میترا حیدری نصرآبادی

Azoospermia (lack of sperm in ejaculation) is one of the most severe types of infertility in men, due to various defects in the sperm production process or the testicular system  .Azoospermia disease is caused by either obstructive mechanism (Obstructive azoospermia-OA) due to blockages in the natural sperm production system, or non-obstructive mechanism (NOA- Non obstructive azoospermia) due to defects in testicular sperm production, with over 60% of infertile men being afflicted with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Treatment with busulfan may have adverse effects on various organs such as reproductive organs. Based on the understanding of hormonal control of sperm production, several drugs such as gonadotropins, androgens, estrogen receptor blockers, and aromatase inhibitors are used as experimental treatments for idiopathic male infertility. Letrozole, as an aromatase inhibitor, has been widely used in the treatment of female infertility, because the chemical structure of letrozole includes a triazole group that selectively interacts with the heme group of the enzyme P450arom, thereby reversibly inhibiting its biological activity Limited studies have evaluated the therapeutic potential of Letrozole in male infertility. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical drugs causes changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TOS) and the stability of oxidative status (TAC) in the ROS pathway, leading to an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants, resulting in oxidative stress. This phenomenon has led researchers towards the use of herbal medicines, which naturally have fewer side effects. Crocin has been identified as the main active biological component in saffron. Crocins are a type of water-soluble carotenoids that are either mono- or di-glycosyl polyene esters, where D-gentiobiose and/or D-glucose appear as carbohydrate residues. A carotenoid with a 20-carbon dicarboxylic structure. Saffron contains various carotenoid chemicals that include small amounts of crocin, alpha and beta carotene, and lycopene. Six different forms of glycosylated esters from the crocin family have been found in saffron. Trans-crocins 3 and 4 are the most common analogs of crocins, which include crocins 1-4, and are essentially the glycosides of trans-crocin in saffron. Crocin can act as an antioxidant and improve the quality of sperm through increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, phytoestrogens such as crocin bind to testicular estrogen receptors and stimulate spermatogenesis by strategies like increasing epithelial layers and the diameter of seminiferous tubules and lumen.The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of letrozole and crocin on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and testosterone hormone synthesis in the induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermia model mice with busulfan using ELISA technique.

In this clinical trial, crocin and letrozole drugs were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 30 male Wistar mice weighing 180-220 grams and aged approximately 8-10 weeks were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and transferred to the laboratory. They were kept under new conditions (at a temperature of 22-24 degrees Celsius, relative humidity of 55-60%, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle). To halt spermatogenesis and induce azoospermia, a dose of 10 mg/kg of busulfan was injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Finally, the rats were divided into 5 groups of 6: the control group was injected with normal saline and citrate buffer inside the hemocoel; the treatment group received a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL for 10 days; the treatment group was administered with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as the solvent; the treatment group received 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline, along with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat a volume of 1.0 mL; and the treatment group was given a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with BSF as the solvent, and 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline and underwent histopathological, histochemical immunological, and hormonal analyses. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare the means in the study groups (P <0.05), and statistically significant differences were considered. Graphs were also plotted using Graph Prism software.

The results demonstrated that the simultaneous treatment of letrozole and crocin increased spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids; Sertoli and Leydig cells were also enhanced. Additionally, letrozole and crocin treatment led to the preservation of the thickness of the basement membrane and the germinal epithelium of testicular tissue; the inner and outer diameters of the tubules were increased. While in the azoospermia group treated with letrozole or crocin, this level of population destruction was somewhat reduced; however, the use of letrozole or crocin in the study groups did not show a significant difference in the inner and outer diameter of the tubules. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) enzyme activity and testosterone hormone levels in the group treated with letrozole + crosine compared to the azoospermia group; however, a significant decrease was found in the letrozole or crosine treatment group compared to the control group, while the Total Oxidant Status (TOS) enzyme activity in the letrozol+crosine treatment group showed a significant decrease compared to the azoospermia group(P<0.05).

Some of the improvements in sperm parameters can be attributed to the antioxidant properties of crocin. It seems that sperm lose a large volume of their cytoplasm due to lack of antioxidants during spermatogenesis and become more sensitive to increases in ROS. These results indicate that crocin can act as an antioxidant and enhance sperm quality by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, the use of a plant-derived antioxidant like crocin appears necessary without any side effects and with essential strengthening effects. Crocin can likely act as an antioxidant and potentially improve sperm quality due to its antioxidant activity. Additionally, it has been found that letrozole improves spermatogenesis without causing any observable pathological changes in testicular tissue. According to the studies of Ribeiro  et al, Uzun  et al, and Shoshany and colleagues, letrozole reversibly inhibits the aromatase enzyme and prevents the conversion of androgen precursors to estradiol in adipose tissue. Moreover, crocin can neutralize the negative effects of oxidative stress and increase cell ability to overcome oxidative stress conditions by preventing glutathione reduction and increasing antioxidant capacity. One of the limitations of the research can be attributed to the lack of studies and sample restrictions, as well as the death of mice during the experimental process. Further investigations and focusing on the precise dosage of crocin, along with attention to the relevant mechanisms of action, seem essential. Overall, crocin has antioxidant and defensive effects, improves the quality of some sperms, and increases morphology, viability, motility, and natural count. In fact, testosterone regulates the secretion of LH hormone from the anterior pituitary gland through a negative feedback mechanism.Busulfan induced apoptosis in germinal epithelial cells and co-administration of letrozole and crocin reduced busulfan-induced apoptosis leading to infertility; therefore, a rational relationship between apoptosis of spermatogonia in response to busulfan exposure can be obtained. It can be suggested that crocin, one of the key components of saffron, acts as a potent antioxidant that can prevent the toxic effects of busulfan and DNA damage that may occur due to oxidative stress.

Sargassum ilicifolium is a multicellular brown algae that contains beta - carotene and fucoxanthin pigments, soluble acids of immune stimulants such as phycocyanin, polysaccharide, iron, zinc and essential amino acids, which promote safety. In this study, the effect of Sargassum iliisifolium algae extract on linear wound healing percentage and its effect on TGF β 1 and VEGFA gene expression in rats were investigated.

This research is an experimental study that was performed in the laboratory of Parand University of Medical Sciences. For this study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 180 gr were used and 2 cm deep linear dermis was created from the neck to the waist of rats. Mice were divided into 3 groups of ten: The control group,The group received alpha ointment as a positive control drug and The group algae extract of Sargassum iliisifolium. The groups were examined for both wound size and expression of VEGFA and TGFB1 genes .

The alpha group had a 10.38 fold increase in TGFΒ1 gene expression compared to the control group, with a probability value of P <0.001. Compared with the algal group and the control group, it had a 5.39 increase in gene expression with a probability equal to P <0.001 . Also in assessing VGEFA gene expression :the alpha group significantly increased from the control group by 1.86 times the increase in gene expression with a probability value of p <0.044 , the sargassum algae group compared to the control group by 1.70 There is significant difference between the increase in expression and the probability value of p <0.040 . In terms of the percentage of wound healing, it shows that: the control group, reduced the wound length from 2 cm to 0.64 cm, the alpha group reduced the wound length from 2 cm to 0.5 cm and sargassum algae, the amount of wound has been reduced from 2 cm to 0.3 cm

Sargassum iliisifolium algae extract due to its antibacterial, anti -inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and due to the presence of alginate in it biometrically heals wounds. Available in the market, however, sargassum algae extract make a significant difference in increasing the expression of TGFβ1 and VEFGA gene .sargasum algae extract may use as a wound healer to heal skin damages

Edible red algae Eucheuma Cottoni is grown economically to produce carrageenan and agar on tropical beaches in some parts of East Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Eucheuma Cottoni on breast cancer in a mouse model.

Breast tumor has been induced by subcutaneous injection of MC4L2 cells in female rat breast tissue. 4 weeks after tumor growth, mice were treated orally with algae extract and tamoxifen. In this study, the effects of algae extract and tamoxifen were evaluated on expression of COX2 and SOD genes in 40 mice exposed to MC4L2 cancer cells. The mice were divided into 4 groups: 1) Algae treated group 2) Tamoxifen treated group 3) Cancer group with MC4L2 cells or positive control 4) Normal or negative control group. The expression of the COX2 and SOD markers in gene level was analyzed by RT-qPCR.

Extract and tamoxifen treatment resulted in decreased expression of the two genes studied. In general, the Real Time-PCR method verified the positive effects of the treatments on breast cancer cells.

The information suggests that these prognostic markers are important for treatment as the main goals and that the algae extract can be used as an alternative to tamoxifen and many other anticancer drugs, due to its antioxidant effects without toxicity on the human body.

In general, the testes in the Hynobiidae Family are slender. In urodeles, the testis is organized in lobes of increasing maturity throughout the cephalocaudal axis. The anuran testis is organized in tubules. Spermatogenesis occurs in cysts composed by Sertoli cells enveloping germ cells at synchronous stages. Moreover, in numerous species germ cell progression lasts a year which defines the sexual cycle. Due to the above quoted features, research on factors regulating germ cell progression in amphibians may reach greater insight as compared with mammalian animal models .In the present research for the first time identification and structural description of stage in spermatogenesis in Paradactylodon. In order to fulfill this purpose 16 specimens of Paradactylodon gorganensis were captured and transferred to laboratory. In species is only found in the Shir-Abad Cave and the stream flowing from it, 60 km east of Gorgan (36 57' N, 55 01' E), in the eastern part of the Elburz Mountains, in the  Golestan  Province, northern Iran. After macroscopic analyses and obtainment of the testicular fragments, the material was submitted to the histological routine to inclusion in paraffin and coloration with haematoxylin/eosin. Anatomical studies showed that, in this species testis is slender and milk-white and average length and diameter of active testis were 32.76 mm and 4.77 mm. In microscopic analyses studies showed that ,in this species testis is ampular and spermatogenesis occurs in cysts which develop within seminiferous lobules and  each one of these units clusters cells in the same stage of differentiation and with a synchronism development, common characteristic in the amphibians .In the germ tissue the primary spermatocyte (mean 5.511 ± 0.537 μm) are biggest spermatogenetic cells. With the cellular differentiation and proliferation, succeeded the other cellular types (spermatogonia, spermatocytes II, spermatids I and II, and spermatooza) with a cystic organization, that is, groups of cells associated with Sertoli cells, forming the spermatogenetic cysts or spermatocysts. The spermatogenetic lineage cells were differentiated and identified according to the cellular and cystic morphology.

Maturation in vitro technique that can reduce costs and eliminate the side effects of the use of gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization. Development and improvement of oocyte maturation in vitro culture for progress in human and animal infertility is in vitro. Research in the field of human biology is very difficult. The use of the most advanced and highest system model animals for studying the maturation of immature follicles in the laboratory has provided. Due to the active ingredient in the alkaloid harmine with multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-free radical, and immune and etc .., so in this study the effects of alkaloid harmine on bovine oocyte maturation is assessed. In this study, at least three layers of cumulus oocytes aspirated from 2-8 mm follicles obtained from bovine ovaries from slaughterhouses after three wash in the washing environment maturation with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5) µg/ml of the alkaloid harmine at a temperature of 38.5 ° C with 5% carbon dioxide incubated for 22-24 hours Shdnd.ps from surrounding cumulus incubation time for the eggs were removed and the release of polar corpuscle (maturity) Results evaluated using ANOVA software were analyzed. The results show the positive impact of the alkaloid harmine at 1 µg/ml (p <0.05) so that the maturity of groups treated with doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 micrograms per milliliter, respectively (59.85, 72.65, 64.34, 37.22) percent in the control group (56.93) percent. Maturity environment by adding 1 µg/ml of harmine enhance the maturation of the bovine oocytes that can be used as a supplement in environments maturity.

Stem cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, can produce different tissues and organs of the body. Stem cells have two features, self-renewal and differentiation. Of the most important adult stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells. These cells are capable of proliferation and differentiation with induction in the presence of variety of growth factors. Since the placenta extract contains a large amount of VEGF, therefore placenta extract was used to induce the differentiation of omentum mesenchymal stem cells.
The omentum mesenchymal stem cells were separated and cultured and cell-specific markers CD90, CD44, CD73, CD105 and CD34 markers were tested by flowcytometry on them. The extract of the placenta was prepared and after the MTT test, we selected a 20% viability percentage. After 21 days the presence of mesenchymal stem cells omentum in medium and 20 percent of placenta extract, mesenchymal cells were differentiated into progenitor endothelial cells. The expression of CD90, CD73 and CD105 markers was negative and expression of CD31, FLK1 and CD34 markers was positive. G1 phase of the cell cycle in 2st week of prolonged, compared to the control group, this result showed that the cells were exited from the proliferative phase into differentiation phase.
Omental mesenchymal cells in adjacent to the placenta extract, differentiate into endothelial progenitor cells.

Background and Osteoporosis is a silent disease which is causing death of significant population due to bone fractures. Use of natural supplements is considered with respect to side effects of chemical drugs. In this study, the effect of sargassum algae on osteoporosis disease was investigated.
The study was done on 80 mice heads of NMRI race. After osteoporosis induction, the mice divided into the control, sham, positive control, experimental and negative control groups. The therapeutic dose of positive control group was 125 mg/kg/day of calcium and 0.025 μg / week / mice vitamin D and that of in the experimental group was 10mg/100g(bw)/day Sargassum algae extract that was fed for 28 days to each group. Finally, histopathology sections were studied.
Findings: The negative control group had more degradation in lamellar bone (bone blades) than other groups (PResult and Our study showed that Sargassum tenerrimum algae has meaningful effect on osteoporosis and since includes active ingredients with absorbable calcium; it can have the ability of osteoporosis inhibition from several ways. Also, it was shown that algae has unique effect in ossification process and inhibition of osteoclast production via activation of Smad and BMP path, RANK protein inhibition and TNFα.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fed fish oil (FO) with or without vitamin E for mothers on the testis cells of male offsprings.
Sixty mature female NMRI mice were divided into different groups: control (CTR; Standard diet(vitamin E 50 mg IU/kg) pre and postnatal period); I) Gavages 0.01 ml/day/mother fish oil (FO)ऴ diet during prenatal period; II) Gavages FOऴ diet during postnatal period; III) consumed VITE(125 mg IU/kg) 2.5 folded greater than standard recommendations(2×)during prenatal period; IV)consumed VITE(2×)diet during pre and postnatal period; V)consumed VITE(2×)diet during postnatal period; VI) Gavages FO咄(2×) diet during prenatal period; VII) Gavage FO咄(2×)diet during postnatal period ;VIII) Gavages FO咄 (2×)diet during pre and postnatal period. After weaning, the testes were collected and histological data were analyzed using SAS software by Duncan test.
testes cells length, width and weight was lower in offspring which their mothers fed FOऴ diet during prenatal, (p The positive effects of supplementation maternal diet by FO with VITE or sole VITE was observed. Thus, antioxidants should be consumed along with omega-3 fatty acids in maternal diet.

Aim and Successful in vitro embryo production extremely depends on the components of culture media during in vitro maturation. With ingredients like Anitol, Fennel has properties similar to estrogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Fennel essence on nuclear maturation of bovine oocyte.
In order to in vitro maturation off oocytes, Cumulus-oocyte complexes (No. 772) from follicles 2–8 mm in diameter were aspirated and cultured in M199 maturation media containing 10% FBS, 10% bovine follicular fluid, 5 µg/ml FSH, 1 µg/ml oestradiol- 17β, 0.81mM sodium pyruvate and 50 µg/ml gentamicin sulfate. Maturation culture media supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 mg/ml of Fennel essence and were cultured in a CO2 incubator containing 5% CO2 and 95% humidity in air at 38.5ºC for 24 h.
Results showed that the amount of maturation of oocytes under 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml of Fennel essence were not significantly different based on expansion of cumulus cells and polar body extrusion in compared with control (P>0.05). However, 50 mg/ml of Fennel essence significantly decreased expansion of cumulus cells and polar body extrusion in compared to other groups (P From the results of current study we can conclude that, Fennel essence, based on cumulus expansion and polar body extrusion, unable to improve nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes. In order to investigate the effect of Fennel essence on nucleus and cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes, it is suggested to use in vitro fertilization.

Aim and Considering the widespread application of silver nanoparticles in daily life, the side effects to humans, it is growing increasingly. But the effects of silver nanoparticle on the stage of embryonic development are not fully understood. This study investigates the potential teratogenic effects of silver nanoparticles on the developmental stages of fetal rats.
silver nanoparticle concentrations of 0, 125, 750 and 1500 mg / kg / day orally (gavage) administrated from days sixth to nineteenth pregnancy. The embryos harvested via cesarean on day nineteenth gestation. Weight and CR (Crown-Rump) embryos separately were measured. The CR measured by Image j software. The length of the tail, the limbs, fingers and toes, edema, eyes and nose during all the embryos were examined
According to data obtained, we could not find any significant different in the length of the tail, the limbs, fingers, edema, eyes and nose between the experiments and control groups. The weight and CR of experiments embryos were increased in compare with control groups and shows significant different except that the mean the 125 mg / kg / day grout that did not show significant different.
Based on these results, we can conclude that silver nanoparticles can effect on embryo development stages. These changing are dose dependent and can increase the weight and CR of rat embryo at 19th day gestation.

Patulin is a toxin from Mycotoxins family that is produced by several species of mold especially Aspergillus, Byssochlamys and Penicillium ecspansom. The presence of Penicillium Ecspansom on apples and its juice causes concern. Patulin has teratogenic on the fetus, genetic mutagenicity and carcinogenicity effects. In this study, we have tried to investigate the effect of this toxin on human sperm and its role as a male factor in men's infertility. The purpose of study Patulin toxin has destructive and harmful effects on human sperm DNA and its excessive amounts in fruit juices. The present study has been done on 40 samples taken from infertile patients referring to Royan Institute. Mobility, pH, morphology, viability and sperm DNA fragmentation were studied before and after the use of Patulin with 5 doses of 0.02, 0.05, 0.16, 0.33 and 0.5 micrograms per milliliter that was diluted with medium HamsF10. The results showed that concentrations of 0.33, 0.5 and 0.05 caused a significant decrease in sperm motility, pH and viability. The concentrations of 0.33 and 0.5 caused a significant damage on sperm DNA but have not affected morphology, the number of positive peroxidase cells and sperm count.

Aims and This study was performed to evaluate the effect of lactobacillus acidophilus Bacteria (LAB) on chicken T cell subsets at ileum, bursa and cecal tonsil tissues. Thirty chickens were divided into three groups and fed with sterilized cow milk (M), or a mixture of M and LAB, kept as controls. Chickens from each group were sacrificed after 2 or 3 weeks and lymphoid tissues including ileum, bursa and cecal tonsil were removed and cryo preserved. The ratio of T cell subsets including CD4+, CD8+ and gamma delta T cells were studied by immune-histochemistry method. The ratio of CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in ileum of chicken after 2 weeks of probiotic intake. Moreover, this ratio was even higher than the ratio of these cells in the third week. In the cecal tonsil sections the percentage of gamma delta T cells was higher in milk fed chickens, after 3 weeks. The findings indicate that feeding of chickens with probiotics may alter the distribution of T cells in the lymphoid tissues. However, coincidental increase of CD4+ and gamma delta T cells after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment indicates that these effects are transient and could not have a permanent effect on avian mucosal immunity.

Ovarian cancer is the most common female reproductive cancer which is caused due to the malignant transformation of ovarian cells. This type of cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women and the primary cause of cancer deaths in the world. Axin2 gene is a tumor suppressor gene of the Axin family in WNT cycle which is essential for embryonic development. WNT proteins in this pathway have important intermediary role in cell messaging and in primary and secondary development of the embryo. Axin2 gene is activated as a negative feedback to prevent excessive proliferation of cells with simultaneous activation of WNT messaging. The aim of this study was to find the frequency of mutation in rs1133683 region of exon 5 in Axin2 gene and its relation with the risk of ovarian cancer. In this case-control study, 100 patients with ovarian cancer together with equal number of same age as controls were collected from Imam Khomeini Hospital. DNAs were extracted from blood and tissue and then were investigated by PCR-RFLP. Data analysis was performed using software SPSS (version 19) using logistic regression. The results of study of mutation in rs1133683 region of exon 5 in Axin2 gene between two groups of case and controls indicated that there is no significant association between CT genotype with ovarian cancer (OR=1.26, 95%CI; 0.70-2.27,p=0.43). Also no association was observed between TT genotype of Axin2 gene and ovarian cancer risk (OR=1.56, 95%CI; 0.49-4.96, p=0.44). Study of mutation in rs1133683 region showed that there was no association between TT genotype carriers of Axin2 gene and the risk of ovarian cancer.

Silver nanoparticles have numerous applications in food technology and medical industry. These applications are mediated via their mitotic، oxidative and apoptotic effects. In this study، the apoptotic effects of short and long term administrations of nanosilver on rat hippocampus، which is involved in memory and learning، was investigated. 56 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of short term and long term injections which were treated for 5 and 10 consecutive days، respectively. Each group was divided into four subgroups of control، 100، 200 and 400 ppm nanosilver administration. The control subgroup received saline and the treatment subgroups received intraperitoneal injections of silver nanoparticles at doses of 100، 200 and 400ppm. Ten days after the last injection، the hippocampal tissue sections were prepared and the extent of apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL assay. In short term (5-day injection) group، the percentage of apoptotic cells between control and 100 (p<0. 01)، 200 and 400 ppm were significant (p<0. 001)، showing statistically significant difference between control and treatment subgroups. In long term (10-day injection) group، the percentage of apoptotic cells between control and 200 and 400 ppm subgroups were significant (p<0. 001)، respectively، again representing statistically significant difference between control and treatment subgroups. Silver nanoparticles induce apoptosis in rat hippocampal cells. For the administration regime considered in this study، this apoptotic effect increases at higher doses but is independent of the duration of exposure.

Castor is a plant with various advantages that, it,s anti-fertility effects are seen in some studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of castor bean extract on spermatogenesis and sperm damage. 35 male mice were divided into four experimental groups and one control group. Control group received normal saline and experimental groups, received 25, 30, 35 and 45mg/kg body weight Castor bean extract for 30 days respectively. Ten days after the last injection mice were anesthetized and the epididymis and testis were removed. Heart blood samples were collected from mice to measure hormones. After preparing cross-sections of testis, samples were stained and line of cells were counted. The data were analyzed by One - Way ANOVA and Tukey test. Right testicular and epididymal weight and number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, Leydig and Spermatozoa in all experimental groups as well as the diameter in the three groups of 2, 3 and 4 groups were significantly smaller than control group (p<0.05). In experimental group 4, the rate of denaturation of DNA was significantly higher than control group. The Serum sex hormones and percentage of live sperm in the experimental groups 3 and 4, compared to the control group was decreased. Castor bean extract significantly decreases the number of sperm cell lines and sex hormone levels. Furthermore, in higher doses of extract, the sperm DNA denaturation increases. Thus, Castor bean extract may effect on fertility by reducing it.

Today there is great interest in using traditional medicine for ulcer healing has been increased.Quercus persica is used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat some gastric diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Quercus persica ethanolic extract for gastric ulcer healing in rats. Extractedfrom theskin of oakfruit soakedin90%ethanoland extractswere measuredby therotarydevice. To determine the effect of this extract from Quercus persica, 56 wistar male rats divided into 2 groups; experimental and control (n=7).Gastric ulcers were induced by luminal application of 0.12 ml acetic acid solution (40% v/v). One day after ulcer induction, the experimental groups Ethanolic extract of Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.and the control groups received 1 ml normal salin through oral gavage for few consecutive days. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 rats were killed and wound samples were collected for histological and statistical studies. Results analysis by one way Anova demonstrated that ethanolextract ofthe fruitskinof Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.significantly increased gastric ulcer area compared to control group and decreased ulcer healing. Also, inflammation cells such as neutrophil and macrophage in the third and fifth days in the experimental groups compared with control groups had significantly increased, which is prolonged inflammation stage.On the seventh day, in the experimental groups a significant reduction in the amount of fibroblast was seen that indicates the delay in wound healing and collagen-synthesis process.The current study showedsignificant increase of inflammation and decrease wound healinginrats treated with ethanolextract ofthe fruitskinof Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.as compared to control group

Inroduction & The different researches have been done to prevent population.Ricinus communishas different propertiesThis study analyzes the effects of preventing castor's generating. 21 male mice from NMRI species approximately weighing 20-30 gr classified into one control group and two experimental groups. Within 30 days, the experimental groups injected as 35 and 45mg/kg body weight by castor's hydro alcoholic extract and normal saline injected to the control group. 10 days after the mice were last injected, samples taken from their blood and generating organs.The serums transmitted into laboratory for the hormones assessments and some 5 micron transversal cuts taken from their testicles, next they were painted and spermcellular classification counted. The sperm maker's diameter pipes and the germinal layer measured by 10X lens and the cells counted by100X lens. All the data were done by ANOVA statistical method and Tukey test with the p≤ 0.05 meaningful level.A meaningful decrease observed in seminiferous tubules diameterpipes in the 45 mg/kg concentration,germinal diameter layer in experimental groups and the number of spermatogony, primary spermatocyte, sperm and leydig in experimental groups in comparison to control group(0.05>p). The percentage of the moving sperms, the percentage of the sperm's genetic substance and the sperm's morphology demonstrated a meaningful reduction in experimental groups and the hormones assesments.

Ulcer healing means to retrieve the whole physical internal and external structures which includes the complex interactions between different cells and factors- plenty of researchers has paid so much attention to shorten the time of healing just due to cost reduction and ulcer infection. They applied different ways to gain this goal so the basic aim of this research is to investigate the effects of cultivated Lactobacillas casei by chloroform on the Cutaneous wound healing- we used 220-280 g rats- the rats were kept in 20±2Ç and food and water provided for the entirely then the rats were divided to five experimental- control and negative control groups. A quadrangle wound 1.5×1.5 was created. The control and experiment groups were treated topically oserin and the oserin contains cultivated Lactobacillus casei by chloroform but the negative control group has received no treatment rats skin ulcers in rats exposed to pathological sampling and statistical and histology surveying. Findings showed that there are significant differences between ulcer healing percentages of control and experimental groups and negative control. In next phases of healing in experimental group-comparing control and negative control group the number of notrofils reduced. According to findings Lactobacillus casei bacteria which cultivated in chloroform significantly result in decreasing inflammation and accelerating ulcer healing in rats.

Cave Salamander، Paradactylodon gorganensisis a native species of Iran and only found in the Shir-abad cave of Gorgan. In this study، the gonads of male animals have been studied by electron microscopy. In order to fulfill this purpose، five Paradactylodon gorganensisSalamander collected from May to September from Shir-abad cave and were transported to the laboratory. After reviewing the anatomy and morphology of the animals، they were anesthetized and dissected. Testicles cut into small pieces and fixed in Glutaraldehyde fixative. With using standard procedure، histological grade composite was prepared for microscopic study. Animal studies showed that this species have not two sex. A pair of testicles and a cream-colored cylindrical are in the abdominal cavity and all attached to the kidney also، yellow fat bodies were seen. Gonads are sectional، marginal lobes are large and multifaceted but central lobes are small and round. Spermatogenesis have cystic pattern and testicular spermatogenesis in active testis groups of cells in different stages are seen in different lobes، were seen in a sexual but in one lobe most of cells are synchronized. Spermatozoa were drawn، but the core of the acrosome was not observed.

Today, one of the most important problem in society is the increasing rate of population. As far as, the study on the effect medicine plants is so important. Because some of the medicine plants plays an important role on reduction the reproduction. In this study the effect alcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi fruit on rat´s fetuses and measuring the rate of its effect on reproduction at the 15th day of pregnancy was investigated. Twenty female rat randomly divided in 4 groups including control,experimental 1, 2, 3 groups that each one included 5 rats. Experimental 1 group received 8g/kg body weight and experimental 2 group,10g/kg body weight and experimental 3 group,12g/kg body weight alcoholic extract of physalis alkekengi fruit at the 6th day of pregnancy. 217 fetuses removed from uterus at the 15th day of pregnancy to study according to morphologic and histologic. The present data showed that alcoholic extract physalis alkekengi fruit's intraperitoneal injection at the 6th day of pregnancy caused significant reduction fetuses weight in experimental groups and reduction of crown rump length in experimental 2, 3 groups in comparison with control group. Studies on liver and heart tissue indicated that the number of liver megakaryocytes and the number of liver and heart non- differentiation red blood cells in experimental 1and 2, 3 groups have increased significantly in comparison with control group. Moreover study on fetuses vertebral column in experimental 1and 2, 3 groups in comparison with control group shows a significant increase in vertebral column curvature. Also morphometry studies showed that all of embryos control group were healthy but in embryos experimental groups from example hypodermic bloodshed, abnormal increase vertebral column curvature and also number abortive embryo. Alcoholic extract Physalis alkekengi fruit probably can have negative effects on fetuses deficiency development and cell differentiation of some cells. According to reported physiological effects of physalins such as physalin F, alcoholic extract teratogenic effects might be related to physalin F. But it´s essential to have more quantitative and qualitative researches in order to have conclusive result.Thus it is recommended to pregnant womenfolk than up to researches completion about this medicinal plant have not used this plant in pregnancy period.

Aim and Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms is a noticeable method due to reduced use of energy and expenses as well as its environmental adaptation properties. It attracts many researchers as bio-method-based producing procedures were brought forth for discussion. Use of microorganisms in nanotechnology is one of the most important aspects of the discussion. Native Lactobacillus of Iran derived from some local dairy products was used in this study and exposed to Tio2 solution. Samples were delivered to the relevant labs to perform the experiments 72 hours after incubation. The Titanium nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Analysis of Titanium Nanoparticles with XRD was prepared. Nanoparticles Formation of Titanium in some Lactobacillus Plantarum strains was observed during the study. After some molecular mechanism deliberations, biosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms and metal reduction via bacteria interpreted as a defensive process may be due to superoxide dismutase lack in some Lactobacillus Plantarum strains.

Aim and background. Bromadiolone is one of the well known toxic substances. Toxic effects of bromadiolone have been studied more on different organs of experimental animals. But studying the effects of the toxin on fetus and placenta is still insufficient. In this study, we studied rat embryos exposed to bromadiolone in a short period. Materials and Methods. Animals used in this study were Wistar rats. After the occurrence of pregnancy, female rats were placed in two groups, randomly (n=7). Bromadiolone was given to the experimental group animals on the day 5 of pregnancy in one turn in a dose of 0.11 mg/kg and then sterilized water was given to the control group. On the 15th day of pregnancy, rats were killed and embryos were taken out of the womb. Weight and diameter of embryos were measured and then embryos were used for histological and statistical studies.Results. In the experimental group, there was no significant difference between fetal weight and size of experimented and control groups but in experimental group there were significant decreased in the number of embryos due to fetal atrophy (p<0.05). Hemorrhagic areas of the external structure in the experimental embryos and although, edema of gastric, intestinal lobe and liver was also seen. Conclusion. These results showed that bromadiolone causes teratogenic malformation in the ratfetus

Gastric ulcer is a common disease caused by male nutrition and drug side effects. The treatment with chemical drugs is along with Physiological problems. Problems such as self -immunity has brought many efforts for finding new treatments for Gastric ulcer. Probiotic bacteria are the dominant digestive organisms used in the treatment of digestive diseases. One of the most important groups of probiotic bacteria is lactic acid، normally used as the ferment of dairy products The aim of this study is to investigate the restorative effect of probiotic bacteria isolated from native dairy products on healing gastric (stomach) ulcer of male wistar rats. In this study، the mice were randomly divided into three groups including the experimental، control 1 and control 2 groups. After tolerating Twenty-four hours of hunger، mice received surgery and Gastric (stomach) ulcer was created through injection of 12 / 0 ml of acetic acid (60%v/ v). One day after the surgery، the experimental group received 10 × 1010 cfu / day bacterial solution in one ml of sterilized milk، and control groups were respectively treated by one ml of sterilized milk and 2 ml of water through gavage until the time of dissecting. the mice were killed at 1، 4، 7، 10 and 14 days after building the stomach ulcer. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software and test results as Mean ± SEM were reported. The strains of bacteria Lactobacillus casei have significantly decreased the dimensions (sizes) of gastric (stomach) ulcer of the experimentalgroup than the control group 1 and 2 (p < 0 / 001) and have increased gastric ulcer healing. Thehistological studies on the fourth day showed a significant increase of neutrophils، macrophages and fibroblasts in the experimental group than control groups and on the 7th، 10thand 14thday showed significant reduction of neutrophils and macrophages in the experimental group in comparison with control groups. Fibroblasts were significantly increased in the experimental group on 7thday and decreased in 10thand 14thday in comparison with control groups. The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei have a significant restorative effect on gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid.