نسیم صحرایی نژاد

Urban landscape is one of the essential elements of daily urban life and the most important part of cities, and they are considered an important part of public spaces and representation of modern urban life and environments for recreation, leisure and social and cultural life. Therefore, paying attention to the visual and aesthetic qualities of these landscapes can have an effective role on the vitality and mental health of citizens and ultimately lead to achieving the urban landscapes sustainability. In the meantime, color as one of the most important visual elements can have an active and effective expression in the aesthetic qualities of a city's landscape. Color qualities in urban spaces can create a distinct and powerful identity and give people the ability to easily separate spaces and to separate different spaces from each other. Therefore, it can be claimed that the improvement of aesthetic qualities requires harmonious, diverse and meaningful use of the element of color. Unfortunately, today our cities are suffering from color poverty and the fundamental use of this powerful and valuable element in urban landscapes has been largely neglected. In this regard, the Narges Park in district 18 of Tehran municipality was selected as a case study in this research and the purpose of this research is to review the color qualities of this park in order to improve its aesthetic qualities.

This research studies and examines the main components related to color theory, which includes color attributes, color contrast, and color composition, in order to determine the effectiveness of each of these factors on the improvement of aesthetic qualities in Using these factors, the environment should redesign the Narges park with the aim of improving its aesthetic qualities. The research method is a descriptive-survey type, and its data collection tools are library and field (questionnaire and survey), and the data collected in the stage of knowing the scope of the study by using the SWOT technique and the data collected through a questionnaire from It will be analyzed through SPSS version 21 software.

The results show that the composition of colors with a beta coefficient of 0/31, the use of contrast with a coefficient of 0/22, and the appropriate use of color attributes with a coefficient of 0/19 can influence the improvement of the aesthetic qualities of Narges park and can add space to the space and give unity and make it distinct and identity from the surrounding spaces.

Finally, based on the results, it has been tried to provide suitable solutions for redesigning and finally a strategic plan in this park, and according to the results of this research, it has been tried to focus more on the arrangement and combination of colors and their use together in the proposed plan.
 

One of the natural attractions that people especially in big cities use as a resort are dams and lakes behind artificial dams and around them. Locating and organizing around Sedha Lake is one of the most important steps for planning towards sustainable tourism development. In this regard, Letian Dam Lake in the northeast of Tehran, as one of the beautiful tourist attractions, is for spending leisure time and provides a unique opportunity to attract tourists. At the same time, this complex lacks the facilities and facilities necessary for the presence of tourists and the development of sustainable tourism. In the current research, it has been tried to select and suggest the most suitable place for organizing and creating a recreational complex with a sustainable tourism approach by choosing the criteria and sub-criteria that are effective in locating. In this study, using the available resources and a survey of 16 experts in the field of water  resources, environmental design and tourism planning, 11 criteria were determined and due to the  difference in the influence of the indicators, using the hierarchical method (AHP) Pairwise comparison of the components was done and the final weight of each of them was calculated. Then, according to the   number of criteria and the weight of sub-criteria, the required layers were prepared in the geographic  information system (GIS) environment and analyzed and evaluated by overlaying the layers. The results of the integration of information layers, based on the degree of desirability, prioritized four areas as potential options for creating a tourism complex, and SWOT method was used to determine the best place among the four main areas. The score of each zone was determined based on the field visit and matching the maps obtained from the previous stage with the current situation of the studied area, as well as by considering the desired criteria and finally according to the opinion of the relevant experts, and by summarizing the results, a range was determined. In the southeast, the Sedeltian site was identified and suggested with 24 points as a suitable option for creating a sustainable tourism site.

One of the basic human needs is social interaction, and providing a suitable platform to meet this basic need, certainly requires the existence of a physical base. Passages as an urban spaces, play a significant role in responding to this dimension of human life in urban communities through attracting different kind of people, they will be able to creating people-oriented spaces. Kuti Passage in Bushehr, like many others in the historical cities of the country, was once a center of interactions and gatherings of the residents, which over time, was disorganized and they were abandoned and lost their efficiency as part of urban space.

Therefore, in this study, using previous literature review, we first extracted social factors affecting the presence of people in urban spaces to design our questionnaire. In the next step, we distributed 487 questionnaire in the Kuti paasage to assess users' opinions in this regard. We then used SPSS software for analyzing collected data through factor analysis, Pearson test and Variance.

Among the 24 variables measured in the questionnaire, 6 key factors affecting the promotion of people-oriented spaces were identified which include social interactions, place attachment, sense of security, aesthetic appeal, sense of belonging and place identity. Our results show that these factors have strong correlation and also direct influence on our dependent variable.

