مژگان زعیم دار

The Mashalak River is one of the most significant waterways leading to the Caspian Sea. This study aimed to conduct a qualitative assessment of the surface water quality in the Mashalak River, particularly around a landfill site, using Iran’s Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc) and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. In this cross-sectional study, we measured the essential qualitative parameters needed to calculate the IRWQIsc, including electrical conductivity, pH, percentage of saturated oxygen, total hardness, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, and total fecal coliforms over six months in both winter and summer (1401), employing standard methods. The results indicated that the IRWQIsc values for stations 2 and 3 were 29 and 21.09, respectively, during the summer season, while station 3 recorded a value of 21.82 in the winter. Station 1 showed values of 55.18 in winter and 45.48 in summer, placing it in the moderate descriptive class. Across both seasons, the index values decreased from the upstream to the downstream sections of the river, indicating a deterioration in water quality. Based on these findings, the use of the IRWQIsc index in conjunction with GIS allows for effective monitoring and management of river water pollution sources. This approach can be utilized by relevant authorities, such as the provincial environmental department, to enhance oversight of industrial and service activities around the Mashalak River.

The aim of the research is to measure the elements and toxic compounds in artificial grass floors used in sports and recreational areas.

This research is applied and laboratory method. Heavy elements, monomer, free hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds were measured. To measure the pollutants, ICP-OES model Vista Pro and visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometer model 1240 mini were used. The experiments were repeated three times. Time-weighted average (OEL-TWA) was used to determine the exposure limit.

The most compound in the structure of this type of flooring belongs to titanium oxide (TiO2) compound with 4780 ppm, followed by dioctyl phthalate with 2800 ppm and then isoprene with 2670 ppm. The analysis of inorganic compounds shows that the highest element content in the structure of this type of flooring belongs to zinc element (Zn) with 1507 ppm and then cobalt element (Co) with 145 ppm. The results showed that there is a big difference between the standard and the permissible limit of pollutants with the numbers obtained from the tests. 2 pollutants arsenic and chromium with "confirmed human carcinogenicity" were identified in the artificial grass structure. Silica was also identified as "pollutants suspected of carcinogenicity in humans". Lead was also identified as "confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans" and 11 cases were assessed as "not classifiable as a human carcinogen".
Discussion and Conclusion

Some of the elements and compounds in the structure of sports flooring have a range higher than the standards and permissible limits of exposure, which can affect the health of users, and on the other hand, it has the possibility of harming the environment.

The issue of preparedness and security against unexpected events is so important in today's world that developed countries devote an important part of their comprehensive national planning to it. Population growth, agricultural water demand, and climate change increase the likelihood of water shortages. Flood is one of the most common natural disasters that brings significant impacts and damages to water supply. Therefore, checking the water supply chain is a necessary demand, and delaying it causes instability and vulnerability to natural and human crises. The purpose of this research is to study the flood threat on the water supply process. This applied study uses an integrated approach (qualitative and quantitative) to achieve its purposes. In the qualitative phase, theoretical literature review and interviews with experts are discussed. The sampling method was purposeful and 14 environmental management professors and water experts were selected. In the quantitative phase, a non-probability sampling method was used and 230 employees and workers of the water and sewage company of Gilan province answered the questionnaire. MAXQDA 2020 software was used in the qualitative method. Also in the quantitative method, the data were analyzed with the structural modeling approach and partial least squares method. The results of the analysis showed that there are positive and significant coefficients between the hidden variables (improvement, preventing arbitrary construction, primary control and assessment, provision of reserve facilities and coping facilities) and the flood threat.

Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural hazards. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the indicators affecting the urban resilience of Bam city and modeling the state of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes.

To achieve the objectives of this study, with the help of 19 experts and completing two rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, 13 criteria, and 35 sub-criteria were selected in the form of four dimensions including economical, social, ecological, and infrastructure, as the first step. Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Super Decisions software were used to perform pairwise comparisons and determine the final weights. As the next step, the 15-year statistics of the research criteria were collected to complete the equations for the urban modeling stage. And finally, the Bam urban resilience model was designed using Stella architect 3.2 software for a period of 30 years from 1385 to 1415.

The results showed that the ecological dimension with a weight of 0.439 plays the most important role in the resilience of Bam city. Also, the modeling results revealed that Bam urban resilience index in 1401 is estimated at 44.96%.

