مهسا محمدی

Cholemic nephropathy is one of the important and serious complications associated with chronic liver damage and bile duct obstruction. Finding drug solutions to alleviate this complication or prevent its occurrence can be of clinical importance. Since luteolin is an antioxidant and one of the mechanisms of cholemic nephropathy is the induction of oxidative stress, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of luteolin (LUT) on cholemic nephropathy in cholestatic rats.

In this experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats were used. Cholestasis was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 as follows: a control group, a BDL group, and groups that received different doses of LUT (15, 5, and 30 mg/kg/day) daily by gavage for 14 days in addition to BDL. After the end of this intervention, the effect of cholestasis induction and the protective effects of LUT on serum, urine, and kidney tissue oxidative stress indices were examined.

The present study showed that the levels of serum BUN and Cr, oxidative stress (MDA and ROS) indices in cholestatic rats were significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Also, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx) in cholestatic rats was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.001).

It seems that LUT can be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of renal damage caused by cholestasis by reducing oxidative stress and improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Although there is a lot of evidence on the special role of childhood trauma in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and tendency to substance use, few studies have investigated the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the modeling of the structural relationships of childhood trauma with post-traumatic stress symptoms and the tendency to use substances with the mediation of dissociative experiences in adults.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research community was made up of all people who referred to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran in the winter of 2023. In this study, 360 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools included Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), Iranian Addiction Potential Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The results of the findings show the fit of the desired model. The direct paths of childhood trauma on post-traumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.22, T = 7.74), active tendency to use substances (β = 0.52, T = 3.39) and passive tendency to use substances (T = 4.32, β = 0.55) was significant (P<0.05). Direct paths of dissociative experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms (T = 0.72, β = 21.70), active tendency to substance use (β = 0.71, T = 17.66) and passive tendency to substance use (T = 46.61, β = 0.97) was significant. In addition, the indirect coefficients of childhood trauma through dissociative experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms and tendency to use substance were significant (P<0.05). In general, the experience of childhood trauma with the mediation of dissociative experiences explained a total of 67% of the variance of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, 50% of the variance of the active tendency to use substances and 92% of the variance of the passive tendency to use substances.

The results of the research indicated the important role of childhood trauma and especially dissociative experiences in predicting post-traumatic stress symptoms and the tendency to use substances in adults. Therefore, clinical experts can pay special attention to the phenomenon of dissociation in order to improve their intervention programs for the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and tendency to use substances.

The present study seeks to compare the source of control, emotion regulation and self-compassion in people who abuse opioids who have mood and anxiety disorders together and with people who only abuse. Materials were affected, compare.

The current research is causal-comparative and comparative studies. The statistical population of the present study was all the people suffering from opioid abuse who had referred to addiction treatment clinics in 1402. A sample of 90 people suffering from opioid abuse (30 people suffering from anxiety disorders, 30 people suffering from depression and 30 healthy people in terms of suffering from another disorder) were selected from Rutter's locus of control questionnaire (1955). Self-compassion by Neff (2003) and emotion regulation by Gross (2003) were used to collect data.

The results showed that there was no difference between the three groups in terms of the source of internal-external control, on the other hand, compassion was different among the three groups and was minimal for those suffering from depressive disorder, in addition, emotion regulation (reevaluation) for solidarity Anxiety was minimal and emotion regulation (suppression) was maximum for that group.

This research showed that suffering from comorbid disorders with opioid abuse is associated with many problems and plays a role in aggravating the situation. This shows. Therefore, it is possible to refer to the results of this research and pay attention to comorbid disorders in the treatment of substance abuse.

Manipulation of the human genome, in different legal systems, has seen conflicting approaches with it, so that we see two approaches at the level of criminal policy of governments in this connection: 1- The regulatory approach, meaning that the manipulation of the human genome is Because it can cause the elimination of many physical and sexual norms, it must be managed and it is not possible to completely prevent it. In these legal systems, manipulation of the human genome has been criminalized only for non-medical purposes; 2-Complete Prohibition Approach: In the complete prohibition approach, manipulation of the human genome, whether for medical or non-medical purposes, is prohibited. In this approach, a kind of applicativeism can be seen in medical ethics. This is despite the fact that international human rights guidelines and laws today are moving in such a direction that manipulating the human genome should not be prohibited in general, but this medical practice should be within the prescribed frameworks of the law in a way that respects human dignity be respected.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and it was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

Human rights as the new basis of criminalization have been accepted relatively or absolutely in most legal systems, including the legal system of Iran. Among the new fields of medicine is the manipulation of the human genome, which has been followed by different approaches in the criminal policy of countries in connection with the license, absolute prohibition and regulation. International guidelines and laws in the field of humanity indicate that the regulatory approach should be chosen from among the three approaches mentioned above (permission, absolute prohibition and regulation).