By considering policies that can help to promote each of these six factors in management, planning and redesigning this passage, we can regenerate its former neglected identity.

Reducing the density of open and green urban spaces in today's cities has created many challenges related to the social health of citizens on the one hand and the urban environment on the other hand. In fact, principled communication with public open and green spaces in cities, and planning based on the environment and sustainability, in addition to providing a platform for the emergence of healthy activities and the development of public sports, can be beneficial for the health of the environment and also a significant impact on people's physical and mental health. Considering the rare potential of Iran in relation to the promotion of public sports and the environment, planning for sports parks can be in this direction. Therefore, the aim of this research is locating and environmental design of the sport parks with development of public sports concept approach. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose, in which field studies, library studies related to the factors affecting site selection and environmental design have been examined and finally the important criteria for sote selection of sport park in Chitgar forest park were determined. Then, using GIS, the required data from the scope of the study will be recognized and analyzed and the maps related to each of these criteria in Chitgar forest park were presented. Results show that the criteria in order to importance such as slope, direction, soil drainage, texture and fertility of soil, land use, as well as accessibility and density of vegetation in the study area will influence the site selection of sports parks. Based on these results and through the superimposition of the explained layers in Arc Map, areas of Chitgar Park have been identified as suitable places for the construction of a sports park, and finally, a strategic plan for these areas with development of the concept of public sports approach has been proposed.

The urban highways landscape is one of the most important components of the urban landscape, enhancement of sustainability and resilience of which is of great importance. Studying the urban highways landscape design elements and indicators with a landscape resilience enhancement approach is a useful tool to promote the quality of urban life and support making the landscape sustainable to cope with current and future environmental changes. Despite the important advancements made in the field of identification of highway landscape indicators, investigation of the designing elements and indicators from the landscape resilience point of view has been neglected. Therefore, the provision of elements and indicators for the highway landscape design is still required to enhance its resilience. Thus, the present study aims to, first, investigate the principles and rules of highway landscape design, and then, explain the factors affecting its resilience. In this regard, to formulate the theoretical framework, relevant studies and theories were collected, and analyzed by library studies and reviewing library resources, internet resources, and articles. Then, the relevant elements and indicators to urban highways design were investigated at two human and natural levels, with a focus on the landscape resilience aspect through content analysis of relevant studies. Findings indicate that designing urban highways landscape with a resilience enhancement approach can be designed with a focus on the creation of diversity (biodiversity) and complexity, connectivity, and interconnection of urban ecological networks, redundancy, modularity, multi-functionality, adaptability, visual quality, and aesthetics. These elements are proposed with the provision of the related definitions and design components.

Basis and Goals:

 Lack of attention to the issue of sustainability in development process leads cities to a growing trend of unsustainability. Eco-cities pave the way for sustainability through integrated planning and management by saving energy, reducing pollution and increasing the quality of life of citizens. In recent years in metropolis of Tehran, the quality of life has declined sharply, so by creating Eco-city, efforts are being made to increase the quality of life of citizens. The main purpose of this study is, first, determining the factors affecting achievement of Eco-city approach and explain their importance, then score the 9areas of Tehran Region2 based on the factors and finally provide design solutions to achieve sustainability and Eco-city.

The present research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical and research data were collected through library studies, field surveys and questionnaires. After determining the effective criteria by reviewing theoretical basis and using the opinions of urban landscape experts and AHP analytical method and pair-wise comparison of criteria and calculations in Excel software, the importance of the criteria was weighted and then the potential of different areas of Tehran Region2 was evaluated. Using SWOT technique, the data collected through field surveying of study area will be analyzed to provide more accurate design strategies.

The results of the research show that region 9 has the highest score among the region 2 in terms of using the evaluated criteria effective on the ecological city approach, which means that in this region, compared to other regions, there are more measures to achieve and finally, by carrying out studies to identify and analyze District 9 of region 2 of Tehran Municipality and considering the opportunities and limitations of this area, various solutions for sustainable design and on the way to achieving an ecological city in this area in the form of a strategic plan were proposed and presented.

Based on the studies, it is clear that the basic design of the urban landscape based on the presented solutions is a platform for increasing the sustainability and development of the ecological city approach and transforming this urban area into a quality habitat for the settlement and survival of human and non-human species, and at the same time, it is a model for Other districts and urban areas will provide with similar conditions.

With the increase in population and urban life, the human need for recreation and spending leisure time in natural environments has increased. In such circumstances, there is a need to develop and construct forest parks, as one of the most important recreational resources in cities, for protection of resources and reserves, attracting tourists, generating income, relaxation and so on. The purpose of this study is to design Biston Forest Park in order to develop centralized recreation and use Gabri as a model for improving the quality of forest parks in Kermanshah province.

The research method is analytical description in order to use the facts and data processing and the purpose of the application and development is considered. Further data collection in library studies has also been done through field surveys. Point picking and control of data obtained by GPS device to estimate the potential for leisure planning.

Data analysis was provided through maps prepared in GIS software and by combining existing maps with ecological capabilitiy map of the region. Accordingly, appropriate land uses were determined in the study area and then zoning was performed. Then, using the land use model and the ecological model of tourism, a model for the development of centralized recreation of the site was presented and strategies for designing the Biston Forest Park were explained. Using this model and strategies, as well as the analysis of zones based on ecological and aesthetic characteristics on a micro scale, zones that were suitable for the development of focused recreation were identified.

After identifying suitable zones for the development of centralized recreation, zone number two was selected for planning and presenting a strategic plan using the ecological model of tourism.

Rural tourism aims to expand the facilities and improve the vulnerability situation of current and future generations in rural areas. Ecotourism as the most sustainable type of tourism, with its capacities, is a fundamental solution in development of rural tourism. Ardabil province with unique natural attractions will have the potential to develop rural ecotourism. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) by considering seven factors including slope, hydrology, land use, natural and man-made beauties and vegetation and animals, in order to determine and location potential zones for ecotourism development. These factors, which have been evaluated, based on a checklist prepared through interviews with tourism experts, and finally, using Expert Choice software, the final weight of each of the criteria has been determined. Based on the results, natural beauties with a weight of 0.26 have the highest priority and the shape of the earth with a final weight of 0.07 has the lowest priority in determining susceptible areas. Then, using the knowledge and analysis of the study area by GIS software, it was found that areas with high value of ecotourism development, dedicated 35% of the total area, however areas with appropriate relative value of 28% and generally in the northern, western and northwestern parts of the region and low value zones account for 22% and non-value zones dedicated 16% from the total area.

Following the problems caused by population growth and depletion of infrastructure resources in the Malaysian capital city, and based on the government decisions in 1993, the idea of forming an administrative capital of the country, with the name "Putrajaya", was proposed. This city has been designed as a sample city with maximum attention to the nature and environment, and one of the significant points in the process of planning, designing and constructing, it has been the speed of action.

This research has introduced the formation of this green city by examining library resources and studying the relevant documents as well as reviewing related sites.

The city of Putrajaya was formed by considering the three important concepts as Garden-City, Green City and Smart City and the general approaches to its planning and designing include Planning for Neighborhood Spaces, Reviewing and Reviving the Traditional Identity of the City, the Supporting City, emphasizing on the Public Transportation, paying Attention to Urban Image and Urban Identity, Urban Ecology Approach, Environmental Architecture and Urban Sustainability Management.

  In fact, the process of formation of this city has been a symbol of power and progress of Malaysia and it shows the fact that theoretical ideas and concepts such as garden-city, green city and smart city have the ability to be implemented and have not remained just as an idea. Finally, the development of Putrajaya city has significantly affected various social, political, cultural and tourism aspects of Malaysia, and the combination of these factors has made this city a unique example in the new millennium that can be a model for repetition in other cities and countries with similar conditions.

In a period that accessibility to the natural environments for people is constantly diminished in urban areas, the design of a space that could respond the human’s need to have relationship with nature specially for children, have an important role on mental and character aspects of people and also the cultivation of nature and environmental protection. According to the Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory, naturalistic intelligence is one of the nine types of intelligence in children which is depend on child’s relation to the nature. In fact, the Nature Experience Principle by children and the necessity of planning for creating spaces in order to develop this experience especially for urbanite children, is an opportunity for increasing this relationship. The aim of this paper is to present the principles and criteria for designing a child's park for nurturing naturalistic intelligence. This research is an applied and qualitative research, which through an analytical and descriptive approach, investigates the views and opinions of scholars and the relationships between them. Data in this research are collected through library studies which are analyzed by document analysis technic. After introducing the characteristics and demand of children specially aged 6 to 12 years, present the factors influencing nurturing naturalistic intelligence in children, then principles and legislation for designing play grounds are summed up. Finally according to Nature Experience and other studies, some patterns for designing child’s park matches for children’s demand in order to nurturing their naturalistic intelligence are proposed. The results of this research, will provide the opportunity for making decisions for increasing the relationship between a child and nature and also establishment the culture of respecting to nature and protecting environment in urban spaces from childhood.