According to the final results, it can be concluded that Bam city does not have ideal conditions in terms of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes, and in case of similar incidents, this city will not have the ability to be resilient in critical situations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical growth characteristics of Nazarabad city in the past and predict its future changes until 2050 using the SLEUTH model. In this study, the urban map was extracted from the Landsat satellite images of 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, and using the layers of slope, land use, excluded layer, urban extent, transportation network, and hill shade, it was entered into the SLEUTH model and urban growth was simulated in two historical and environmental scenarios. To provide a more favorable prediction of future land use changes in the SLEUTH model in the environmental scenario, the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method was used using twenty layers that have the greatest impact on land suitability for urban development. The layers used in the MCE process were related to topography, geology, weather and climate, water resources, biological, urban distances and land use. The results of the first scenario showed that from 2020 to 2050, 390 hectares will be added to the urban land and part of the gardens and agricultural land will be lost. The results of the second scenario showed that 205 hectares of valuable land could remain intact, thus preventing further fragmentation of the land use pattern in the future. The simulation results of the physical development of Nazarabad city showed that the combination of SLEUTH model with MCE can be a very useful tool for city managers to facilitate the evaluation of urban development patterns.

  In mass gatherings, participants' health may be threatened, and failure to pay attention to this issue can have unfortunate consequences for them. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating the resilience model of mass human gatherings with the health, safety and environment strategy.

 The present study is one of the types of applied studies, which was conducted in two stages, including data collection, questionnaire design, and data analysis by combining DEMATEL and ANP tools (DENAP method). In the second step, the seven steps of Denep technique were used. Also, at the stage of calculating the direct correlation matrix in the Denap technique, to evaluate the relationships between the criteria, the opinions of experts were used using a rating scale of 0 to 4.

 Based on the results of the present study, four dimensions of resilience were identified in mass gatherings, including indicators of vulnerability, severity of crisis, probability of occurrence of crisis and severity of crisis. Also, the results of the weighted supermatrices showed that in the indicators of vulnerability, capability, probability of crisis and severity of the crisis respectively, the criteria of the impossibility of implementing laws in special emergency conditions, the participation of visitors in the implementation of health promotion programs, the existence of unstable and unsafe structures, and the lack of transportation facilities And the transfer for the elderly and physically disabled have the highest weight.

 To investigate and plan the formation and holding of human gatherings with sacred and religious purposes, it is necessary to carry out risk and resilience assessments in the target area so that it can be corrected by finding its weak points. The implementation of these models can help us find out what is the most important weakness in increasing the risk of gatherings and what is the best way to reduce it and increase the resilience of the region to hold these gatherings.

Urban spaces play a unique role in meeting the social and individual needs of children. In this regard, given that children are considered the creators of the next generations; proper p planning and design of the urban environment suitable for children's lives is very important in moving the human society towards a healthy and desirable society. For this purpose, the present study was written with the aim of identifying the influential components on management and planning of a safe urban environment with emphasis on the child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and exploratory in nature, and data analysis has been done using Delphi method (15 elites and managers) and application of cross-impact analysis technique in Micmac software.

The findings show that the most effective among the investigated components in the direction of safe urban environment management and planning with emphasis on the child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis is related to components of rules of respect for children's views (application and integration of children's views in urban planning and design in terms of various physical, mental and behavioral aspects), the right to life and maximum child development (suitable legal measures to reduce urban pollution) and environmental quality (suitability of sidewalks and streets for use by children).