Considering the lack of criminalization of human genome manipulation in Iran's criminal policy, reference is made to jurisprudence sources in the first place and international human rights guidelines in the second place in order to determine a mandatory solution. In connection with jurisprudential arguments, four categories of arguments, i.e. absolute permissibility, case permissibility, secondary sanctity and primary sanctity, have been proposed and it seems that case permissibility is more effectively allowed in this context. In connection with international human rights guidelines, governments have been asked to regulate in this field instead of absolutely prohibiting the manipulation of the human genome.

Weeds are the most important limiting factors in agricultural systems and the use of mulch is considered as a suitable solution in the ecological management of weeds. In order to evaluate the coriander yield and its weed control, a factorial experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in 2020. The first factor was the types of mulches including ratios of 100 % (40.0 kg ha-1), 66 % (26.4 kg ha-1), and 33 % (13.2 kg ha-1) of clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and 100 % (20.0 kg ha-1), 66 % (13.2 kg ha-1), and 33 % (6.6 kg ha-1) of alfalfa (Medicago scutellate L.) as living mulches, wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) (one kg m-2) as a non-living mulch, and a non-mulched treatment and the second factor was weed control including complete weed control, once-weed control and non-weed control. The results showed that the effects of the treatments of mulch type and weed control were statistically significant on the components of yield and yield of coriander. The highest grain yield (1601.4 kg ha-1), biomass yield (3901.0 kg ha-1) and essential oil yield (3.35 kg ha-1) were recorded in wheat straw mulch under complete weed control conditions. Clover at densities of 100 % and 66 % caused suffocation and complete destruction of coriander plants. Therefore, the grain yield and biomass production of coriander in these treatments were equal to zero. Alfalfa at low densities had no significant effect on weed control. Complete control of weeds caused a significant increase in all evaluated traits in coriander. The results of the present study showed that wheat straw mulch is a suitable solution for controlling coriander weeds, which not only does not interfere with the growth of coriander but also causes effective control of its weeds. Therefore, considering the importance of integrated control of weeds in sustainable agricultural systems, the use of wheat straw mulch can be introduced as one of the strategies to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and reduce environmental pollution.

Within second language writing realm, the important role of genre has been emphasized for at least two decades. The main purpose of this analysis was to identify the move/step structure and textual features of Discussion part of Applied linguistics research articles. Two raters analysed 60 RA Discussions (30 from non-natives and 30 from natives) by incorporating Yang and Allison (2003) model for genre analysis and by adapted model from Hinkel (2003) for textual feature analysis. The findings demonstrated quantitative differences between moves 2 (reporting results) ,4(commenting results), 5( summary of the findings), and 6( evaluating the study) utilized in the two groups. These findings might be due to non-natives' preference for rhetorical concepts and values in their local writing community about genre structure of Discussions in Applied Linguistics RAs. The results also revealed that non-native writers use more numerative, resultative nouns, past tense, passive, modals, frequency adverbs, adverb and adjective clause, exemplar, and hedging. The results may promise some implications for syllabus design, ESP pedagogy, and materials preparation.

The aim of this study was to investigate into the effect of wisdom-therapy on self-actualization of highly educated teachers. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all teachers with PhD. degrees in Hamedan in 1400. The sample of the study included 32 participants who were selected based on purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. Then, the wisdom-therapy protocol (adapted from from Kordnoghabi, 1400) was performed on the experimental group in eleven sessions. The self-actualization measure was the Jones and Crandall’s (1968) Self-Prosperity Questionnaire. to analyze the data univariate covariance test was applied using SPSS program (version 22). The results showed that the effect of treatment was significant (P <0.05) and personal wisdom-therapy approach had a positive effect on increasing the self-actualization of highly educated teachers. Therefore, it can be claimed that education officials can use this strategy to increase teachers’ self-fulfillment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management instruction on the competitive anxiety of karate girls.
Twenty professional karate ‘girls were selected based on the score in Schmidt et al sports anxiety questionnaire had high anxiety levels and a randomized replication design was used to allocate them to the experimental and control groups. They were competing in the superior league of Iran.  Cognitive-behavioral stress management was instructed once a week, and 10 sessions were held. Data about sports anxiety in the pre-test, after the intervention, and three months after the end of the intervention were collected and analyzed.
The results showed that the somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption significantly decreased between the pre-test with post-test and between the pre-test and follow-up.
It seems to raise awareness, stress reduction skills training; cognitive evaluation modification, interpersonal skills development; an increase of emotional expression, and a decrease of social isolation that exists in this program are the causes of the changes that occur.