From the beginning of human creation, the need for security has been always as one of the basic needs of human and providing this was as one of the most important issues in human societies. On the other hand, urban parks are one of the most principal areas in urban environment that their security issue is very crucial. The purpose of this study is to investigate the CPTED approach to promote environmental security in urban parks, however, today it is neglected the security improvement necessity and potential capacity of urban parks in decreasing or preventing crimes. The study is a descriptive-analytical research and the study area is ​​Islamabad neighborhood located in 2nd region of Tehran metropolitan’s municipality, which is an old neighborhood with unsuitable physical structure, low permeability and high rate of crime occurrence, at the same time with convenient accessibility to different point of the city. Using field studies, the present status of this neighborhood has been investigated and then using questionnaire which according to Cochran Formula had 400 participants among the park’s users, are collected their views about environmental security indicators. Finally, the collected data are analyzed using correlation analysis method, t-statistical analysis and also SWOT analysis, and then security enhancement strategies in urban parks, are presented. The results show that the present situation in this area in terms of security, is an improper condition, which the research emphasize the necessity of an urban park development with utilization of crime prevention through environmental design solutions and finally according to the proposed approaches, a strategic plan have been presented in order to develop and design the urban park.

Sustainable social development in any society definitely depends on having happy and vibrant citizens, which unfortunately today, due to various social, cultural and political issues on the one hand and the reduction of social interactions of citizens and the lack of suitable context for activities. Public in urban spaces On the other hand, we witness several problems, including the reduction of the phenomenon of social vitality in cities, which is one of the main concerns of urban planners and urban management systems. The city of Hamedan is no exception to this rule and is mainly exposed to social harms due to the lack of suitable spaces and facilities for social interactions. The purpose of this study is to bring humans closer to nature and urban green spaces and increase social vitality through urban park design.

This research is qualitative in terms of data and applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method of research and has been collected through library studies and field research. A questionnaire for measuring participants' opinions is also a questionnaire. In May 2018, 383 people living in the city of Hamedan were randomly collected through which the type of attitude and the need for citizens to develop social vitality and public sports through the design of a sports park was assessed.

One of the main findings of this research is in fact emphasizing the direct impact of the existence and design of a sports park and the development and promotion of public sports in Hamadan on increasing urban social vitality. This study show that due to the shortage of available facilities for citizens in this region for public sport activities, design of sport parks, in addition to increasing the urban visual qualities and also various social interactions in urban areas, can help the development and promotion of public sports culture, upgrading public mental and emotional comfort as well as increasing urban social vitality.

Therefore, it is necessary to design the desired sports park based on standard principles and criteria and with the aim of promoting the culture of public sports and increasing social vitality in urban spaces, and in this regard, the cooperation of various media and related institutions and finally architects.

Tehran due to rapid urban development, confronted the lack of appropriate guidelines in design and planning for urban areas. Generally, in Tehran presence of inharmonious qualities in urban elements is obvious and consequently it causes the lack of functional efficiency of urban spaces. However according to the references, aesthetic comes from harmonious qualities. On the other hand, the facilities for adapting to new situation and then pedestrian bridges in modern urban areas that provide such a linkage with a high level of safety for both pedestrian and cyclists are as urban elements that can play an important role in creating a new visual image for a city. Today, unfortunately due to neglecting their aesthetic potential during design and construction process, faces many issues. In fact, they could play a determining role in depicting the aesthetic qualities of the urban landscape, especially when they meet certain critical principles. According to the literature, one of the most important factors that can play a role in determining the aesthetic qualities of pedestrian bridges relates to the setting where these bridges are located. In fact, the most successful bridges should be designed in accordance with their surrounding environment (Context Sensitive Design). Therefore to help urban designers, bridge engineers, and planners to improve the aesthetic qualities of pedestrian bridges in the urban landscape, base line data is needed regarding people’s perceptions of similar forms of pedestrian bridges in different urban landscape settings. Since urban environments are generally shaped by people’s preferences, perceptions, and attitudes toward over time and also through studying their perceptions, people can indeed indicate what is important to them and what they need in this situation. As such, this study attempts to provide new insights into how people view pedestrian bridges in an urban landscape and further reveal new details and information on people’s reactions to similar form of pedestrian bridges in different urban landscapes. In summary, this study conducted a preference survey with 384 respondents in Tehran and entered the data into SPSS. The results provide useful information first for considering the visual characteristics of the urban landscape where the pedestrian bridges are located. The results indicate first that people don’t care about the aesthetic qualities of the pedestrian bridges and second they prefer the similar form of pedestrian bridges in different urban areas differently. Thus, it could be concluded that first the visual characteristics of pedestrian bridges in urban areas in Tehran is neglected and then the visual relationship between the bridges and their settings is important for perception of aesthetic qualities for pedestrian bridges in urban areas.