Considering the current situation and the lack of key and strategic components affecting on development of system, the future of management and planning of a safe urban environment with emphasis on the approach of child-friendly city will be undesirable in Tehran metropolis.
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The urban transportation system is one of the most important and sensitive infrastructures of urban development, which requires special attention for its development and exploitation. Urban transportation is known as one of the biggest infrastructural challenges facing big cities. During the occurrence of incidents such as floods, storms, tsunamis, terrorist operations, the role of the road network in traffic, transportation and relief will be much more prominent and vital than in normal conditions. As a result of these incidents, the transportation infrastructures suffer fundamental problems, in the provision of service or total failure, their vulnerability analysis is very important. The vulnerability of the transportation network includes terrorist attacks and natural disasters, which reduce the service level of the transportation network. All these events are considered unusual events, which happen in the transportation network with different possibilities, and the consequences of their occurrence are also different.Accidents, from the point of view of vulnerability in the transportation system, are those events that cause disruption in traffic. These events can be natural, sudden, and unpredictable, such as severe adverse weather or terrorist activities, all of which affect network performance. The common feature of all these incidents is that they all cause negative effects on the service of the road network. In other words, an incident is an event, which directly or indirectly causes a significant decrease in the service of an arc/route/road in the network. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban transportation system using Transcode software in the urban road network from the point of view of crisis management during evacuation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical in terms of its methodology and in terms of purpose, it is practical-developmental. In this research, based on the modeling of the transportation network in Transcode specialized software, a method for prioritizing the role of roads in the urban road network during evacuation is proposed. For this reason, the travel time of the entire network has been used as a measure to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation network. Considering 16 scenarios, the demand matrix was obtained for the discharge conditions of Isfahan's transportation network, using the gravity model, with one limitation. Then, traffic allocation was done using Transcode software, and according to the mentioned process, the designated routes; respectively removed from the network and the allocation process was done. 30% of the city's population is considered to determine the number of people who travel out of the city every hour. According to the population and housing statistics of 2016, the average household population in urban areas is about 3.5 people.In this research, first, the shortest routes between origins and destinations were calculated using TransCAD software, and origin-destination matrices were created based on 30% of people who intend to leave the city during the crisis. Then the outputs were removed from the network, respectively, and the traffic allocation process was done using software; In order to perform traffic allocation, limited software’s are used, and in this study, TransCAD 4.5 software was used, which is one of the most updated and famous specialized software’s for transportation engineering. To perform traffic allocation, using TransCAD software, it is necessary to introduce the road network, the origin-destination demand matrix, and then the performance function to the software, and after that, the software performs the allocation operation, and the outputs, it includes the balance flow of each arc in each direction, the travel time of each arc in each direction, the ratio of volume to capacity of each arc and etc.In order to implement this process, first the passages and their intersection points are called in the software environment; Then, the transportation network and its characteristics will be defined; At this stage, the centers of the traffic areas, the status of inactive or blocked roads, the status of circulations at the crossing points of the roads, etc. will be determined. In the next step, the construction of the source-destination matrix will be done at the time of the crisis, in which the population parameters of the districts, the distance of each district to the exit destinations of the city, and the number of people who will be sent to the exit points every hour will be done., is used.After this stage, it comes to the traffic allocation process, in which, using the travel time-volume functions, which are built based on the characteristics of the roads, people's trips will be allocated through different routes from their origins to their destinations found, and the traffic volume of each passage will be determined.

The allocation results showed that exit 3657 (Nain Road) has the most time spent in the entire transportation network, in one hour, and using a 30% matrix, compared to the base scenario. Also, the outlets were ranked in terms of the total length of the arcs, with a volume exceeding the capacity, and twice the capacity, and it was determined that the outlet 4639 (Azadrah Zob Ahan) is in the first place. The scenarios were ranked based on the cost of traffic facilities and services, in millions of Rials per hour (30% matrix), and it was found that scenario 4639 (Zob Ahan Freeway) ranked first, and scenario 2003 (Zainbiye Boulevard (Habib Abad Road)) ranked last.

This study showed that, when a crisis occurs, there is access to transportation for the residents of Isfahan metropolis, which in order of time spent, the Nain road exit scenario shows the most time spent compared to other scenarios, and the residents of the city can use outputs that have less time spent than other outputs in the network. Finally, suitable solutions for use in the field of urban transportation were presented; these solutions include:- Preventing the blocking of standard and safe exits, to evacuate the population and timely arrival of relief forces, in times of crisis. It is possible to use a similar method to identify parallel routes in order to provide relief services or evacuate the population in the city of Isfahan. Considering the appropriate emergency evacuation route for crowded places, such as subway stations, passenger terminals, uneven intersections, underground tunnels, etc. Determining and equipping emergency evacuation routes, as well as alternative routes, for routes that are likely to be damaged, for the rapid evacuation of the city population, and its different areas, with logical methods, and testing it by conducting appropriate maneuvers to educate citizens. Informing, educating the public and conducting appropriate maneuvers to train citizens for emergencies with a relatively realistic simulation of specific threats.

Improper management of hospital waste has become a major concern in many developing countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of ranking the health-environmental and management criteria of hospital waste using the multi-criteria decision-making approach of ANP-TOPSIS.

