فهرست مطالب مینو خلخالی زاویه

Patients with knee osteoarthritis (KO) commonly show quadriceps muscle weakness. One of the important reasons for this weakness is arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a process in which neural inhibition causes the failure of quadriceps activation. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of cross-education on the AMI and the maximum extensor force of quadriceps in women with unilateral KO.

this study, 21 women with unilateral KO (grade 2) participated. The AMI and the maximum extensor force of the quadriceps in the affected knee were measured before, immediately after, and 15 minutes after cross-education. The cross-education included isometric training of the contralateral quadriceps in 5 sets of 8 repetitions in one session. For measuring the AMI and maximum extensor force of the quadriceps, a burst of electrical stimulation was superimposed on the maximal voluntary contractions in 6 seconds.

Immediately after one session of cross-education, the AMI of the affected knee significantly decreased and the maximum extensor force of quadriceps significantly increased compared to the pre-test phase (P=0.001). Fifteen minutes after cross-education, AMI significantly increased compared to the post-test phase (P=0.018), but was still lower than that in the pre-test phase (P=0.001)

One session of cross-education can reduce AMI and increase maximum extensor force of quadriceps in women with KO, and this effect remains for at least 15 minutes.

Due to the substantial prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome and the importance of quadriceps strengthening in knee rehabilitation, determining the best way to activate and strengthen the patella stabilizing muscles is considered as one of important keys of treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different hip rotations associated with ankle dorsiflexion during maximal straight leg raising (SLR) maneuver in the sitting position on thickness and fibers angle of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles using ultrasonography.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 40 individuals (healthy group: 20, patellofemoral pain syndrome [PFPS] group: 20). VMO and VL thickness and fiber angle were measured using ultrasonography during maximal SLR in 6 positions: hip internal, hip external, and neutral rotations with and without ankle dorsiflexion. 

In between-group comparison, no significant difference was found for all variables with different SLR maneuvers (P>0.05). In the within-group comparison, hip external rotation compared to other hip positions without ankle dorsiflexion resulted in a significant increase in VMO thickness and fiber angle in both groups (P<0.05). Also, adding ankle dorsiflexion to different hip rotations during SLR significantly increased the thickness and fiber angle of VMO and VL.

By changing hip rotations with or without ankle dorsiflexion during SLR, the trend of changes in VMO and VL thickness and fiber angle in the two groups followed the same pattern. Moreover, performing SLR in hip external rotation with ankle dorsiflexion can be recommendable for the rehabilitation of PFPS.

Sensory information is essential for controlling and modulating muscle force. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the lower leg sensory feedback on the force sense of the knee extensor muscle.

22 healthy young men participated in this cross-sectional study through simple random sampling. Before and immediately following manipulation of skin sensory information, the mean error of three times of reproducition of the target force [50% of Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)] of the knee extensor muscles was measured using a special dynamometer and reported. The force sense of the knee extensor muscles was examined at an angle of 60 degrees of flexion. The test was conducted in three conditions: normal (control) state, after using a thick sponge on the distal end of the dominant leg, and after placing a bag of small ice blocks on the distal end of the dominant leg for 20 minutes. To evaluate the force sense, the force reproduction methods were used in ipsilateral and contralateral knee. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were used to compare different conditions.

By manipulating the leg sensory information, no significant change was observed in the force reproduction error (absolute, constant, and variable errors) of the ipsilateral leg (P > 0.05). However, a significant change was observed in the force reproduction error in contralateral side (P < 0.05).

It seems that the leg sensory information plays an important role in accurate perception of the force at contralateral knee joint. Therefore, signals delivered by the sensory afferents are important in understanding and controlling force.

