مهدی کرمی دهکردی

The sampling method in the current research was purposeful, and using the snowball technique, 18 people were identified as experts in the field of ecotourism. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used (based on the conceptual framework of the research and the 5 subsections mentioned about service quality) and SPSS, Expert Choice and GIS software were used for data analysis. The results of the Delphi section, which was conducted for the consensus of experts, indicated that the acceptance of tourism business owners in responding quickly to customer requests, providing prescribed services at the promised time, the necessary knowledge and awareness of employees to answer customer questions, paying attention to words The customer and establishing sincere communication and using the right equipment in providing services can be the most important priorities for providing high-quality services, also the findings showed that the cities of "Shahrkord, Ben and Saman" and "Borujen" respectively with weighted values ​​of 0.336 and 0.274 The first and second priority ranks are in this field, and then Farsan, Kiar, Ardel, Kohrang, Khanmirza and Lordegan cities have been ranked; Finally, the results related to the interpolation section showed that the villages located in the east and northeast of the province have more talent in this field, and this share is less in the central and western areas of the province.

The concept of Natural capital has emerged as a crucial element in the economic and social surveys of modern societies. It plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods and development across all dimensions. The recognition of natural capital as a valuable asset has gained significant attention in recent years, as it provides a framework for understanding the economic value of natural resources and the services they provide. This concept has become increasingly relevant in the context of sustainable development, as it highlights the importance of preserving and managing natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Therefore, policymakers and stakeholders must recognize the significance of natural capital and incorporate it into their decision-making processes to ensure sustainable development. Livelihood capital, which comprises environmental, social, physical, human, and financial capital, is a fundamental component of people's livelihoods, particularly those who are impoverished. These capitals are the cornerstone of sustainable livelihoods and are essential factors for local poor communities. Understanding the livelihood status of households and their access to livelihood funds is crucial for advancing development goals in rural areas, particularly in developing countries. It is one of the most significant and influential platforms for achieving this objective. Upon reviewing previous literature, it is evident that the application of a system approach in analyzing sustainable rural livelihoods has not received adequate attention. Given that the discussion of sustainable rural livelihoods involves different capitals, each comprising interrelated variables, neglecting the interrelationships between these variables may not be effective in addressing the issues at hand. Furthermore, disregarding feedback loops and dynamic complexity in a system can lead to political resistance. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of natural capital in sustainable rural development using a systemic approach.

System dynamics is a method that has been used to study and investigate the relationships between separate systems that are at the same time closely connected and enjoy dynamics in behavior. Dynamic simulation is useful for modeling the behavior of a system and observing its reaction to various changes over time. One of the most important features of the dynamic system is considering an endogenous structure of the studied system to show the reaction of different elements of the system on each other and the feedback effects between them. This approach enables us to gain a deeper understanding of the system's behavior and identify the factors that influence it. This study aims to conduct an analysis and provide an explanation of the natural capital of sustainable rural livelihoods using a systems thinking approach. The first step involved identifying the key variables of the system through a questionnaire and expert interviews in the study area. Subsequently, a new questionnaire was designed, and 120 residents in Qarabagh city, Ghazni province in Afghanistan were interviewed using Cochran's formula and targeted sampling via the snowball technique. The assessment of the region's situation was conducted in terms of key environmental asset variables.

