to secure citizenship rights and consolidate the state's position, this research presents a conceptual framework of the word "dissimulation", explains the legitimacy of using dissimulation in Imamῑ jurisprudence, the comparison of dissimulation with similar concepts such as hypocrisy (nifāq), flattery (mudᾱhana) and concealment (tawrῑya), as well as, how to use it in international relations, regarding the moral and legal dimensions. As a result, the use of dissimulation in the international system is evident in cases such as maintaining the Islamic government, maintaining state's secrets, promoting foreign policy, and proximity between Islamic denominations. However, it seems that the attitude of some domestic and western jurists towards the concept of dissimulation is somehow different from its main concept in Imamῑ jurisprudence. The lack of semantic similarity or the confusion of dissimulation with concepts such as mudᾱhana (compromise) and tawrῑya with the intellectual background of creating Islamophobia, has distorted its use. Therefore, the failure to meet the criteria of dissimulation in the international system makes it necessary to provide a correct conceptual framework for it and how it affects peace-orientation by changing the attitude towards understanding Islamic teachings. Thus, we believe that the correct application of dissimulation in the international system provides the capacity of positive communication between the Islamic system and the international systems.

In today's era, virtual space is considered one of the most important ways to gain knowledge and information. The virtual world is a parallel world to the real world and everything that is in the real world can be reflected in the virtual world as well. In the same way that in the real space, people suffer from epistemological-religious problems, the same damage prevails in the virtual world. Since most of the capacities available in the virtual space - directly or indirectly - are at the disposal of the Arrogant Front, and as the creators of this space, they have acted in such a way that, firstly, they make the maximum use of this space and secondly, they significantly monitor the activities of others in this space to the extent that every group and category that is outside this front has a technological need and dependence on them both for its own activity and also that if in a few cases it can rely on knowledge to come out from under their control, their activities will be put in danger, therefore, one should behave in such a way that propaganda in this space, firstly, can be hidden from the enemy's view (in other words, in the form of taqiyyah) and does not arouse his sensitivity, and secondly Despite the superiority of the enemy's hardware, different currents of thought that are inspired by authentic Islamic culture and jurisprudence can overcome this space and create a new discourse that will give stability to the layers of our national identity in the best possible way. In this article, this topic is discussed with analytical-descriptive method.

Restorative justice, which is an informal form of reaction against criminal action, by putting together the main shareholders of the crime, namely the criminal, the victim, and the community is trying to provide an appropriate response to this criminal act which is in the interest of the three parties. Iran's legislators have taken steps in line with restorative justice policies. The two institutions abandonment of prosecution and alternative punishments that the legislator has used as tools to achieve the goals of restorative justice policies face difficulties and have not been as successful as they should have been.

This is a descriptive study.

Ethical Considerations:

 All ethical principles governing research have been observed in the presentation of this article.

In the case of abandonment of the prosecution, the legislator, by not paying attention to the accused's consent or at least not paying attention to the right to protest for the defendant, has violated the rights of the accused in various cases and in fact, by placing the fate of the case at the discretion of the plaintiff for one year and not paying attention to the defendant, he has created a legal abuse. In the case of alternatives to incarceration, they have very little frequency. Since in many cases judges are free to exercise this institution and do not use alternatives to imprisonment for some reason, these institutions are almost deserted.

In Islamic jurisprudence, special provisions have been established for natural resources, especially forests and pastures. According to Shia jurists, natural resources, including Anfal, belong to the Imam. If it is pasture and forest that has been dedicated. This endowment is valid and valid when humans are involved in the creation of that forest and pasture. But the important issue under discussion is that the inhabitants of the forests of northern Iran and other forest parts of the country for many centuries and based on history and very old objects discovered in places in the northern provinces of Iran and other similar places, have a history of several thousand years of residence. They have been in the heart of the forests and considered themselves the owners of those areas. This sense of ownership in the forest made some believers dedicate forest lands under their control for various purposes. With the establishment of the Nationalization of Forests Law, the challenge of endowment of these lands was raised, therefore the law accepted the endowment lands before the adoption of this law, but did not accept the endowments after that due to the endowment of property by someone else. This research is of applied type and based on jurisprudence and legal sources, it examined the validity of forest land endowments after the approval of the nationalization law of forests by means of content analysis. The result of the research is: If a person rehabilitates a ruined forest, that part belongs to him and there is no problem in donating it.

The study of security is a subject that is both simple and complex; simple in the sense that individuals have an inherent understanding of it, and complex because it encompasses various meanings, dimensions, and elements, some of which remain relatively unexplored. One of the issues within the broader topic of security is economic security, for which the sources and methods of its realization have been a constant topic of discussion. One of the key elements of security is its preservation. This article examines economic security through the lens of Imamiyya jurisprudence using a descriptive method and concludes that jurisprudence pays considerable attention to economic security. It identifies several categories of jurisprudential rules aimed at preserving economic security, which include the following: 1. Rules that prohibit infringement upon the economic security of individuals. 2. Rules that emphasize the economic security of individuals. 3. Rules that limit the economic security of individuals. 4. Rules that pertain to the necessity of compensating damages in the event of an infringement on the economic security of individuals. This article briefly outlines these rules and seeks to achieve economic security through adherence to these jurisprudential rules within an Islamic society.