Diastasis recti is defined as separation of the two bellies of the rectus abdominis muscles more than 2 to 2.7 cm which could affect the abdominal activities such as breathing, urination and delivery, and may change the body posture and make the lumbar and sacral regions susceptible to injury. Regarding the importance of therapeutic exercises in treatment of diastasis recti, this study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of strengthening training of oblique muscles on inter-recti distance and thickness of abdominal muscles in women with diastasis recti. This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 32 women with diastasis recti and at least six months since delivery who referred to physiotherapy center of Hazrate Zainab clinic of Noor city in 2017. The inter recti distance and the thickness of the abdominal muscles before the intervention was determined by ultrasound at rest. In the intervention group, strengthening training of oblique muscles was conducted at home for six weeks .The control group did not do any specific exercises. After six weeks, the inter recti distance and abdominal muscle thickness were measured again using ultrasound at rest. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and t-test, Mann-Whitney, Paired t test, and Wilcoxon test. The inter recti distance after six weeks of training in the intervention group showed a significant decrease (p=0.001 and p=0.03 in upper and lower umbilicus). The thickness of the oblique muscles and the transverse abdominal muscles in both side was significantly increased after six weeks in the intervention group (p<0.05). In the control group, there was no significant change in the inter recti distance and the thickness of the abdominal muscles. Strengthening training of oblique muscles reduces inter-recti distance and increase the thickness of the oblique muscles as well as the transverse abdominal muscles in women with diastasis recti.

Warm up is used for reducing risk of injury and increasing performance prior to practice. Whole body vibration is one of the new methods of warm up that has increasingly been taken into consideration. Despite increased application of this method, its effect on proprioception is not well-known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration on the accuracy of force reproduction as a key indicator of proprioception.
In the current randomized control trial, 44 participants (25 males and 19 females, with 22.02±2.75 years of age and BMI: 21.92 ± 2.33 kg/m2) selected from healthy students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, were randomly assigned into two groups: whole body vibration (frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 4 mm) and control group (vibration plate inactivated). Participants performed dynamic squats in five minutes with one minute rest interval between each performance on the machine and accuracy of force reproduction of knee extensor muscle was evaluated before and after the intervention. The absolute error, constant error, and variable error were measured to evaluate the participants’ errors in their realization of force sense.
Absolute error and variable error of force in both groups showed significant increase after intervention (P0/05).
According to the results, it seems that immediate effect of this method of warm up reduces accuracy of force production which can be due to fatigue caused by dynamic squat performed five times at one-minute which consequently led to incorrect matching between peripheral and central mechanisms of realization of the force sense. This point should be considered when prescribing the appropriate protocol of warm up.

Diastasis recti is a common problem after delivery, which occurs due to stretch of fascia between two sides of rectus abdominis muscle. The present study was conducted with the purpose of determining the immediate effect of contraction of the abdominal muscles on inter-recti distance.
This case-control study was performed on 40 women in 2 groups of diastasis (n=20) and normal (n=20). Inter-recti distance was assessed by solography (before and during the contraction). Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent t-, and paired t-tests.
In both groups, a significant decrease was observed between two sides of rectus abdominis muscle during each maneuver, except abdominal hollowing maneuver, in healthy group compared to the resting position (p According to the findings of the present study, the maximum decrease in distance between two sides of rectus abdominis muscle, was happened during partial sit-up maneuver towards both sides and the minimum decrease was happened during abdominal hallowing maneuver.

Many studies about the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation have been carried out on different conditions in adults. But just few studies have been done in children and adolescents because of the concerns about this stimulation, and a few studies in recent years have studied the effects of this stimulation in this group.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and side effects of brain electrical stimulation in children and adolescents with movement disorders.
This article is a literature review, which was performed on studies in the period of 2000-2015, using Pub Med, Science Direct, OVID, Springer, Cochrane and Google scholar about the effects and side effects of tanscranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with motor disorders
of 162 articles and based on the inclusion and exclusion criterias finaly 9 articles were chosen to be reviewed. These studies demonstrated that the combined use of tDCS and other treatments such as routine physical therapy, treadmill and virtual reality in children and adolescents improves the balance and gait parameter in lower limbs and decreases the spasticity in upper limbs. The only reported adverse effects In these studies were redness , itching burning and transient mood changes.
This study showed that the electrical stimulation of the brain through direct current stimulation not only doesn’t cause seizures ,but also can be used as a therapeutic method in patients with seizures.
the results indicates that other than itching and mood change, this current in children and adolescents does not cause another adverse effects at least in the short term. When it is used with other treatments, it can cause desirable effects in children and adolescents with motor impairment.