The study suggests that the availability of water and forest per capita is likely to decrease due to factors such as population growth, deforestation for agriculture, fuel and charcoal extraction, livestock grazing, and fire. Mismanagement of natural areas has led to their destruction and reduction. Efforts to stop and reduce this process have been insufficient and unscientific. Deforestation has irreversible consequences and will significantly impact the natural ecosystem and sustainable rural livelihoods in the region. Afghanistan is facing severe water problems due to frequent droughts and excessive extraction of surface and underground water. The country's water situation has reached a critical level, and it is essential to invest in different parts of the water area to protect the surface and underground water sources. The reduction of desired variables is related to the increase in population and the need for more water and food resources. The development of the agricultural sub-sector can lead to over-harvesting of water resources and destruction of the forest. Therefore, natural resource management policies should be given more attention to ensure sustainable rural livelihoods. Water demand management is a practical and quick step in controlling water resources. Demand-oriented management policies, such as setting a reasonable tariff for water and improving irrigation technology, should be put on the agenda. To preserve and protect forest resources, caretakers should be made aware of the issue and executive bodies should stay more coordinated. Other solutions include developing fodder cultivation for livestock in low-yielding rainfed areas, expanding research, organizing environmental organizations, implementing successful forest management plans, attracting private sector investment, continuing the implementation of forestry projects, and planting productive forest trees in the empty parts of the forest by the residents. Identifying the state of environmental (natural) capital helps planners design rural development strategies and sustainable livelihoods with the capacities of the region.

Natural capital is an essential predictive component that provides the basis for rural development. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to strengthen environmental capital, and attention should be paid to it in formal and informal curricula. It seems that the current policies in the study area in the field of environmental asset management are not in line with achieving the development of sustainable rural livelihood. The government should invest in the development of irrigation technology to support the plans that seek to save available water while helping the development of the agricultural.

Considering the importance of rural eco-tourism in the economic and social development of rural areas, the present study seeks to identify and stratify the priority areas of rural ecotourism in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

Design/methodology/approach:

 To determine the importance and weighting of the identified indicators, the fuzzy Shannon entropy method was used. The fuzzy Aras method was also used to determine the priority of the regions (ten cities of the province). Finally, with the benefit of the kriging interpolation method in ARC GIS software, the identifies indicators were interpreted.

Based on the results, the suitability index of the restored architecture in the physical sector with a weight of 0.0945, the index of minimal damage to the environment and optimal use of resources centered on the concepts of sustainable development in the environmental sector with a weight of 0.0943, and the suitability index of the restored architecture in the infrastructure sector with a weight of 0.926 were the most effective indicators in identifying the rural ecotourism area.

Based on the findings of the research, the villages of Farsan with a definite score of 0.116, Borujen with a definite score of 0.115, and Shahrekord with a definite score of 0.113 were identified as areas with higher priority in rural ecology, while Khanumriza and Ben villages had lower scores than other regions of the province.

Originality/value:

 The variety of techniques used in the research can be considered as the innovation of this study.

Healthy agriculture plays an essential role in sustainable development and the development of organic farming. The global population is growing, which has kept pace with the growing need for food.The statistical population of farmers in Lenjan city is that the number of households in the selected villages is N = 4414 people and using Cochran's formula and Morgan table, the sample size of 353 people was calculated and stratified sampling method was used in this study. The analysis of regression shows that in the first step the economic variable entered the equation that the coefficient of determination for this variable was 0.592 (R2 = 0.592) that the numerical value of the coefficient of determination indicates that about 59% of the factors affecting the production of products Healthy food security in Lenjan city has been caused by the impact of economic factors. In the second step, the cognitive-educational variable was entered into the equation, which together with the previous variable explained 75.10% in identifying the factors affecting the production of healthy products and food security, and in the third step, the standard variable of production was included in the equation. Percentage of effective factors and in the fourth, fifth and sixth steps, institutional variables, agricultural and socio-cultural inputs were entered into the equation, respectively. After entering the seventh variable, the operation was stopped. In total, six factors as independent variables (97.40 (R2 = 0.974)) predict the percentage of changes in the variables of effective components in the production of healthy products and food security in Lenjan city.

The collected information from the perspective of experts, key informants as well as research background was the basis for designing a new questionnaire using random sampling method and Cochran sampling method among 120 locals (villages of Qarabagh city of Ghazni province in Afghanistan). , completed. Findings showed that social capital through a complex and dynamic mechanism can determine the sustainable rural livelihood in a community so that the average income growth rate in the sample during the period 1390-1420 is equal to + 43.5% and with the improvement of income situation, Social justice and interest in economic activities in the village were predicted to grow. Also, the forecast results indicate that the average annual growth of social assets in the study area will be equal to + 1.65 percent.