This research is a qualitative study. After identifying and determining the health-environmental and management criteria of hospital waste, the validation of criteria was done using the Delphi method and using a questionnaire. SPSS software was used for data analysis. In order to weight the criteria and sub-criteria, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) technique and Super Decision 2.2 software were used. Then, TOPSIS method was  used to evaluate and prioritize the identified sub-criteria.

Totally, 11 criteria and 44 sub-criteria were validated by Delphi method. Results indicated that “the participation of nursing assistants in separating infectious and non-infectious waste” (by weight of 0.705), “the participation of nurses in waste disposal” (by weight of 0.659), and “decontamination using hydroclave method” (by weight of 0.633) were found to be the first three main controlling health-environmental sub-criteria in waste disposal, respectively. Also, the sub-criteria of “participation of nurses in educational programs”,  and “participation of nursing assistants in educational programs”, and “changing the purchasing chain in reducing waste production” were identified as the most effective management criteria in reducing waste production, with scores of 0.778, 0.748 and 0.718, respectively.

Based on the obtained results, encouraging employees to participate in waste separation and management training, modifying the purchasing process with an emphasis on reducing hospital waste production, as well as regular and continuous monitoring can improve the effective implementation of waste management practices in hospitals.

Proper management of hospital waste is crucial due to its impact on health and the environment. Assessing the effectiveness of the management system using models can lead to improvements.

This study aims to evaluating the health-environmental and management performance of hospital wastes using the EFQM excellence model in three selected hospitals. (two military hospitals and one civilian hospital).

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a detailed questionnaire was developed to investigate waste management strategies by reviewing literature and conducting unstructured interviews with employees and managers of selected hospitals. The questionnaire was validated through expert reviews, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. A performance evaluation model was designed based on the EFQM organizational excellence model, using nine criteria in the form of “enablers” and “results”. Cochran’s formula was utilized to determine the sample size, and the results were analyzed using SPSS23 software. ANCOVA was employed to compare the selected hospitals, and Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison.

Results showed that the criteria (leadership, policy and strategy) and (healthenvironmental risk assessment and management) in hospital (A) and the criteria (partnerships and resources) and (Key performance results) in hospital (B) as well as the criteria (risk assessment and management) and criteria (community results) in hospital (C) are considered as their most important waste management strength. The comparison of these hospitals using the statistical method of univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) reveals a significant difference in the average of the criterion (partnerships and resources) in hospitals (C) & (B), and the criteria (community results) in hospitals (A) & (B) are significant.

The senior hospital managers are confident that they have established an effective organizational structure and process management  system. They believe this system will lead to sustainable improvement. They also recognize the need for shortterm and long-term plans to address areas needing further improvement.

The issue of overflowing domestic sewage with urban industries into water resources, along with population growth and reduction of soil self-remediation, is one of the threats that can lead to irreparable damage to metropolises. The purpose of the current research was to design an integrated management model for passive defense against the threats of drinking water supply chain. This research was based on the objective of a fundamental type and it has used the integrated method. Solutions related to the management of supply chain threats were presented by conducting interviews with experts in the field of water and sewageand then the most important factors were designed in the form of a conceptual model by analyzing the content of the interviews.Following, the effect of each factor on reducing the threats related to the domestic sewage with urban industries was investigated by designing a researcher-made questionnaire and checking its validity through content validity and Cronbach’s alpha test.. For quantitative analysis, structural equation model method, SPSS 26, and PLS 3 softwares were used. The findings showed that modern work tools, prohibitive and mandatory laws, preventive controls and optimal exploitation had a significant positive impact on the threat of domestic sewage with urban industries, while the impact of low-risk measures was not confirmed. The findings of the present research can be used to make strategic decisions in managing and controlling threats related to domestic sewage and urban industries.

Children are considered the creators of the next generations and urban spaces play a special role in socializing, realizing talents and meeting the social and individual needs of children. Therefore, safe urban environment and proper design of urban spaces in accordance with children's lives are very important in leading human society towards a healthy and desirable society. However, in the Iranian urban management and planning system, attention to the needs of children has been neglected. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of management and planning of a safe urban environment with a child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis. Therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature, which in order to analyze the information, have been used of DEMATEL technique and network analysis model (ANP) in Super decision software. Also, the statistical population of the research included experts and specialists urban issues in Tehran, and using Delphi sampling, the sample size of 20 people has been determined. Findings show that in order to provide an appropriate management and planning model in order to achieve a safe urban environment with a child-friendly city approach in Tehran, socio-political-cultural criteria are the most effective and institutional and legal planning criteria are the most effective. Based on the special vector obtained from the network analysis model, the environmental-physical criterion with a normal weight of 0.205 has the highest priority and the security criterion with a normal weight of 0.199 is in the second priority. Also, the institutional planning criterion with a weight of 0.139 has the lowest priority.

Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.

After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.

The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.

In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries.

 Fire risk management is a global issue, and urban safety policies must take it seriously. One of the fields of research for controlling urban fires is to identify critical fire points in the region; Insufficient knowledge of these points will cause the occurrence and spread of fire in various areas and uses, delays in controlling it, and causing financial losses and personal injury as well as environmental pollution. Fire risk zoning with the aim of being used in planning and management in urban fire control has not been considered in the study area of this research and no research has been done in this field in the form of research and study plan. The purpose of this study is to determine and identify the criteria for fire risk zoning in the study area, to create a fire risk map based on the logistic regression method and compliance with the fire reality map, and also to present fire management programs and fire crisis management in Kashan.

 The steps and techniques used in this study were performed in six steps. The first step is to identify the effective criteria and indicators. Using library studies, information obtained from authoritative articles, and also through the Delphi method in order to collect the opinions of experts, the Likert scale was used. In the second step, the screening of criteria was done in accordance with the purpose. The effective criteria in this study are vulnerable factors including (population density, industrial units, commercial-warehouse, high-rise buildings, old tissue, and fuel station) as well as the capacity of reducing factors. (Fire station, roads, and hydrant valves). In the next step, the layers were standardized using fuzzy logic. At first, the distance function was performed on the criteria in SELVA IDRISI to determine the distance from each phenomenon. Then, by the fuzzy method, all the criteria determined in the range of zero to 255 were standardized. The type of function used in the fuzzy logic approach is linear, and the selection of the function type and thresholds was based on a review of sources and expert opinion. In order to analyze the spatial relationship between fire incidents that occurred in the city and the role of effective factors in its occurrence, all fire points of the last 10 years in the city from 2010 to 2020 were extracted and turned into a raster map. In the fifth step, a Fire hazard map was prepared using logistic regression. After determining the validity of the logistic regression model using the specified indicators, the fire risk zoning map of Kashan was drawn. In the last step, Chi-Square, ROC, and Pseudo R Square were used to validate the logistic regression model.

Advantages of using the logistic regression model In addition to modeling observations, it is possible to predict the probability of each person belonging to each of the levels of dependent variables and the possibility of directly calculating the odds of variables using the maximum likelihood of maximum model coefficients. Also, compared to other statistical techniques, multivariate such as multiple regression analysis and diagnostic analysis, the dependent variable can have only two variables, one is the probability of an accident and the other is its non-occurrence. In order to analyze the spatial relationship between fire incidents that occurred in the city and the role of effective factors in its occurrence, all fire points of the last 10 years in the city from 2010 to 2020 were extracted and turned into a raster map. The output of the logistic regression model has coefficients between 0 and 1, with a probability higher than 0.5 of a value of one (occurrence of fire) and a probability of less than 0.5 of a value of zero (no occurrence of fire) and thus a boolean map of risk is generated. This logarithmic change causes the predicted probability to be continuous in the range of 0 to 1, and the output of the model to be presented as a spatial prediction map of the probability of destruction. Then, in the logistic regression equation, this layer was introduced as a dependent variable and the effective parameters in fire zoning were introduced as an independent variable. After entering the data into the logistic regression statistical model, model coefficients were extracted using effective parameters in IDRISI software. After determining the validity of the logistic regression model using the specified indicators, a fire risk zoning map of Kashan was drawn. Finally, in terms of fire risk potential, the study area was divided into 5 classes: very low, low risk, medium, very high, and high risk. The area of each of the 5 classes was obtained in hectares and the percentages were 87475.47, 4669.03, 132115, 1116.33, 788.96 hectares, and 90.94, 4.85, 2.19, 1.16, 0.82 percent, respectively.

 The value of 0.95 obtained from ROC indicates a very high correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The value of the qi index is twice equal to 110836.07; Since its value is much higher than the threshold value, then the null hypothesis of all coefficients is also rejected. The value of the PR2 test in this study was 0.47, so the logistic regression model had an acceptable fit.

 In recent decades, with the acceleration of urbanization and the growth of migration to cities, the physical structure of cities has undergone extensive changes. To implement these changes, regardless of the ecological capacities and requirements of sustainable urban development, cities are facing many challenges. One of these challenges is determining the appropriate areas for the physical expansion of the city for the establishment of urban development. One of the most reliable methods to determine the appropriate directions and areas for urban development by considering environmental conditions and characteristics is the land suitability assessment. Such an assessment greatly contributes to sustainable land use and solving environmental problems caused by rapid urban development. Land suitability assessment aims to identify the most appropriate spatial pattern for future land uses considering the ecological potential of the area. Since many criteria need to be considered and analyzed in the selection of appropriate lands for urban development, it is necessary to use the most effective techniques to identify the best locations for future urban expansion. The Geographic Information System is such a technique, having its most useful application in the land suitability assessment method. In setting the importance of the criteria used and computing the weights of factors, GIS tools must be integrated with other methods to improve the results. Given that, the present study attempted to evaluate the land suitability to determine suitable areas for the establishment of urban development of Bam city through the integration of the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach, Fuzzy Logic, and Geographic Information System.

 To achieve the objectives of this study, with the help of a group of experts, and an extensive review of the related literature, all the criteria and sub-criteria essential to the establishment of urban development were identified as the first step. To this end, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among the group of experts and they were asked to express their opinions on the identified criteria and sub-criteria. To determine the required sample size and population, Morgan’s sampling table was employed. Consequently, 9 criteria and 13 sub-criteria were selected for the land suitability assessment in this study.Multi-Criteria Decision-Making method and Expert-Choice software were used to compare and weigh the previously determined criteria and sub-criteria. As the next step, all the data layers were standardized by the fuzzy logic method using ArcGIS software. The scale of the maps used in this research is 1:100000 and the resolution of digital layers is 90×90 meters. After assigning calculated weights to each data layer, they were overlaid using the Weighted Linear Combination method and fuzzy sum technique.

The results from MCDM analysis revealed that three sub-criteria namely distance from major faults, distance from drinking water wells, and soil texture had the highest weights among other factors at 0.235, 0.117, and 0.114, respectively. The inconsistency calculated for the pairwise comparison in this study was 0.07, which is below the 0.1 thresholds. Analysis of the final raster suitability map, resulting from overlaying data layers, showed that the highest and the lowest pixel values were 0.481 and 0.07, respectively. To perform a more accurate analysis, the final suitability map was classified into four suitability classes (medium, low, very low, and undevelopable) indicating that 24% of the studied area equivalent to 189965.2 hectares, categorized as having medium suitability, 34% low equivalent to 268854.3 hectares, 22% very low equivalent to 178695.7 hectares, and 20% undevelopable equivalent to 160762/3 hectares for the establishment of urban development. The medium suitable areas are mainly located in the east, northwest, and to a lesser extent in the center, mostly away from the major fault lines, while the areas of very low suitability and undevelopable are mainly located in the west and south of the area studied. Due to their proximityto protected areas, mountainous, fault lines, and hills, these areas do not demonstrate the appropriate suitability for the establishment of urban development.

 This study was conducted to identify and determine suitable areas for the establishment of urban development in Bam city using a combination of the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach, Geographic Information System, and Fuzzy Logic technique. All the criteria and sub-criteria, used to conduct this study, have been determined using a questionnaire and considering the environmental conditions and socio-economic characteristics of the studied area. As a result, 9 criteria including water resources, climate, topography, geology, soil, areas under the Department of Environment Management, roads, population centers, and land use, and 13 sub-criteria including distance from surface and groundwater resources, climate, wind speed, slope, altitude, distance from the main faults, geology, soil texture, distance from protected areas, distance from roads, distance from built-up urban areas and land use were selected for this study. Expert Choice and ArcGIS software were employed for pairwise comparison and standardization and overlaying data layers. It was found that 24% of the studied area equivalent to 189965.2 hectares can be categorized as medium suitability for the establishment of urban development. Based on the final results, it is concluded that the integration of the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach, Fuzzy Logic, and Geographic Information System can provide sufficient tools to determine the areas suitable for urban development and present a detailed analysis of these areas according to the characteristics of the area for future planning.