Reduced augmented feedback leads to motor learning. However, it is unknown whether these findings can be applied in stroke patients who may have impaired internal feedback mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine if stroke-related brain damage affects the use of extrinsic feedback and if these patients benefit from practice with reduced frequency of knowledge of results. Participants were sixteen patients aged 45-65 years (mean: 57.56 ± 6.47 years) with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke (under 6monthes). They were randomly assigned in two groups of 8. Group one received 100% knowledge of results (KR) and group two received 25% KR about their actual force. During 6 blocks of acquisition (48 trials), participants practiced a grip force production task with upper limb ipsilateral to the lesion. Then performed retention test on the next day without receiving KR. Accuracy and consistency were assessed over acquisition and retention and compared between groups. A significant decrease in VE was found in the 25% group in acquisition (p: 0.004) and retention (p: 0.001). TE in the 25% group in acquisition phase was significant (p: 0.016) as well. There were no significant differences in these variables for the 100% group. Significant decrease of AE (p: 0.035), TE (0.039) and nearly significant decrease of VE (0.058) were found in the 100% group compared with the 25% group in acquisition. However, no significant difference between groups was found in retention. Although group received 25% KR was more consistent during practice, group received 100% KR was significantly more accurate and consistent at the end of the practice in acquisition. In retention test there were no significant differences between groups of feedback condition. As a conclusion in our study, individuals with stroke related brain damage benefit from 100% KR, in acquisition phase.

Neck pain is an important public health care problem in modern societies, and proper and effective training programs are required for its prevention and treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shoulder-abduction resistance trainings on isometric strength of the neck extensor muscles. In this study, a total of 28 healthy women (20-25 years of age), were randomly divided into two groups of shoulder-abduction resistance exercises (n=14) and control (n=14), who performed active range of motion exercises (AROM). Both groups performed exercises 3 days/week for 10 weeks. In both groups, isometric strength of neck muscles was measured before and after the intervention period using an isometric neck muscle strength measurement device. Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-tests. The strength of the neck extensor muscles in the case group was 72.69±15.82, which was significantly higher in comparison with the control group, 52.68±14.20 (p<0.001). The results of this study showed that shoulder-abduction resistance exercises are effective in increasing isometric strength of the neck extensor muscles.

Despite the fact that muscle stretching plays an important role in sport, therapeutic exercises and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, few studies have considered the effect of muscle stretching on joint proprioception. In addition, the studies report paradoxical results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of extensor and flexor muscles stretching on knee joint position sense in 15, 30 and 60 degrees of flexion angels. This quasi-experimental study with pre-test post-test control group design was done over 37 young healthy subjects in age range between 18-25 years.The subjects were randomly assigned to 3 conditions of extensor stretching, flexor stretching and control. Angular error was evaluated in 3 angles including 15, 30 and 60 degrees of knee flexion using digital photography, non-reflective markers and analysis with AutoCAD software. The results showed that when evaluating the proprioception during knee extention, the absolute angular error rate is significantly increased in flexor stretching condition in 15, 30 and 60 degrees of knee flexion (p<0.02), but in the extensor stretching condition, there was not any significant change. The results show that the minimum error occurs in 15 degrees and maximum error occurs in 60 degrees of knee. It seems that static stretching of antagonist muscles increases joint repositioning error.Also it seems that due to the stretching of soft tissues around the joints at the end of the range, there is less position sense error at the end range and more error at the middle range of motion. So in designing the stretching exercises for athletes and rehabilitation programs, the interference of stretching exercise with proprioception should be considered carefully.

The proprioception is good protector of joints against movement injuries and saves joint stability and is their natural co-ordinator during movement. As the force sense reproduction is one of the common methods for evaluating the proprioception،its reliability must be evaluated. So the objective of this study is surveing the reliability of evaluating the force reproduction error of dominant and non dominant elbow extensor muscles in healthy young men. Methods & materials: in this study، 12 healthy young men between 18-30 years old which were selected by simple convenient non probability sampling from students of rehabilitation faculty of Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences in 1391 were recruited. The intratester and intertester reliability was astudied. For analizing the sense of force reproduction error in elbow extensor muscles using forcemeter، we instructed the specified percent (30%) of maximal isometric contraction to the subjects and then asked them to reproduce the instructed force. After two minutes we asked the subjects to repeatedly reproduce the instructed force. The test was repeated 3 times in each order. The error of sense of force was computed using the difference of target force and reproducted force during three repetitions in first and second orders. The study was repeated randomly in dominat and non dominant limbs. Relative reliability (ICC)، absolute reliability (SEM) and comparing the measures of two repetitions by paired t-test used for studying the reliability. the amounts of ICC for constant error، absolute error and variable error in dominant (right) limb and non dominant (left) limb were from 0. 76 to 0. 94 which shows high reliability. The SEM measures were from 0. 004 to 0. 02. based on the results of this sudy، it was concluded that the method of evaluating the error of sense of force in both limbs of healthy young men has high reliability. So it can be used as a reliable method in evaluating the force reproduction error.

Neck extensor muscles play an important role in stabilizing the cervical spine. Upper limbs muscle activities may increase cervical extensor muscles function. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in neck extensor muscles thickness after a shoulder-abduction strengthening exercise program. Methods & Materials: In this study participants were 28 healthy women (age 20-25 years of old) who were randomly assigned to a shoulder-abduction strengthening exercise group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Intervention period in both groups was 10 weeks. The thickness of five cervical muscles including upper trapezius، semispinaliscervicis، semispinaliscapitis، splenius capitis and multifidus muscleswas measured by ultrasonography. Shoulder-abduction strengthening exercise program lead to significant increase inthickness of the neck extensor muscles (p<0. 001). Semispinaliscapitis muscle showedthe greatest increase in muscle thickness among the extensor muscles. Upper limbs muscle training as was used in this study plays an important role in increasing neck posterior muscles thickness. It is recommended to use this kind of training to improve the function of neck extensor muscles.

Using cervical collars is one of the treatment methods for releaving cervical pain. The effect of limb orthotics on proprioception and postural stability has been suggested. There is not sufficient studies about the effect of cervical collars on static and dynamic stability, and the effect of soft and hard collars have not been compared with one another. The objective of this study is investigating and comparing the immediate effect of soft and hard cervical collars on static postural stability in healthy young subjects.Methods & Materials: This quasi experimental study through repeated measure method has been conducted on 65 healthy young male and female college students. Static stability was evaluated by modified Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB) in conditions without collar and by soft and hard cervical collars and were compared between the conditions. In standing position on firm surface with closed eyes, both soft and hard collars decreased the stability and there was not any significant difference among collars. In standing positions on soft surface with closed and opened eyes, using none of the soft and hard collars did not change the stability. Our results suggest that in static conditions, without vision, both collars decrease the stability in healthy young subjects. So considering the evaluation of stability and prevention of balance disturbance during the collar prescription seems to be necessary

Falls are the leading cause of accidental death among older adults. Recent studies have demonstrated that an impaired ability to maintain balance while simultaneously performing cognitive tasks is associated with increased rates of adverse outcomes, such as falls in elderly people. Because interventions designed to improve dual-task balance performance have the potential to reduce falling rate and functional decline, they are a critical health care need. 60 healthy adults in four equal groups (mean age in: young men=22.1±1.9, old men =68.3±4.1, young women =22.6±1.8, old women =66.9±2.6) participated in this study. All subjects experienced four test conditions including: single- task with eyes open (O1), single- task with eyes closed (C1), dual-task with eyes open (O2) and dual-task with eyes closed (C2). Postural task in this study included standing on 8 instability level of biodex balance SD machine plate and cognitive task was backward counting by three. balance index mean in older group was significantly higher in comparison with young group in all test conditions (O1 P=.000, C1 P=.003, O2 P=.000, C2 P=.000). There are not any significant differences between gender groups balance index mean, in test conditions. In Young women group O2 overall (OL), antroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) balance indexes means were significantly higher than corresponding amounts in C2 (OL P=.014, AP P=.030, ML P=.017). In old women group C2 ML balance index mean was significantly higher than O2 ML balance index mean (P=.034). There are not significant differences between single- and dual-task conditions in other within group comparisons. In young men, young women and old women balance index means are different between single and dual eyes closed condition. Older adults balance index in single- and dual-task conditions is higher than young adults balance index. There is not any difference between men and women balance index in single and dual-task conditions.

Fatigue has been proposed as one of underlying causes of musculo-skeletal injuries. Proprioceptive impairment seems to be one of the causes for this phenomenon. Few studies have investigated the effect of local fatigue on sense of force, but the effect of general fatigue on sense of force have not been studied yet. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of local and general fatigue on sense of force and their comparison in healthy young men. this Quasi-Experimental study by cross over design was conducted on 20 healthy young men recruited by simple convenient sampling from 20-40 years old staffs in national Iranian oil company. The force sense error was measured and compared in elbow extensor muscles in sitting position by force sensor before and after local and general fatigue. the force sense error of extensor muscles increased after local and general fatigue without any difference between the types of fatigue. The subjects made more force than what was required. local and general fatigue both increases the sense of effort and it seems that the subjects match the perceived effort thus they match more force than what is required. Therefore prevention of fatigue should be considered in exercise programming for athletes. Also it is necessary to design the exercise protocols for improvement of sense of force in these subjects.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the intra-rater reliability of measuring isometric strength of shoulder muscles in healthy subjects and patients with neck pain. a total of 12 healthy subjects (mean age، 28. 08 ± 4. 35 years) and 12 patients with neck pain (mean age، 29. 45 ± 5. 46 years) voluntarily participated in the present study. Participants sat on a custom-made chair while they were putting their forearms on the arm rest and applying forces to the loadcell in 6 directions of the shoulder joint to reach their maximal voluntary contractions. One examiner took tests in 2 separated days 4 to 7 days apart. To assess the reliability of measuring isometric strength of shoulder muscles، ICC، SEM and SDD were assessed. The results of our study showed ICCs ranged from 0. 84 to 0. 99 in healthy subjects and ranged from 0. 66 t0 0. 95 in patients with neck pain showing high reliability of this method in both groups. The intra-rater reliability of measuring isometric strength of shoulder muscles by the custome-made chair in the present study is a highly reliable method forboth clinical and research applications.

The role of joint hypermobility in musculoskeletal injuries has been emphasized. In recent studies, proprioception defects have been reported in patients with hypermobility syndrome. In contrast to patients with general hypermobility, those with joint hypermobility syndrome have musculoskeletal disorders which may themselves cause proprioception disorders. So, these reports cannot purely confirm the effect of joint hypermobility on proprioception. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of generalized joint hypermobility on knee joint position sense in subjects with generalized joint hypermobility.

In this case-control study, 20 subjects with generalized joint hypermobility who suffered from knee hypermobility in their dominant lower limb and 20 healthy subjects were recruited from available population of male and female college students through a simple convenient sampling. All subjects fell within the age range of 18 to 30 years. The position sense error was measured at three angles of knee extension -15°, -40° and -65° in sitting position via goniometry of digital pictures using Auto-CAD software. These errors were compared between two groups and also between different angles. Kolmogrov-Smirnov test confirmed the normal distribution of variables.

The results of this study showed that the position sense of knee joint in young subjects with generalized joint hypermobility was less accurate than in healthy subjects. Also the results indicated that the knee joint position sense in both groups was more accurate for angles at the end of range of knee extension that for those at inner range.

The results of this study confirmed the existence of knee joint position sense defect in subjects with generalized joint hypermobility who have knee joint hypermobility. It is recommended to evaluate position sense of these joints in such subjects especially when they intend to enter sport activities in which the risk of joint injuries may elevate. Moreover, it is required to design training protocols for improving joint position sense in such cases.

Neck pain is very common in new industrial societies. Endurance and neuromuscular trainings are two types of exercise therapy to treat patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two exercise protocols including: endurance training and proprioceptive exercise, in treatment of patients with chronic non-specific neck pain.

Forty seven patients (male and female) with chronic non-specific neck pain participated in this experimental study. Subjects were randomized into two exercise groups: endurance training (ET) and proprioceptive training (PT) to get their exercises for 10 daily sessions. To measure deep flexor muscle endurance (mmHg), pressure biofeedback (Chatannooga) was used, cervico-cranial joint position error (degree) calculated with laser resource device and neck pain and disability identified by using Neck Disability Index, Neck Pain and Disability Scale Questionnaires and Visual Analog Scale before, 10 days and 45 days after treatment.

Joint position error, endurance index and pain changed significantly after treatment in 2 groups; (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.05). Mean percentage difference of variables for endurance index improved significantly more in endurance training group (p<0.03), and more improvement in joint position error measurement was found in proprioceptive group (p<0.05).

It seems that ten sessions of endurance and proprioceptive training can improve endurance and reduce joint position error and pain in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. Endurance training appeared to be more efficient for enhancement of the level of muscle endurance in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. However, proprioceptive training sounds more effective in reducing joint position error pain in such a group of patients.

Wearing high-heeled shoes increases the height of the center of gravity and takes the line of gravity away from the center of the base of support. This may result in the loss of body balance. In this study the effect of 3 heel heights on the static and dynamic postural stability in healthy young women was investigated. In this cross-over quasi-experimental study with repeated measures, three dynamic indices of anteroposterior, mediolateral, and overall stability were determined using Biodex stabilometer and static stability using a modified CTSIB test. The measurements were made at 4 conditions of the feet, i. e., barefoot, and wearing shoes with a heel height of 3, 5, or 7 centimeters. The mean static stability index in the barefoot condition was significantly different from that in any the 3 conditions of wearing heels. With the eyes closed, the most unstable condition was in the case of the 7-cm heel, which caused also the most unstable dynamic condition; the differences were all statistically significant. The findings indicate that postural instability increases with increases in the height of shoe heels. On the whole, considering both the static and dynamic stability, the 3-cm heel can be recommended as the optimum-height heel.

Despite the high prevalence of obesity, there is no safe and low cost method for losing weight (especially local). Electrical stimulation has been suggested as an efficient method in decreasing the thickness of local fat. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness in healthy women. This quasi experimental research was conducted on 30 young healthy women (20 in study group and 10 in control group). In the control group, the abdominal fat thickness was measured without any therapeutic intervention at the beginning and after two weeks. In the experimental group, electrical stimulation to rectus abdominis muscles was applied 10 sessions (at 5 sessions per week) and the subject's abdominal fat thickness was measured at the baseline, and at the end of 2nd week. Comparison has been made across sessions and also between both groups. In control group, the fat thickness changed from 2.17±.7(cm) at the first session to 2.18 ±.69 (cm) at the end of the 2nd week which was not significant, but in the experimental group there was a significant decrease in fat thickness from 2.59±.74 (cm) at the first session to 2.25 ±. 68 (cm) at the end of the 2nd week (P=0.0001). This work indicated that electrical stimulation in 10 sessions is effective in reduction of abdominal fat thickness in healthy women.

Given high prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in female, and necessity of effect assessment of it's risk factors in various societies, this study was aimed to investigate the correlation of thoracic and lumbar spinal curvature as well as pelvic tilt changes with pelvic organ prolapse. In this cross-sectional and case-control study, fifteen females with pelvic organ prolapse, on the basis ofAWT IMAGE inclusion criteria were selected by simple and convenient sampling from Imam Khomeini and Akbar abadi hospitals patients as case group. Also, fifteen females with zero or first degree of prolapse were selected by matching with cases as control group. Prolapse condition of both groups participants was assessed by pelvic organ prolapse qualification (POP-Q) system and spinal curvature of thoracic and lumbar as well as pelvic tilt were assessed by flexicurve ruler and pelvic inclinometer, respectively. Data were analyzed by Kolmogroff-Smirnoff, Independent T and Multiple Logistic Regression tests. There was no significant difference between two groups in kyphosis (P=0.26), lordosis (P=0.52) and pelvic tilt (P=0.41). Although the results of study do not show significant correlation between kyphosis, lordosis and pelvic tilt with pelvic organ prolapse occurrence but similar direction of changes in the variables with our hypothesis and other studies preserve the likelihood of relationship between the increasing of kyphosis and decreasing of lordosis in pelvic organ prolapse in a large statistic society.

Despite the fact that joint injury influences different aspects of the propriocepion such as posture and balance, and despite the role of rehabilitation programs in increasing the function and activity, the importance of these programs on proprioception has been remained under question. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the lumbosacral proprioception in healthy young women. Methodes and Materials: In this clinical trial study, 30 healthy young women were randomly assigned in two exprimental (n=20) and control groups (n=10). Since the change in pelvic position affects on the lumbar spine position, evaluation of the pelvic proprioception was considered as an scale to evaluate the lumbosacral proprioception. Target angle reproducing error for evaluation of the pelvic proprioception was measured by pelvic inclinometer. The lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt in rest position were measured to examine the probable effects of the exercises on the alignment of the pelvis and lumbar spine. Subjects in the exprimental group attended in ten exercise sessions and subjects in control group did not do any exercises. Proprioception error was measured before and after ten sessions in both groups and analysed by nonparametric tests. In the exprimental group, the absolute proprioception error was reduced statisticaly (P<0.0001) from the 1.4±1.2 in first session to 0.006±0.1 in last session but in the control group the absolute proprioception error did not change significantly. The absolute error was different significantly (P<0.0001) between the two groups after ten sessions. Also there was excelent relationship between the proprioception error at the first session and its changes (R=0.99). The amount of lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt angle did not change in none of the groups after the sessions. Ten sessions of lumbar stabilization exercises reduces the lumbosacral proprioception error in young healthy women. The amount of this reduction had significant relationship with proprioception error at the first session; that is the subjects who had more innitial error gained more improvement through exercises.

Sway Back posture is one of the most common postural deformity.This study aimed to define Sway back posture prevalence and quantitatively meassure of the joints alignment in it. In this cross sectional descriptive study The posture of 51 female students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences at an average of 22.05±2.44 years was evaluated. First, subjects completed a general characteristics questionnaire. Scond, the amount of their pelvic sway was measured by a grid paper and plumb line. When the plumb line passed the more than 3cm posterior to mid point of ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine) - PSIS (Posterior Superior Jliac Spine) axis, the subjects were categorized in Sway back posture. Then with goniometer alignment of hip, knee and ankle joints were measured. Also, the pelvic inclination and kyphosis and lordosis angles were measured with a Pelvic Inclinometer and Flexicurve Ruler, respectively. The mean value of lordosis in Sway back posture group was greater than normal group (p = 0.004). Though the amount of kyphosis and anterior tilt were greater in Sway back posture than normal group, but did not show any significant difference between them (P>0.05). In Sway back posture group, the hip and knee joints tend to flexion. The ankle showed dorsiflexion which had a significant corelation with the pelvic sway. The prevalence of this deformity was 39.2% and was more common than other spinal deformities in young female subjects. This study indicated that the prevalence of the Sway back posture in the population of our study is high (39.21%). Also, indicated that the lordose increased and the pelvic displaced to anterior without noticeable changing in alignment of the thorasic region, joint of lower extremity and pelvic inclination.

The importance of school screening for scoliosis and trunk asymmetries has now become admitted in many countries.In Iran,only afew limited studies about this subject are presented.The aim of current study was evaluation of scoliosis and some trunk asymmetries in high school students. Subjects & During 1998-2000,a total of 2075 students (1160 girls,915 boys) aged 13 to 20 years (15.19±1.1)were examined randomizly.For each person,after collection of demographic information,we questioned about dominant limb,familial history of scoliosis,back pain history,type of chair and desk (or bench)in school and at home.The physical examinations consisted of measurment of height,weight,sitting height, evaluation for shoulder and pelvic summetries(by use of pelvic inclinometer) and round back.In addition lumbar lordosis measured by use of flexible ruler.We marked spinal proces for assessing scoliosis.Forward bending test (Adams)was used for differantiate between postural and structural scoliosis. We found an overal 46.3% for trunk and spinal asymmetries.In details these results were obtained:shoulder asymmetry 17%,pelvic asymmetry 7.8%,structural idiopathic scoliosis 3.4%,postural scoliosis 4.9%,round back 13.2%.In addition,19.2% had a history of back pain.Mean of lumbar lordosis was 42.7 and 31.4 degrees in girls and boys respectively.Shoulder and pelvic asymmetries were seen in scoliotic subjects(P=0.0001).Use of bench in comparison with personalized chair increased rate of scoliosis,round back and degree of lumbar lordosis(P<0.05). According to results of the present study,we can concluded that attention to these points is very important for us:1-Regular school screening programmes for scoliosis and trunk asymmetries, 2-Use of standarized chaires and desks at schools,3-Training courses for prevention and correction of bad postures in students.