Rainwater harvesting is an effective method for the utilization of surface water resources in different regions. Since the impervious surfaces have noticeable potential of rainwater harvesting, designing and planning in order to collecting of rainwater is a suitable solution for adapting of water shortage in many places.In this study, in order to achieve the research objectives in various sections related to runoff and food surveying in the selected area, several methods will be used, each of which has its own stages. In order to calculate runoff, the average annual rainfall information in the study area was taken from Shahrekord synoptic station. Then, according to the announced relationships, we estimate the amount of runoff in the basin. To analyze the water requirement of crops and horticultural products using the method proposed by the Journal of the World Food Organization (FAO) using statistics and meteorological information and field studies related to the crop calendar and different stages of plant growth, evaporation parameters and potential transpiration of the plant standard level (ETO) Which is the evaporative power of air is estimated and then introduced by introducing the plant coefficient (Kc) according to the type of plant, stage and length of growth period and its effect on (ETO), plant evapotranspiration (ETc). The results of data analysis related to optimal water consumption, increasing crop and horticultural cultivation (studied: Noabad village, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari) based on the objectives and research questions have been presented and discussed. First, the amount of runoff from rainfall in the study area was calculated. In the next section, the water needs of the dominant agricultural and horticultural products in the village were calculated. Depending on the amount of runoff from rainfall and the water requirement of each product, it can be used to cultivate more crops using the resulting runoff for optimal water use.With 3/243486 cubic meters. Then, according to the calculations of runoff and water requirement of the plants in the study area, practical scenarios are presented in this area.

Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new approaches in sustainable rural development that has been considered to reduce poverty and rural development. This approach focuses on the diversity and increase of various rural activities and emphasizes the diversity and increase of various rural activities. Sustaining the sustainable livelihood of the villagers in today's world is one of the priorities that should use the various assets (natural, human, financial, physical and social) of the villagers to improve and enhance their livelihood. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the living conditions of rural communities in Darrehshahr city using SLF approach and CIPP model. Took. The total size of the statistical population was 16.140 households and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 380 people.To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used using SPSS software. The obtained results show that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of livelihood assets. Friedman test also shows that the share of natural assets is higher in the studied villages and the share of human, social, natural, physical and financial assets is 3.39, 3.30, 3.59, 1.33, 3.39, respectively.

The present research is non-experimental in terms of application type, non-experimental in terms of data collection and survey type. The statistical population of the study includes 16140 rural households living in Darhshahr city, which has a population of about 58429. The sample size was obtained based on Cochran's formula of 380 households. The data collection tool in this study is a structured and researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The collection tools in this research include library and field methods. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using a panel of experts, and for the reliability of Cronbach's alpha used, its total value (0.73) was obtained. The independent variables of this research include five variables (human, physical, social, natural and financial) and the dependent variable is sustainable livelihood. The following hypotheses have been used in this study.

The results show that among 380 respondents, 60.86% were men and 90.12% were women, of which 2.14% were literate, 17.4% were middle school students, 9.33% were diploma students, and 6.6% were graduates. , 14.2% were associates and 6.6% were bachelors and above. Also, 3.70% were self-employed, 3.19% were government employees, 8.5% were retired, 1.8% were unemployed and 9.2% were students.

