مهدیه توکلی

The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of some climatic factors, topography, and soil parameters on Salvia multicaulis essential oil composition, the plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Hamadan province during the flowering season. The soil samples were also taken for each plant in the sampling sites. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and its composition was identified by GC and GC/MS. The soil factors were measured according to the relevant protocols and the climatic records were collected from the meteorological stations of Hamadan province. The RDA analysis was used to investigate the effects of different environmental factors on the essential oil composition. Clustering of the studied habitats was performed based on the major compounds of essential oils using the Wards method. The essential oil composition was different in different habitats. The compounds α-pinene (1.3-32.1%), α-phellandrene (1.1-7%), 1,8-cineole (1-17.2%), bornyl acetate (7-16.2%), and β-caryophyllene (9.1-40.6%) were the major ones of this plant essential oil. The RDA results showed that the essential oil content and oxygenated terpenoids percentage increased with increasing altitude, but the hydrocarbon terpenes percentage had an inverse correlation with altitude. The monoterpenes had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, rainfall, and soil organic carbon, but the sesquiterpenes had an inverse relationship with these factors and showed a positive correlation with phosphorus and to some extent with calcium of the soil. The studied habitats clustered into two distinct groups with predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. These findings could be important for commercial exploitation of sage with the aim of extracting specific secondary metabolites in its essential oil.

with increasing demand for treatment, patients are monitored with help of Internet of Things(IOT). Patient's monitoring devices and technologies include heart rate measurement, blood pressure measurement, blood glucose and other vital signs. The purpose of study is to provide a model of clustering patient physical monitoring gadgets and apps in Healthcare Internet of Things (HIOT) environment using data mining techniques, so based on the needs and characteristics of the user, the more appropriate results of choosing technologies acquired.

This study is a review and functional since its result. The data includes 6 unique features of 60 selected technologies including function, price, connectivity route, power supply, location and type of use that has been extracted from R&D and advertising sites of technologies and also relevant articles. data analysis method is clustering technique and K-medoids algorithm. to identify the most effective features, random forest algorithm has been used.

the proposed clustering model takes into account 6 as inputs and clusters gadgets and apps in accordance with selected characteristics as the model outputs. clustering problem data is clustered in 4 categories.  Silhouette index is 0.45, which indicates the validity of the model. The type of application and then the price had the greatest impact on clustering.

By this model, patients or users can find the most appropriate technology based on the type of disease and other effective features, such as price. So with accurate physical and momentary monitoring, disease progression decrease and prevention of disease will improve.

  The admission unit is the main entrance of the hospital and the first patient communication with the hospital is through this unit. The waiting time of patients, which is one of the main consequent of this unit, is not only one of the important factors affecting the satisfaction of the patients, but also is one of indicators of the quality of service of the hospital. This study aimed to provide scenarios at reducing patients’ waiting times. This research in terms of methods and goals was a descriptive and an applied one, respectively. This study performed on 110 patients who had been admitted to the Mohb-e-Mehr hospital during 70 days and were uniformly trained on all days of the week. Information was also obtained using observation and data recording in prepared forms. The simulation model was designed and implemented with the Arena 14 software. Based on research findings, the para-clinical unit and the waiting room for hospitalization were two main bottlenecks in the studied system. In order to solve the problem, for each of the above units, a scenario designed and simulated. The implementation of these tests revealed that the proposed scenarios in comparison with the existing conditions had better results in reducing the waiting time and also increasing the number of admitted patients.   Improvement of the therapeutic processes will occur through the recognition of the hospital services system and analysis of the bottlenecks and its weakness points. According to the results, an increase in the number of para-clinical unit staff and hospital beds improves the hospital admission function. The implementation of mentioned scenarios reduces waiting time for patients by about 78% and reduces the waiting time for emptying the bed by about 50%.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women and features increasing trends of incidence rates. Worldwide, yearly about 1.67 million of new cases and 522,000 of deaths from breast cancer are registered. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of breast cancer in women and to identify high risk groups.
In a case-control study, 170 women with breast cancer who were registered in cancer registration system from 2011 to 2015 at Dezful City, Iran, were compared with 170 healthy women with confirmation of mammography. After age matching of groups, the needed information about risk factors and demographic information including information, educational level, marital status, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptive use, age at first pregnancy, menopausal status, and age at menopause, breastfeeding, stress, abortion, alcohol use and smoking, hormone therapy and physical activity was collected by a questionnaire. The analysis of collected data was performed by using odds ratio and logistic regression model and SPSS software, version 16 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance was set at a two-sided p-value of %5.
The results of this study showed that, women with the family history [OR: 6.78 (95% CI: 2.15-21.41)] and women with the stress history [OR: 4.86 (95% CI: 2.46-9.59)] had higher risk of breast canser, while women with the history of having physical activity at least once a week [OR: 0.29 (95% CI: 0.13-0.65)] and women with the history breast feeding for 3 to 4 years [OR: 0.36 (95% CI: 0.16-0.81)] had lower risk of breast cancer.
It is recommended that the mentioned risk factors and protective factors be considered in first and second level (screening) of preventive programs.

Although cochlear implantation has been proven to cause considerable improvement in perceptive and expressive language of prelingually severe to profound hearing–impaired children, however, children with cochlear implant have grammar and vocabulary deficits depends on some factors such as diagnosis age, acoustic approval age, hearing age, rehabilitation onset and etc. The purpose of this study was to measure children's lexical diversity and syntactic complexity after cochlear implant in persian speaking children.
This study included 10 children with cochlear implant and 10 age- and gender-matched normal hearing children. In order to collect data, language samples of children were gathered via picture description. The first 50 utterances were analyzed to measure mean lentgh of utterances, number of different words, number of total words and type token ratio. Mean hearing age of participants was 67.7 months (SD=1.77) and we used independent T test for data analysis.
There was no significant difference in all measures between children with cochlear implants and hearing age peers (p>0.05).
Duration of hearing experience after CIs is an important factor for acquiring speech and language abilities. In other words, after 60 to72 months of implant experience, their lexical diversity and syntactic complexity were almost similar to chronological age scores of 60 to 72 months in normal hearing children.

Providing rehabilitation care of deglutition disorders or dysphagia is a challenging issue for speech and language pathologists. Comprehensive assessment of dysphagia includes early screening, clinical tests and finally instrumental tests to be assured. In spite of the importance and the advantages of clinical tests; accurate diagnosis and decision in dysphagia management largely depend on instrumental ones. These tests provide dynamic assessment and information about structures and physiology of normal and affected swallow for clinician. The aim of this review article was to find instrumental tests of swallowing with their application, limitation and advantages.
An electronic search was done via the PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct, Medline, Scopus, Iranian web of knowledge data bases and web of knowledge data bases from 1956 to 2012. Based on the used keywords, 150 papers were found of which 90 papers were selected in accordance with the selection criteria.
Fourteen related instrumental tests were found. Only one of the tests is usable for screening and others for diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia. Three tests are used only in adults and others in children too.
The literature review showed that among the instrumental tests, (Video fluoroscopy swallowing study; VFSS), (Fiberoptic Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; FEES) are golden standards for dysphagia assessment and treatment. Therefore, they are widely accepted among clinicians and researches in despite of their limitations, our study offers the possibility to professionals for selecting the appropriate instrumental test in dysphagia.

During speech development in normal children, cluster reduction is one of the natural phonological processes. Children begin to produce some consonant clusters from the age of 2 years but ability to produce all consonant clusters continues up to 9. The main objective of this investigation was assessing the ability of Persian-speaking children in production of consonant clusters in mono-syllable CVCC words. In this cross-sectional and comparative study, production of 19 clusters with stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, and glide consonants in 38 words were tested in 200 Persian-speaking children at the age of 3 to 6 years in kindergartens of Tehran, Iran. Content validity indexes of 38 words were above 0.80 and Cronbach’s alpha of split half was 0.91. More than 75% of 3-years-old children were able to produce /xl/, /bz/, /rs/, and /xm/ clusters. Age was positively correlated with correct production scores of words (p=0.001) and was negatively correlated with cluster reduction scores (p=0.001). Three-years-old normal Persian-speaking children may use cluster reduction in words with consonant clusters but this phonological process decreased by increasing of age; so, most of the 6-years-old children could produce consonant clusters correctly. Place of articulation more than manner of articulation affect on correct production of consonant clusters.

One of the most important indicators of rangeland health is the diversity of their vegetation which is affected by different factors. In this regard, the physiographic factors can be pointed out in which the altitude is considered the most important. The present study was carried out to assess the changes in vegetation at an altitudinal gradient over a period of three months in part of Hamedan rangelands. For this purpose, three height levels including low altitude (1800-1900 meters), medium altitude (2200-2300 meters) and high altitude (2600-2700 meters) were selected and sampling was conducted 5 times with a 21-days intervals. The diversity indices of Shannon-Weiner, Simpson diversity, Simpson and the evenness index of Pylo were calculated to compare the vegetation varying along altitudinal gradient at different times. The results revealed that most of the estimated indices were varying along altitudinal gradient and with changing of the seasons (P<0.05), as the highest diversity and the evenness were recorded in the second harvest and at mid- and high-altitude respectively. An interaction between altitude and the season was also observed with all of indices (P<0.05), as from spring to summer, species diversity was declined after an early increasing at low altitude, but at higher altitudes this variation was accompanied with a delay. Evenness was increased with the season but this trend was moderated along altitudinal gradient.

Results on evaluating habitats and forage quality of native range plants can be used for restoration of degraded rangelands and for determining proper time of livestock grazing. By doing field visits, natural habitats of three perennial grasses, Agropyron cristatum, Stipa arabica, and Stipa turkestanika were investigated in the rangelands of Northern Khorasan Province (NKP). Geographical distribution of each species was compared with the isoheights of average annual rainfall and temperature. Main soil factors were studied in the selected habitats. Forage quality values were compared at the vegetative, flowering and seed ripening stages. The three grasses were found up to 1410 m.a.s.l, soil EC 0.96-1.2 mmohs, and slope degrees 0- >100%. Soil texture was loamy, with low salinity and weak alkaline condition, which contained low nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon. A. cristatum, S. turkestanika and S. arabica were respectively growing within the 8-12, <12, and 8 ºC; and their minimum rainfall was correspondingly limited by 240, 220 and 150 mm/yr. For the all species, crude protein was significantly higher than the critical level, during vegetative and flowering stage, whereas it reduced to the lower level during seeding stage. Metabolic energy was higher than critical stage, only during the vegetative growth. In conclusion, S. arabica had the highest tolerant to drought, A. cristatum had the highest palatability, as compared with the other two grasses. The proper time for grazing of all species is the flowering stage. However livestock also need to graze from other forage species, in order to compensate the deficiency of metabolic energy in their diet.

Due to the increasing attentions on multiple uses from rangelands, methods of improving seed germination rates were investigated on 10 arid rangeland species, which have ornamental and/or pharmacological values. 9 dormancy breaking treatments were applied, in a completely randomized design. Seeds were then located in an incubator and daily germination rates were recorded. Between treatments, gibberlic acid caused the greatest influence, on germination of 5 out of 10 species. Low temperature, potassium nitrate, high temperature, sulphuric acid, and water imbibitions also increased germination rates of 3, 3, 3, 2, and 1 species respectively. Lowest effect was found for polyethylene glycol and wet sand treatments. The applied treatments led to high increases in germination rates of Stachys inflata, Pteropyrum aucheri, Capparis spinosa and Fortynia bungei. However, the results for Atraphaxis spinosa, Calligonum polygonoides, Calligonum bungei, Isatis cappadocica, Glaicium oxylobum, and Iris songarica may not be applicable for field workers, because of low (0-5 %) germination rate of these species, while they are valuable for researchers. Further interesting results of this experiment was a logical relationship between treatment that caused the highest increase in germination rate, and phenology stages, habitat conditions of some species.