Smart contracts are one of the new contracts in contract law.In this article, the function of smart contracts in creating documents is analyzed.

This article is descriptive and analytical and library method is used.

Ethical considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Smart contracts have different functions. These functions include transferring assets, verifying identity, creating legal documents, and managing financial transactions. Smart contracts are one of the vital innovations of blockchain technology that help create documents and transactions without intermediaries. This technology based on smart contracts allows the creation and automatic execution of contracts with the help of executable programming codes on the blockchain.

In a prosperous and dynamic economy, ownership is an important concept and occupies an important part of the process of building trust in transactions. Today, blockchain-based smart contracts have gained considerable acceptance as a guarantee of the property rights of individuals and organizations. This tool is perhaps the most promising solution that has been created so far in solving the challenges of registering the ownership of assets; Because it makes the authentication process simpler and safer, it also strengthens trust through transparency.

In this article, we examine the jurisprudence of teaching the jurisprudence of business if the business owners do business using artificial intelligence knowledge. Artificial intelligence is one of the new and widely used knowledge in the IT world. In a short period of time, this technology was able to show its ability in the evolution of knowledge and prove its ability to be used. Business experts also used this knowledge to advance their goals and were able to provide a new development in electronic commerce (telecommunications). This research has investigated the topic in a theoretical way and with a case study method. Relevant information was provided through electronic systems, specialized books and observation. The main question in this research is: What is the Shari'a rule of teaching business jurisprudence in case of using artificial intelligence in business? In this regard, there are some hypotheses, such as Ishtahab, Abaha, and Obligation. But the result of the research shows that in the case of using artificial intelligence in business, due to the complexities of transactions and the possibility of committing fraud, usury, arrogance, arrogance and in general, learning jurisprudence and legal rulings. Business is obligatory and every businessman should read and know these rules before starting business.

Fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which triglyceride accumulates in liver cells of a person without a history of alcohol consumption, and is considered one of the main causes of cryptogenic cirrhosis and chronic liver disease. Currently, there is no treatment other than lifestyle changes. In spite of the progress in synthetic drugs, antioxidant therapy and the use of herbal medicines can help improve steatosis and inflammation to a great extent due to their availability. Therefore, herbal medicines seem very attractive for the effective management of this disease. Due to the high prevalence of this disease, the present study has been designed to investigate and report non-alcoholic fatty liver treatments.

In this review study, English and Persian articles were searched with keywords such as liver, herbal medicines, non-alcoholic fatty liver, antioxidant with Boolean operators including AND and OR from January 2016 to the end of February 2021. Published articles were searched in the scientific databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase and SID. Thirty-six articles were initially obtained. Nine articles were excluded due to the lack of relevance to the subject and results, and finally 27 articles were included in the study.

Based on the results of this study, it was found that medicinal plants play a role in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through several mechanisms such as increasing the metabolism of fats, increasing the synthesis of bile acids, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Plant polyphenols and antioxidants can be used as medicine to prevent liver steatosis due to their antioxidant properties, as well as therapeutic and protective effects. The results of the present study show that possessing multiple biochemical mechanisms, natural compounds have the ability to affect the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, conducting further studies is recommended.

The emergency department in medical education, as one of the fundamental terms, plays a vital role. Assessing the quality of education in the emergency department in terms of clinical skills plays a key role in the improvement of educational systems in this field. The aim of this study is to determine the self-assessment of medical interns regarding the education in the emergency department.

This study was conducted as a descriptive-cross-sectional study on 100 interns of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In this study, satisfaction with emergency department education in terms of "acquiring clinical skills in managing emergency patients","acquiring clinical skills in performing primary therapeutic interventions" and "quality of emergency department education" was examined. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS26 software.

The average age of the participants was 25.54 ± 1.42 years. The results showed that in the field of emergency skills, the highest dissatisfaction of students was related to dealing with environmental emergencies, in the field of core skills, establishing airway management, and overall quality of emergency in creating motivation for study and research. Also, indices related to dealing with consciousness disorders, dealing with shortness of breath, and dealing with high blood pressure in the field of core skills were significantly correlated with age and/or gender. In the field of core skills, most of the indices were statistically correlated with age or gender.

According to the findings, the need for planning and taking specific measures in the field of some clinical skills in the emergency department to increase the satisfaction of specified interns is emphasized.

According to verses and hadiths, buying and selling impure objects is prohibited. Among these impure objects are the isolated organ of the living human body and the organs of the dead body. This article seeks to investigate the buying and selling (sale) of dead human organs in cases of rational purpose.

This article is a descriptive-analytical one.
Ethical Considerations All ethical considerations in writing this article have been observed.

By examining these texts, it was concluded that the reason for the prohibition of buying and selling dead organs was the inherent unclean body, its lack of financiality, and the type of its use in the past. Because some people used these organs to eat, therefore, it was forbidden to buy and sell organs for this purpose. Many Imami jurists have given a fatwa on the sanctity of buying and selling dead and living human organs. Nowadays, by change of the time and place and change in use of organs, which is for medical affairs, the goal is to save another human life. Therefore, the sale of organs will be expedient. Therefore, some jurists have proposed the theory of heba or organ gifts and by this contract, they have allowed the donation of human organs (living or dead).

It is permissible to buy and sell the human dead organs based on rationality and the rule of elimination of losses.

Human development in various sciences and technologies caused service and doing things to change from its traditional form to a new form. With the emergence of computers and the Internet and later IT knowledge, the form of human life changed and this knowledge was able to create a tremendous transformation in doing various things. In a short time, a new and developing knowledge called artificial intelligence was created and created a tremendous change in the IT world. With this knowledge, many tasks that were done by human intelligence are done by this process today. Programmers in this field can do different things that were done by humans with non-standard languages. Today, with the development of human societies and the development of the living standards, the human need for efficient tools in social interactions and industry has been felt more than ever. In this regard, industry and technology have taken steps to produce products under the name of artificial intelligence with a remarkable speed to ensure the well-being of human life. In today's era, artificial intelligence and robots are widely used in various fields, including medicine, engineering, military, aerospace, and social interactions, especially in developed countries.

The ownership and its decline in civil law and Imamiyya jurisprudence are based on specific means. In this context, civil law in Rule 140 states four reasons for ownership which they are also the methods of property transfer. On the other hand, respect for private property of individuals has always been subject to the legislator's attention and has formed the foundation of many laws on legal and criminal issues.  In this article, the author seeks to analyze the status of lands that have a special owner and squatter, but the land has been underwater due to the coming forth of sea water, lakes or rivers, and it is not possible to determine the situation of the former and current state. The main questions that can be discussed in this field are whether this condition causes the deterioration of land ownership? Do people still own those properties? For example, can they build buildings or use other uses with up-to-day equipment on seawater in their ownership limits? Or is private property rescinded and, in accordance with Principle 45 of the Constitution, it is a public property? And in the recent assumption, if the sea water returns later, can individuals claim ownership based on their former ownership? Therefore, if the sea moves forward in the coastal area, so that some land and houses of some people are under water, in the conflict between private property and public interests, the protection of public property will arise.

The emergence of online shopping, as a form of electronic commerce, has raised the question of what the role of the sale is in this new virtual world. Some believe that online selling activities can be classified as »Moatat «, which is the transaction by contract without using words, and can be followed by the related rules. However, although it seems that such a transaction is in the form of a contract, it is neither a traditional market nor the non-written nor the non-verbal nor the non-oral contract. It is not a Moatat transaction because of using a click to continue the online purchase, nor the absent selling because of setting out the quantity and description of the goods and the buyer-seller interaction through online sites. It is worth mentioning that the quality of interaction between the buyer and the seller within the web is a function of the compatibility with respect to both the style and the content of communication. Thereby, e-commerce seller can enhance the influence of the information she/he provides through advertising and the buyer can inform the seller by an email easily. Taking into account all the evidence, the authors arrived at the conclusion that selling through cyberspace and online marketplaces can be considered as a new brand of selling based on a contract between two parties like traditional one but in the form of e-contract that is an agreement created and "signed" in electronic form. Accordingly, it can be called telecommunication buyer-seller interactions in order to express the communication.

Patronage time and competent person who would be responsible for it are important subjects. Scientists study it from different viewpoints. The author tires to show different viewpoints about this subject and present a new way. In this article there are two main questions as follows:1-Can we increase time of patronage for the mothers?2-What are rational ways to acquire it?

It is obvious to everyone that our prophet, Muhammad, as a Islamic promoter tried to guide the humanity. He received the divine verses from the Revelation and then transferred them to the Muslims completely. when he needed counseling, he counseled with others and then used the best idea.But he encountered some problems; for example, he had to change the general view and then persuaded Muslims to act the precepts.

According to the year of great prophet, I decided to write an essay about his personality dimensions and Instruction. The first question is how did he say the legal judgements. Because he was the first teacher in Islam. If we know this subject, we can be successful to act to the judgemnts e.g order to good things and prohibit indecent things. In this research, I analyse the judiciary's bodily situation when they judge, proven reasons, quarrel denial, the importance of judicature and judiciary's status in the Resurrection.And also, I used other valid Islamic books.