Regarding physical capital, the findings showed that the situation of marketing of agricultural products and products and the infrastructure of agricultural activities is very weak, while the main livelihood of the villages under study is provided by agriculture.Regarding the natural factors, the findings showed that the recent droughts have had the greatest impact on the living conditions of the studied villages, which is consistent with the results of Bazrafshan et al. 1397 and Darban Astana et al., 1397.Regarding financial factors, the findings showed that fluctuations related to agricultural products have a great impact on people's lives. Also, the findings showed that investment to create employment by the government and the willingness of the private sector to invest in the villages studied is very low It is very high, which is consistent with the results of research by Weiss et al., 2017 Regarding humanities, the findings showed that the level of access to educational services on livelihood and employment issues, unemployment rate at different ages and the status of courses and educational programs related to livelihood is very low. Which is in accordance with the results of Jamehpour and Ahmadi research, 2011. Also, the spirit of cooperation and cooperation and family relations among the residents of the studied villages is high in terms of livelihood activities, which is consistent with the results of Bazrafshan et al. 1397.Regarding social factors, the findings showed that the tendency of villagers to urban life and the departure of labor and youth migration to urban areas is very high, which contradicts the results of research by Jomehpour and Ahmadi, 2011. Also, the level of use of media and social networks is very low.

Today one of the biggest planning challenges in human societies, especially rural communities which are the focus of the poor in developing countries, is livelihood (NAZID, 2002). A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base (DFID, 1999), but rural livelihoods in developing countries are disproportionately vulnerable to multiple shocks and stresses (Ellis, 2000; Ribot,2009; Scoones, 1998). Afghanistan is a developing country where more than 54.5% or 16 million of the population live below the poverty line (World Bank, 2020). The importance of paying attention to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, which is one of the pillars of achieving sustainable rural development seem necessary. The economy of the settlements in the northern villages of Andar district is based on agriculture and such an economic structure is also vulnerable to various factors. For this purpose, it is considered necessary to pay attention to the livelihood sustainability of the studied villages. 

The present study falls into the category of qualitative research. In the current research, purposive sampling and semi structured in-depth interview technique were used to collect data. The coding and further analysis of the data was assisted by ATLAS.ti 8.4. The coding steps to achieve the research model were done in three steps. The first step is to encode the text of the interviews, picture, audio and video files, the second stage is to classify the concepts and achieve the main and sub-categories and the third step is to draw semantic relationships between codes and categories and achieve a conceptual network of research.

The residents of six northern villages (Hakim khan bab, Haji castle, Upper Tangi, Ghulam Siddiq Castle, Chaharkhaneh and Akakhil) of Andar district, Ghazni province, Afghanistan included the study population. The total number of households in these villages was 201 and their total population was 2198 peoples. As mentioned, the data collection tools in this study were interviews, direct observation, photography and video. Data collection continued until the researcher reached theoretical saturation and the research has reached the saturation stage by conducting 23 interview. Due to the problems and potentials in rural Afghanistan, the present study was conducted to achieve sustainable livelihood in rural areas of Andar district. In this way, the livelihood problems and challenges of these villages can be identified and various solutions can be found for them. In this study, the process of guided qualitative content analysis was used to determine the factors affecting sustainable livelihoods in the northern regions of Andar district, Ghazni province, and 60 initial codes were extracted. By multiples revisions and integration of codes based on similarity in several stages, 11 main categories and 19 subcategories were extracted.

Afghanistan is one of the developing countries where most of the people live in rural areas and the rural people are struggling with poverty and various livelihood problems. At the same time, efforts to reduce poverty are minimal and villagers live in greater deprivation. According to the research results, agricultural activities determine the economic life of the studied villages that the agricultural sector alone is not able to provide livelihood for households. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the agricultural sector. Livelihood diversity can be a good option to overcome the unfavorable living condition in rural areas. From the analysis of the studied data, it can be concluded that severe dependence on the agricultural sector, war and security challenges, lack of food security and poor performance of the livestock and poultry sector have increased the livelihood challenges of the villages. The wars of recent decades have exacerbated poverty and insecurity, threatening the lives of many Afghans. The intensification and damage of the war compared to the city, is very high in the villages and the studied villages have suffered a lot of damage due to the war and security challenges and they play a significant role in weakening and hurting the agricultural sector, the destruction of houses, the disability of rural people and the lack of investment.