This study was performed to evaluate the different levels of celery puree on the physicochemical properties and viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. The results showed that at the end of the storage period, the highest pH was observed in the sample containing 10% celery. With increasing the storage period, the acidity increased and the highest and lowest acidity at the end of the storage period was observed in control and treatments with 10% celery, respectively. Yogurt samples containing 10% celery showed the lowest serum separation rate and control samples showed the highest. In the case of sensory properties, treatments with 10% celery obtained the highest scores of taste, odor, texture and general acceptance. The highest and lowest color scores were related to the treatment containing 5% of celery and control, respectively. Evaluation of rheological properties showed that in all samples, the viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate and samples containing 10% celery have a higher viscosity than other samples. At the end of the storage period, the highest vaiability of probiotic bacteria was observed in yogurt samples containing 10% celery. According to the results of this study, probiotic yogurt containing celery can be introduced as a useful product due to its desirable sensory and probiotic properties.

In the epidemic of COVID-19, intensive care units usually bear a heavy burden due to overcrowding of patients who need hospitalization, which can be due to liver involvement in these patients. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between liver enzymes in COVID-19 patients and the need for hospitalization in the intensive care unit, as well as to investigate its relationship with the length of stay in the intensive care unit.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 622 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who referred to Firoozgar Hospital were investigated in terms of length of stay, recovery or death and its relationship with abnormal liver enzymes.

The mean level of AST and ALT in people hospitalized in ICU was 49 (95% CI: 43.4-54.6) and 29.2 (95% CI: 24.1-34.2), respectively, and it was 42.5 (95% CI: 36.7-48.3) and 31.2 (95% CI: 25.8-36.6), respectively, in the general ward. The mean level of AST and ALT in patients hospitalized for less than 7 days was 49.4 (95% CI: 43.9-54.8) and 27 (95% CI: 21.6-32.3), respectively, and in patients hospitalized for more than 7 days was 41.6 (95% CI: 35.6-47.5) and 32.2 (95% CI: 37.3-27.1), respectively. None of the abnormal data was significant based on hospital department and length of stay.

The results of this study did not show any significant relationship between the need for admission to ICU and the abnormal levels of liver enzymes. Furthermore, no relationship was found between the length of stay and the severity of liver involvement based on the assessment of abnormal liver enzymes.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a food crop with high protein, fiber, and minerals. One of the important issues in the formation of seed yield is how photosynthetic materials are allocated in plants. This may be especially important when the plant is experiencing drought stress. Brassinosteroids are a group of steroid hormones that have been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. Brassinosteroids increase crop yield by altering plant metabolism and protecting plants from environmental stresses. Considering that one of the major problems of agriculture is water shortage, the present study was assessed aimed to investigate the effect of Epibrassinolide application on the allocation of photosynthetic materials and some traits related to drought resistance in two common bean genotypes under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions and the possibility of increasing common bean seed yield by using this hormone.

In order to investigate the effect of Epibrassinolide application on photosynthetic material allocation and the possibility of increasing common bean seed yield by application of this hormone, an experiment was conducted in split factorial based on randomized complete block design at the research farm of the University of Zanjan during 2016-2017. In this experiment, optimal irrigation and drought stress were applied to main plots and common bean genotypes (at two levels of Kusha cultivar and COS16 genotype) and different concentrations of Epibrassinolide (at four levels of no application or control, 2, 4, and 6 μM) were allocated to sub plots as factorial. In the flowering stage, drought stress was applied and simultaneously with drought stress, common bean plants, were sprayed with Epibrassinolide. In this study, relative water content, proline content, and malondialdehyde content were studied at the peak of the drought stress. Also, dry weights of leaf, stem, and pod and the ratio of leaf, stem, and pod dry weights to total plant weight were studied at two times (peak of the drought stress and one week after re-irrigation).