The purpose of this study is to provide an optimal educational model to improve the general and specialized knowledge of Tehran citizens regarding biodiversity. In the first step, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the level of citizens' awareness. Then, using the opinions of experts, various educational methods were weighed and evaluated. For this purpose, two target levels were designed as expected scenarios. Digest and Ant (ACA) algorithms were used to accurately evaluate and determine the optimal route with the lowest time and lowest cost. The results showed that women's general knowledge about biodiversity was higher than men’s and vice versa about specialized knowledge. On the other hand, there was a significant positive relationship between biodiversity knowledge and education level. Also, to achieve the first level goal, the "Combined educational model" with a weight of 1.196, and the educational model "Virtual educational model" with a weight of 0.608 were evaluated as the most appropriate and inappropriate educational model for transferring general knowledge to citizens, respectively. Regarding the purpose of the second level, the method of "face-to-face training" with a final weight of 64 and "preparation and distribution of training packages" with a weight of 43 had the highest score. Finally, the optimal path for raising the level of specialized knowledge of citizens has a weight of 161, which includes such things as achieving a good level of general knowledge, creating an educational environment, supporting the formation of environmental NGOs, incentives, needs assessment, and review.

We assessed and ranked environmental risks in the mechanized urban waste collection and storage systems in Tehran municipality (Iran) to locate safe areas for the establishment of these systems.

This descriptive-analytical study first identified and classified the effective factors in locating the mechanized systems of the studied district in seven criteria (socioeconomic, physical-spatial, hydrological-climatic, geological, and three passive defenses including dispersion, lifeline, and high-risk facilities). Risk factors were evaluated using the FMEA technique and prioritized using the TOPSIS method.

The FMEA results classified the identified passive defense and environmental risks into three levels (high, medium, low), with 69% of the risks at the low level, 17% at the medium level, and 14% at the high level. The TOPSIS ranking results identified "Distance to nearest fire station", "Distance to a fault" and "Distance to power substation" as the highest risk factors with the similarity to ideal solution (cli)values of 0.861, 0.774 and 0.771, respectively, as well as "Distance to gas pressure-reducing stations" (cli = 0.134) as the least important risk factor.

New urban waste collection and storage stations in the studied district should be established according to the population of the areas and at a suitable distance to the nearest fire stations. Further, locating and designing these systems in wide open spaces is highly essential.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the integrated management of earthquake threat in the drinking water supply chain process. A combined method was used to conduct this research. The statistical population in the qualitative phase was 14 experts in the field of water and wastewater, and in the quantitative phase, the employees working in the regional water company of Guilan province, from whom, 230 people were selected by non-probability method. In order to analyze the data, content analysis and structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS 3 software were used. The findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between integrated management solutions including retrofitting and updating of facilities, reserve resources, improvement regulations, detailed studies and tests, and the use of technical and human equipment with the threat of earthquakes, and the use of each of these solutions It can lead to the reduction of risks related to the time of earthquake in Rasht metropolis.

In recent years, the toxic metal mercury has become one of the most important metal pollutants in Anzali wetland, so that the health and quality of edible fish in this ecosystem is seriously endangered for consumers. 10 species of four fish including common perch, duck, common carp and carp were caught. Atomic absorption method was used to measure mercury. Non-carcinogenic risk factors (HQ), daily mercury uptake (DI), allowable daily intake of fish (CRlim) and allowable monthly intake (CRmm) for children, women and adults in both fishery and non-fishery families were assessed. The mean concentrations of total mercury in the oral tissues of common perch, duck, common carp and carp were in the range of 8.46±149.93, 4.37±165.17, 8.83±78.92 and 60.7. 5.51 ng/g fresh weight, respectively. Duck species showed the highest mercury in the edible tissue with the lowest allowable amounts of food per month at 6.6, 5.1 and 5.6 for children, women and adults in fishery families, respectively. Health risk assessment showed a non-carcinogenic risk for mercury in duck and perch for adults and women (HQ>1). Therefore, Anzali wetland is heavily contaminated with mercury metal and the accumulation of this metal in the edible tissue of fish consuming this habitat can threaten the health of fishery households more than other people.