The world’s population has been growing rapidly in recent decades, and statistics show that most of the added population belongs to development countries. The majority of this population live in rural areas which has an unfavorable standard of living and livelihood compared to international standard. The basis of human and economic development is based on livelihood; livelihoods include all the things that people do to make a living. In addition, livelihoods are sustainable when they can adapt to pressures and shocks, improve and strengthen or maintain capabilities and assets in the present and future, while not destroying natural resources. Sustainable livelihood is a way to think about rural development, which for rural people it leads to higher incomes, increased welfare, reduced vulnerability, improved food security and more sustainable use of basic natural resources. According to statistics, 71% of Afghanistan’s population lives in rural areas and the livelihood of rural households in this country depends on agriculture, livestock and handicrafts. A large part of the country’s economy depends on rural products, and the products of farmers and ranchers make up most of the country’s export. It is worth noting that in rural areas of Afghanistan, few studies have been conducted on sustainable rural livelihoods, and accordingly the present study is one of the most innovative and leading researchers for this area.

This is a qualitative study of the grounded theory type with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. The grounded theory method is commonly used to achieve theory, but it also has the ability to use its techniques in the form of other qualitative methods. Methods used to collect data include observation, Interviews, field notes and written and audio recordings made during the interviews. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to collect data. The current research integrated purposive and snowball samplings were used to collect data. Purposive sampling (also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the study. Snowball sampling method, initial subjects with the desired characteristics are identified using purposeful sampling technique. In this study, data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection and the researcher reached the theoretical saturation stage with 23 interviews.

Based on the analysis, 220 codes were extracted from 23 interviews in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Code analysis led to the identification of 27 subcategories. Finally, 19 main categories were extracted from their classification. Showed relationships between categories formed in the data that the pattern formed corresponds to the original shape of the paradigm pattern (Pattern or model) of Strauss and Corbin, that is the core category (access to sustainable livelihood) is affected by causal conditions and it influences the strategies themselves. Strategies in turn shape the consequences of the phenomenon under the influence of contextual and interventionist condition.The causal categories of the paradigm are more dependent on agriculture, war and security challenges and the poor performance of the livestock and poultry sectors. According to the causal categories of the paradigm designed in the studied area, rural industries, rural services, livestock and poultry are very backward compared to the agriculture sector. This does not mean that the agriculture of the northern villages of Andar district is in a good condition. Rather, the monoculture of the rural economy (the majority of vineyards) with low productivity and efficiency in a traditional way has led the villages to an unfavorable living situation. In addition, due to various natural factors the risk of agricultural products is very high and has forced families to multiply their sources of incomes. But unfortunately, the increase in income depends on a particular sector (traditional agriculture). Therefore, in order to meet the economic needs of rural residents through the diversification of activities and income-generating methods, and to provide various job opportunities in this area, further encouragement should be provided.The war and security challenges in Afghanistan have overshadowed every manufacturing and service sector and prevent any progress and it has caused the villagers to have no connection with the government and rural development department and to live in more deprivation. Rural areas have been severely damaged by war and security challenges, which have weakened the agricultural sector, demolished homes, disabled rural people and lacked investment. The population of the villages has multiplied compared to previous years, but no attention is paid to creating new job opportunities, which has led to rising unemployment, poverty and many livelihood challenges. One of the way to create new job opportunities in the studied villages is the multi-functional approach and abandoning single-function approach.

The sustainable rural livelihood approach relies on the main assets and capital (human, financial, social, etc.) in the village as the primary and basic sources of rural livelihood. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to assess the living conditions of rural households in Darrehshahr city from the perspective of local communities. The type of research is applied and field method has been used to collect data. The statistical population included 16140 households and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 380 people. Statistical methods using SPSS, Excell and Vensim software were used to analyze the data. The results show that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of subsistence assets. Also, the results of Friedman test show that the share of natural assets is higher in the studied villages, the share of natural assets in the studied villages is higher and the share of social assets. , Natural, physical and financial are 3.39, 3.30, 3.59, 1.33, 3.39, respectively. Cause and effect models show that the impact of livelihood dimensions in the studied villages in terms of currency through tourism, private sector investment in the region according to the region's capacities, creating handicraft fairs, reducing migration to cities, creating entrepreneurial opportunities, reducing labor outflows and creating revenue can be effective.

Identifying and studying facilities and determining the levels of rural sustainability are the first step in the process of rural planning and development. Today, given the importance of sustainability in development, determining the levels of rural sustainability is unnecessary. In this regard, the use of rural development indicators to achieve the desired goal can be considered. Accordingly, in this article, we have evaluated the sustainability of tourism development in the sample villages of Borujen city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and methodological descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information was gathered based on documentary and field studies (questionnaire). To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics and non-statistical methods (Barometr of Sustainability Radar) were used. The results revealed that the development of rural tourism in the studied villages is generally at the average level of sustainability. The social dimension had a better stability among the other studied dimensions.  Significant differences were found between the studied villages. In general, the Averghan village had the highest and Katak village had the lowest score among other villages.

Economic development and increased demand for energy make it necessary for the use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Raw solid wastes, as one of the sources of biogas, contribute significantly to the creation of a type of renewable energy. Reviews show that biomass energy can be considered as an alternative to fossil fuels. In addition to its fewer harmful effects on the environment, it is an inexhaustible source of energy. The general purpose of this research is to explain a conceptual framework of using renewable energy in rural areas based on biological resources. To operationalize this target, we designed a conceptual framework by designing valid internal and external sources in the field of research. Then, based on the conceptual framework, we calculated the amount of energy extracted in the garden, crop, livestock, and household parts of the under-studied village. In the following, considering the baseline calculations of energy, we presented applied scenarios. The results show that the total amount of energy obtained from biomass is 70857266.1 kJ. By defining multiple scenarios, the energy obtained from the biomass sector can suplly 17.17% of household electricity consumption, 2.60% of gas consumption, 68.58% of the energy needed for public lighting of rural pathways, 54.67% of electricity required for pumping the village water to natural resources lands  with 131 meters high, 70.3% of power needed for sprinkler irrigations, and 60.42% of the electricity required for drip irrigation.

The main goal of this study is qualitative to analyze of inhibiting factors to use of renewable energies in Chaharmahal VA Bakhtiari province. The paradigm for this study is qualitative and use of the grounded theory method for analyzing. The statistical population consisted of three different groups (key informants in villages, energy experts in Chaharmahal VA Bakhtiari province and stakeholders in Kahkesh village) that selected by purposed sampling (snow ball method). The data collection process was accomplished with in depth interviews, focus groups and direct observations. This process was continued up to the theoretical saturation point. After data collection, the data were categorized and analyzed by the application of coding system. First of all, open coding, then axial coding and finally selective coding were used respectively. Result showed; information and cultural factor with 10item, politicize with 8 items, education and research with 6 items, human factor and investment factors with 4 items and finally technology item with 3 items in order of priority to have.

The main goal of this study is to evaluate the wind energy potential in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province to identify suitable rural areas for obtaining wind energy. In order to reach this goal (useing 7 meteorology stations information in the province from 2008 to 2016), the Weibull distribution was used for potentiometric; meanwhile, Kriging was applied to interpolate the area. Weibull estimate was done by using the torque method and the codes was written in Maple software. The steps were: measuring Weibull distribution parameters at different heights; calculating monthly and annual (PA); and EA was earned from calculation of data once in three hours in all synoptic stations. The results showed that only Saman district is appropriate to create wind energy and the other areas are not suggested for this purpose. Another result of the study was the wind potential interpolation maps with rural area distribution and without dispersion of them.