The results showed that drought stress decreased dry weights of leaf, stem, pod, and seed yield compared to the optimal irrigation. Common bean plant under drought stress allocated less photosynthetic materials to leaves and stems and more photosynthetic materials to pods. The Kusha cultivar under optimal irrigation had the highest seed yield (with an average of 3025.45 kg ha-1) and the COS16 genotype under drought stress had the lowest one (with an average of 980.89 kg ha-1). The Kusha cultivar in optimal irrigation condition was the superior genotype due to its high seed yield, but drought stress had a more negative effect on the Kusha cultivar. Also, application of different concentrations of Epibrassinolide increased dry weights of leaf, stem, pod, and seed yield compared to the control. The highest seed yield was obtained by application of 2 μM Epibrassinolide (with an average of 2068.2 kg ha-1). So that, application of this concentration increased the seed yield by 46.07% compared to the control. Epibrassinolide application also increased the drought stress tolerance by decreasing the amount of malondialdehyde and increasing the relative leaf water content and proline content.

Therefore, application of Epibrassinolide can be suggested as a solution to increase common bean seed yield and increase drought tolerance of this plant. In addition, obtaining comprehensive information on the positive effects of Epibrassinolide requires the study of this hormone in different climatic conditions.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses and is one of the most common causes of plant growth retardation and yields, and usually decreases the productivity of plants along with other environmental stresses, including salinity and heat. One of the reasons that environmental stresses such as drought, reduces growth and plant photosynthesis ability, is a disturbance in the balance between the production of free oxygen radicals and the protective mechanisms that remedy these radicals which results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of oxidative stress, damage to proteins, membrane lipids, and other cellular components. Under adverse environmental conditions, the role of antioxidant defense system in protecting cellular membranes and other growing organs against oxidative damage seems to be very important. Brassinosteroids (BRs) comprise a group of steroidal hormones that have been implicated in a wide range of physiological responses in plants, including stem elongation, growth of pollen tubes, ethylene biosynthesis, proton pump activation, the regulation of gene expression, activation of enzymes, response to different stresses, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and photosynthesis. In addition, BRs can protect against damage from stresses such as drought, salinity, and high temperature by activating various mechanisms in plants and increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of increasing the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, photosynthetic pigments, and finally, the seed yield of common beans with the use of Epibrassinolide under drought stress conditions.

A split factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Zanjan during the 2016-2017 cropping season. In this experiment, two irrigation conditions included optimal irrigation and drought stress were applied to main plots and two common bean genotypes including Kusha cultivar and COS16 genotype, and four levels of brassinosteroid including of no-application (control), two, four, and six μM were allocated to subplots as factorial. Drought stress was applied at the flowering stage, and common bean plants were sprayed with brassinosteroid (Epibrassinolide) simultaneously with drought stress. In this study, the activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, nitrate reductase, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and seed yield were studied.

The results showed that drought stress increased the activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase by 38.89%, 84.09%, 40.46%, and 27.37% in contrast with the optimal irrigation, respectively. The highest activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were obtained using different concentrations of Epibrassinolide under drought stress conditions. The application of 2, 4, and 6 μM of Epibrassinolide in drought stress conditions increased by 73.33%, 86.67%, and 113.33% in the catalase activity, increased by 56.36%, 71.82%, and 62.73% in the guaiacol peroxidase activity, increased by 12.82%, 46.15%, and 13.46% in the ascorbate peroxidase activity, and increased by 29.15%, 41.49%, and 47.11% in the superoxide dismutase activity in comparison with non-application of this hormone. It has been reported that the use of BRs significantly improves plant drought tolerance and reduces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It has been reported that the application of BRs increased the antioxidant enzymes activity in maize, tomato, mustard, soybean, and barley. Also, nitrate reductase activity increased by using of Epibrassinolide, which can enhance plant tolerance to environmental stress. The highest activity of nitrate reductase was obtained by application of 4 μM of Epibrassinolide, which did not show any significant difference with other concentrations. Improvement in the activity of nitrate reductase can be attributed to the effect of BRs on translation or transcription of nitrate reductase, or nitrate absorption at the membrane surface. In optimal irrigation conditions, the use of different concentrations of Epibrassinolide has a slight increase in the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total, and the use of 4 μM of this hormone resulted in the highest increase in the above traits compared to non-application of the hormone. However, under drought stress conditions, this increase was significant, and the use of 2 μM of this hormone resulted in the highest increase in the above traits compared to non-application of the hormone. In other words, the use of Epibrassinolide in drought stress conditions caused a higher increase in chlorophyll a, b, and total contents relative to optimal irrigation conditions. Application of Epibrassinolide increased the seed yield in both common bean genotypes by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The highest seed yield was obtained by application of 2 μM of Epibrassinolide with an average of 2068.2 kg/ha. Among the studied genotypes, the Kusha cultivar in optimal irrigation conditions (with an average of 3025.45 kg/ha) had the highest seed yield and the COS16 genotype in drought stress conditions (with an average of 980.89 kg/ha) had the lowest seed yield.