Protecting the drinking water supply chain of metropolises is one of the important issues that all countries should always pay attention to, because any incident in this supply chain can cause irreparable damages. The purpose of this study is to design an integrated management pattern of passive environmental defense in the field of drinking water supply. The current research is in the category of fundamental studies based on the purpose, and used integrated management of passive environmental defense to investigate the integrated management of passive environmental defense of supply sources, treatment plants, transmission lines and drinking water storage tanks in Rasht metropolis. Data collection was done through interviews with experts, and finally, 14 experts were selected among environmental management professors and water experts by snowball sampling method so that the views reach theoretical saturation. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for text analysis, coding (open, central and selective) and categorization and generation of categorical networks. Evaluating the views regarding solutions to reduce and deal with environmental threats in different stages of water supply in Rasht metropolis showed that the solutions can be considered from five aspects of infrastructure, policy making, cultural, technical and human. Finally, according to the data base theory and Strauss and Corbin’s model, the final model of the integrated management of passive environmental defense of drinking water supply in Rasht metropolis including causal conditions, main category, intervening conditions, background factors, strategies and consequences were presented.

The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective parameters for the sugar industry wastewater treatment is investigated using photo- Fenton process and response surface methodology.

 This empirical research was conducted on a laboratory scale on refined wastewater obtained from sugar beet factory (Qazvin, Iran), in ternms of the intensity of contamination, considering the reduction of the three factors including COD, phenolic, and color content using the advanced oxidation process (photo- Fenton process). In order to optimize the ocndions for wastewater treatment, the results of these experiments wre ultimately optimized by response surface methodology.

The results obtained that the optimal condition for color and phenolic removal were: pH of 6.1' reaction time 15 minutes' Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) concentrations: 20/1500 of ppm. Under these conditions, the color and phenolic reduction were achieved 73.92% and 93.9%, respectively.

The photo- Fenton process has a good efficacy in treating the sugar industry wastewater in the removal of important pollution parameters such as color impurities, phenolic compounds, and COD.Also, the statistical results showed that the pH parameter, Fenton's reagent concentration and contact time were significant during treatment process (p<0.05).

The air quality inside hospitals and other healthcare centers is crucial. This research aims to investigate and compare the fungal and bacterial contamination in different hospital wards' equipment and operating rooms. The literature review examined the equipment's contamination indicators and operating room types according to the abundance of bacteria and fungi. The results show that the air in the operating room is less contaminated than in other hospital areas. Nonetheless, there is microbial contamination, including fungi (e.g., Aspergillus), bacteria (e.g., staphylococcus and streptococcus), and viruses (e.g., influenza). The emergency ward has the highest frequency of bacteria, and the general ward has the highest frequency of fungi. Also, hospital beds have the highest frequency of bacteria, and the floor and walls of the operating room have the highest frequency of fungi. Also, the most common bacteria contaminating the operating room are Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Candida, and Pseudomonas. Therefore, failing to observe the microbial contamination of the operating room air and improper management of environmental health, in addition to disrupting the healing process by causing infections, causes the spread of other diseases and prolongs hospitalization, causing excess inpatient costs.

The work environment is a good platform for growing stress seeds for many reasons. Stress is a phenomenon whose degree or severity varies according to the different environments and situations. One of the most common stressors in people's lives are the stresses that come from the work environment and the working conditions of a person, which can cause mental disease in the employees or accelerate the course of the disease. Therefore, this research was conducted with the main purpose of investigating the relationship between difficult and harmful occupations and the anxiety level of the employees of Water and Wastewater Company in District 5 of Tehran and providing health and environmental solutions (using BAI technique). The present study is a descriptive-analytic study, and its statistical population is male employees of Water and Wastewater Company of District 5 of Tehran (29 difficult and harmful job titles were determined by the jurors of Ministry of Labor). Sample size includes 120 male employees with difficult and harmful jobs and male employees with ordinary jobs chosen randomly. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was used for measurement, and data analysis was performed by comparing “means, mode, variance, standard deviation and independent t-test”. The final results of the research indicate that there is a relationship between difficult and harmful occupations and the level of anxiety, and this is a positive relationship.

Climate change in lakes and reservoirs is one of the most critical issues facing human society today. Rising temperatures, melting ice in the North Pole, and the disappearance of ice sheets in Antarctica are some of the effects of climate change on earth. The present study intends to evaluate the trend of climate parameter changes in Abadeh Tashk station in Tashk catchment area using the Mann-Kendall test and using canESM2 output, one of the paired climate change models 1CMIP5 based on RCP 2.6 scenarios. And RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 to evaluate temperature changes in the period 1990-2020-2100 temperature changes in Abadeh Tashk station. The results showed that the decreasing trend of precipitation is significant but the temperature and evaporation trends are not significant. Scenario results showed that the average maximum temperature in the three scenarios for the study period will increase. Given that the general trend of rising temperatures is on the rise, it can be said that the trend of climate change in the basin is serious.