Drought, as one of the natural disasters, has many economic, social and environmental damages to human societies, and comprehensive drought management is an effective way of confronting this natural phenomenon. Comprehensive management is included of a risk management cycle (before the occurrence) and crisis management (after the occurrence); one of the most important stages in the cycle is the "assessment", without which it is impossible to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the management stages and compilation of drought Management Programs. Considering that in recent years, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, one of the severe and prolonged droughts with profound and long-term effects on economic, social and even cultural conditions has occured, the performance of relevant executive authorities in the province during the fifth development plan of the country has been evaluated.

According to World Tourism Organization reports, revenue from tourism is rising with a high speed and it can be a big step for areas with natural and tourist attractions. The unique features of geographical, ecological, mountain attractions, water resources, forest of Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiari province attracts many tourists to this region. The aim of this study is developing a system model for analysis of different views on the obstacles and problems of tourism in Dimeh village as a rural tourism site in Koohrang County in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province in expert's viewpoint related to the tourism sector, key people in villages and inside and outside tourists in the province be present in tourism centers and villages.
This Study is qualitative research and for analyzing the data in this study, the grounded theory was used. The study population consisted of three categories of research about rural tourism officials and inside and outside the province tourists and the third category of cultural heritage experts. Sampling was completely purposeful (snowball method) then conducted in-depth interviews, focused interviews, structured and semi-structured interview and eventually reach the theory saturation, data collection and coding procedures and data analysis of the content analysis was performed. Based on the grounded theory, after collecting information from the study population, we reviewed and analyzed recorded video tapes, interviews, photos and manuscripts were discussed. After reviewing several times, extra points, redundant and unrelated matters to the subject removed and key statements were obtained in the form of codes and concepts (the first stage: encoded open). In axial coding, data are compared with each other in an ongoing process until after the opening encoded link between the categories specified. In axial coding, developed classes and each class is composed of the following classes that are related to each of them is determined. Selection coding is a combination of selective coding classes for the initial formation of research framework. At this phase, we combined previously coded sentences to understand the relationship between them and then conceptual model outlined.
The results of this study was to extract the conceptual model of problems of the tourist village of Dimeh that showed village has infrastructure problems, health, cultural attractions pale, lack of understanding of tourism, lack of motivation of local officials, lack of planning, research and monitoring, problems related to human resources, tourism problems and issues and problems related to government and handicraft problems.
Since Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province in the field of tourism and ecotourism is among the five top provinces and annually receives a large number of tourists (especially in spring and summer), Therefore, more attention to removing the barriers identified in this research model to improve the situation of the village, systemic approach studies to further investment in infrastructure, help to local people's participation, marketing, attention to handicrafts and future research on different aspects of rural tourism, to strengthen these categories in order to benefit more villagers recommended. The deployment of emergency teams, containers of aid, the timely collection of garbage, increasing the number of trash cans, the use of trained human resources, extension training with a focus on marketing and, the government's attention to this topic for the sale of food, beverages and crafts is beneficiary.

According to World Tourism Organization, the prerequisite of sustainable tourism development is to combine and coordinate economic, environmental, social and cultural purposes. This leads to providing long-term benefits for host society, tourists and preserving natural resources and cultural heritage. In this aspect planning and management of tourism is a multi sector activity, which needs a holistic approach and coordination of different sectors. As World Tourism Organization has anticipated, in 2020 the number of tourists will be 1561 million worldwide, while in 1999 only 1 million tourists visited Iran and just less than 1% of them actually visited Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province, which is one of the most capable provinces in terms of tourism industry, with diverse capacities. However, if there is no security, there is no visit either. Whenever there is a proper security, people make more trips and as a result the tourism industry flourishes. Security and tourism are parameters of the same equation which are in a direct relationship. In fact, as security is one of the most important factors for tourism development, tourism activities may lead to more security in a region. In addition to economic prosperity and more job opportunities, Tourism is an activity that brings many social and cultural influences. By development in tourism we can increase the welfare of indigenous societies. However, in order to attract more tourists different mechanisms need to be working out together, one of which is provision of security for tourists. Security can be considered from different perspectives, including physical, and psychological. Feeling of security arises from objective and acquired experiences of individuals from their surrounding environment. In the social aspect, feeling of security is actually a social production in the sense that all social structures have a role in forming it. In this view, the whole elements of society, including people, government, police, etc. play important roles in producing and promoting feeling of security. One of the main foci of tourism destination is target villages in any region. Therefore, paying attention to the security of these villages is one of the most important elements in developing tourism in Iran, which is one of the 10 top countries in terms of historical and cultural heritage, and one of the 5 top countries in terms of eco-tourism and ecological diversity, but unfortunately these potentials have not been used in a proper way to develop the country’s economy and welfare.

One of the main element for rural development is ICT and its an instrument for rural achievements to general services (telecommunication، post، health، information and…). The main purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of rural ICT centers in Kermanshah Township، that finally find efficiency rural ICT in Kermanshah dstrict. Statistical population included all rural household that have an ICT center in their villages (N= 6218)، according to the Bartlet etal table، selected 367 households as a statistics sample. Beside selected 11 ICT experts with snow ball technique sampling (From central post organizations، telecommunication centers and post bank centers) in Kermanshah county. In the results، after identifying and developing indicators of effectiveness (using with Delphi technique) found the perspective of villagers from Kermanshah county a bout of effectiveness of rural ICT centers. effectiveness indicators developed with the help of villagers from the perspective of the county of Kermanshah in sectors related to post services، and post bank services were moderate، about e- marketing and off the hands of intermediaries، provide employment، news and information were in the weak، the telecommunications services sector (Telephones Line) was moderate and in other indicators، evaluation of effectiveness was moderate.

Tourism is one of the most important is sues of contemporary evolutions that with changes in land aspect, political situation, economic and cultural dimension creates different human life styles. Besides this is the most important factor in order to cultural exchange and familiarity with other nations from several dimensions (such as culture, nature, etc. …). Despite 20th century has finished, developing of some regions has faced with manifold problems and challenges. Because that previous strategies for developing of regions were not successful and could not solve many problems such as poverty, employment, hygiene, food security and environment sustainability. These guidelines also were not succeed in distribution of revenue that derived from growth and development and caused to manifold problems for different regions, especially the rural areas. One of the guidelines that recently has been considered in almost all of the countries in the world is developing the tourism industry in less developed regions and capable for developing tourism industry. Rural tourism is a kind of tourism industry that nowadays have prominent situation in tourism researches. The purpose of this research was investigation of the viewpoint(s) of related specialists, informed villagers and the community of tourists for codifying an applicable model for obstacles and problems of tourism industry in Charmahal -&- Bakhtiari (CH & B) province.

In recent decades, with the rising growth in population, change in consumption patterns, increasing demands for protein products, particular attention has been paid to aviculture Industry. In Iran, because of many such reasons as low productivity, shortcomings in management, inefficiency in farms production and following of traditional old methods, this field, has fallen far off from its needed development. The main objective of this research was an analysis of factors affecting the improvement in performance of industrial aviculture in Kermanshah County. The research was carried out based on a descriptive-survey method. Research population consisted of all the owners of industrial aviculture farms in Kermanshah County (49 units). Data were gathered through Census method and with use of questionnaire and as well, interview with the research population. The data were analyzed bye use of SPSS11.5 software. Results indicated that 6 factors namely: structural, technological, communicational, advisory, coordination-surveillance and educational affected the enterprise most. These factors, in total explained 74.78% of variances of the performance of industrial aviculture in Kermanshah County. Also, the results of multiple regression showed that 5 variables, including structural, technological, communicational, advisory, coordination- surveillance, entered as independent variables in the regression equation (in 5 steps) and totally had determined 51.1% of variance in the performance of Kermanshah industrial aviculture farms.