In general, the use of Epibrassinolide can be suggested as a solution to increase drought stress tolerance and enhance the growth and seed yield of common beans under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions. In addition, the achievement of comprehensive information on the positive effects of Epibrassinolide requires a study of this hormone in different weather conditions and with other different bean genotypes.

 Correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment measures of pre-hospital Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are very important in improving the quality of patient care and reducing mortality and costs. 

 This study aims to investigate the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment made by pre-hospital EMTs in patients admitted to hospitals in Qazvin, Iran.

 In this descriptive study conducted in 2018, the medical records of 600 patients who were transferred to Bu-Ali Sina and Velayat hospitals in Qazvin by ambulance during March-June 2018 were examined. Diagnosis and treatment measures were extracted from the emergency sheet. Education, work experience, and amount of in-service training of pre-hospital EMTs were also collected. Data were analyzed in SPSS V. 23 software using ANOVA, Chi-square test, and t-test.

 Out of 600 cases, 71.7% of the initial diagnoses made by EMTs were correct, 8.5% were incorrect, and 19.8% were without initial diagnosis. Regarding the treatment measures, 65.8% were correct and 3.5% were incorrect. 

 Prompt help and correct diagnostic and treatment measures of pre-hospital EMTs can significantly reduce mortality and potential injuries.

This paper assessed the relationship between auditor-client geographic proximity and audit report lag. Research data include 917 firm-year observations which consist of 131 sample firms listed in Tehran Securities & Exchange over the period 2013 to 2019. Research hypotheses analyzed using multivariate regression models based on panel data with fixed effect and generalized least squares method. The results documented that auditor-client geographic proximity caused to decrease the audit report lag. Because such auditors are able to interact more frequently with the client and obtain client-specific news, which increases their ability to effectively monitor the client; so it lead to decrease the auditor report lag. According to the findings, some client characteristics, auditor characteristics, board & audit committee characteristics had impact on audit report lag. Modified audit opinion, board financial expertise, bad news,financial distress position, reporting risk & complexity, external financing and product market competition had direct impact on auditor report lag; auditor rotation, auditor quality rank, audit committee independence and firm size had inverse impact on auditor report lag. But audit fee, board independence, institutional ownership, ownership concentration, audit committee financial expertise, financial leverage, capital expenditure and loss had no impact on auditor report lag.

Although researches in the field of brand loyalty started with Copeland (1923)’s study of “brand resistance”, but yet, this subject is considered as one of the most important subject in field of brand. The concept of brand loyalty is known as the driving force and one of the most important indicators in marketing actions especially tourism destinations marketing. The aim of this study is to forecast and discuss tourist's destination brand loyalty, according to former experience of tourists from visiting the destination, brand personality of the destination in mind of tourists and brand equity of destination. The research method is practical, and its descriptive survey Structural equation modeling with PLS software was used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that destination’s brand experience and destination’s brand equity have positive and meaningful effect on destination’s brand loyalty. Also destination’s brand personality has positive and meaningful effect brand loyalty through functional congruity doesn’t play mediating role in the relationship of destination’s brand personality and destinations brand loyalty.

Although COVID-19 patients typically present with respiratory symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and bilateral pulmonary infiltration, there have been numerous reports of gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain in these patients. The aim of this study was to review the gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19 patients.

In this systematic review, we searched the key-words in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2019, and July 22, 2020. We selected the studies on epidemiological and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 including gastrointestinal symptoms, and excluded, duplicate publications, review articles, meta-analysis, guidelines, comment or editorials, case reports, studies with unavailable data, and studies in children. Finally, 35 articles were selected for our systematic review.

In our study, 6119 COVID-19 patients were evaluated for gastrointestinal manifestations. Four studies showed COVID-19 patients can merely present with gastrointestinal symptoms (highly variable, ranging from 10.1 to 100 percent). In these patients, the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms included anorexia (91.3%), nausea or/and vomiting (79.13%), diarrhea (41.73%), and abdominal pain (18.89%), respectively. Among 6119 patients, the most common gastrointestinal symptoms were nausea or/and vomiting (12.45%), diarrhea (11.47%), anorexia (9.56%), and abdominal pain (2.25%).

This review study showed that despite the preliminary opinions, SARS-CoV-2 does not always present with respiratory symptoms. Knowledge of pathophysiology, type, and prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations can lead to early diagnosis (considering fecal viral RNA testing for diagnosis), timely treatment, and hence better prognosis for the patients. On the other hand, gastrointestinal manifestations can raise the possibility of oral-fecal transmission, which requires necessary recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission.

One of the main components of competition in the current competitive environment is supply chain; therefore, organizations need to have a reliable supply chain to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, due to the increase in environmental pollution and the requirements imposed by the governments to harness polluting activities, organizations are obliged to follow green supply chain practices that account for environmental considerations along with economic aspects. hence, in this study, a bi-objective model for a green, closed-loop supply chain under demand uncertainty is proposed which takes into account environmental consideration and economic aspects. Another important aspect of the supply chain network design is the concept of uncertainty. Due to societal and political evolutions and the scarcity of raw materials in the decision-making horizon, uncertainty is a significant measure in the models of supply chain. Indeed, in this study, the model was developed for a supply chain under uncertainty so that more compatibility with real-world conditions would be achieved. The results show that considering uncertainties makes the model more flexible. The advancement of technology and unpredictable behaviors of customers in markets have created a very complex competitive atmosphere. To evaluate the performance of the developed model, the case study of the Iran Transfo Company is considered.

Four isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 2, 4 and 8% of Wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia hydroalcoholic extract in a 56-days feeding trial on African cichlid, Sciaenochromis fryeri. The regression analysis of growth performance indices indicated that the best performance parameters including specific growth rate and weight gain were obtained in 3.9% WB in the diet. Total bacterial counts in the fish gut were reduced significantly from 20.50±4.22 (×103 Colony-Forming Unit; cfu g-1 ) in the control to 9.30±0.71, 3.60±0.98 and 3.10±0.80 (×103 cfu g-1 ) group of fish fed on 2, 4 and 8% WB, respectively (P<0.05). No significant change was observed in the number of lactic acid bacteria and it was in the range of 0.80-1.30 (×103 cfu g-1 ). Evaluation of the mid-intestine morphology of fish fed on the graded levels of WB was done. Although fold and enterocyte heights were significantly increased in the fish fed on WB-enriched food in comparison to the control, the intestine diameters and microvilli lengths were not affected. This study indicated that hydroethanolic extract of WB can be considered as a supplement in fish diet to improve growth and some physiological aspects of the cichlid.

Thymol is one of the most widely used secondary metabolites in Thymus vulgaris, as a drug. One of the key genes which is involved in its synthesis is the cytochrome p450 gene. In order to isolate and cloning p450 gene, the extraction of RNA was carried out subsequently the cDNA synthesized. Amplification of cDNA was carried by using designed primers from conserve region in the presence of the HF enzyme that has the property of 3′ to 5′ exonuclease. In first stage cloning was done by T/A method in plasmid pTG19. Selection of recombinant colony was performed by PCR system and digestion with BamHI. The cloned fragments were sequenced for the final confirmation. In order to cloning in the plant expression vector pBI121GUS-9 , the fragments that were cut with the BamHI enzyme were cloned in homologous site of the pBI121GUS-9 vector under the promoter 35s and the Nos terminator. Confirmation of recombinant colonies was performed with colony PCR and digestion. This designed recombinant vector can be used for further research and over- expression of thymol.

In order to study the photosynthesis, gas exchange and chlorophyll content of bean by application of Brassinosteroid, an experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 at the research farm of the University of Zanjan, in split factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, irrigation levels (in two levels of optimal irrigation and drought stress) were applied to main plots and bean cultivars (at two levels of Kusha cultivar and COS16 genotype) and different levels of Brassinosteroid (at four levels of 0, 2, 4 and 6 μM) were allocated to sub plots as factorial. In the flowering stage, by cutting irrigation, drought stress was applied and simultaneously with drought stress, bean plants, were sprayed with Brassinosteroid (Epibrassinolide) at the indicated concentrations. The results showed that drought stress had negative effects on the intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content, but with the elimination of drought stress and re-irrigation, the plants were recovered. The use of Epibrassinolide minimized the negative effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and seed yield of bean. The highest seed yield was obtained by application of 2 μM of Epibrassinolide (with an average of 2068.2 kg.h-1). Therefore, the use of this hormone can be suggested as a solution to increase drought stress resistance and increase the seed yield of bean under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions.