نصرالله پورمحمدی املشی

Great historical developments are always the background of historiography, and the rise and fall of governments are undoubtedly one of the most important political and social developments of societies, which historians, according to their philosophical views and attitudes, and taking into account the principle of causality and selection in history, They describe and analyze the subject. The attacks of the Mongols in the beginning of the 7th century AH are one of the most important historical developments in the Islamic world, and this article seeks to answer the question of how the fall of the Khwarezm Shah dynasty was evaluated from the point of view of the historians of the Ilkhanate era. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its fundamental purpose and in terms of its nature and method, and the method of collecting library information. The final conclusion of this research is based on the content analysis of historical historiographical texts such as Attamalek Jovini, Khawaja Rashiduddin Fazlullah Hamdani, Hamdollah Mostofi, Nesavi and Wasaf. The findings of the research show that historians have a mixed attitude towards the fall of the Khwarazmshahs and consider the role of fate, divine providence and human factors to be the causes of the downfall of the Khwarazmshahs, and also consider internal and external factors to be effective in the downfall of the Khwarazmshahs. And each of the historians, according to their own views, try to highlight the causes based on their own views.

The issue of citizenship has garnered significant attention since the Qajar era, largely due to the expansion of international communications and diplomatic relations between countries. A notable factor influencing citizenship was the prevalence of intermarriage between citizens of different nations. This research aims to elucidate this dimension of Iran-Ottoman relations during the Qajar period. Utilizing library resources and archival documents from Iran, the study explores the implications of Iran-Ottoman interactions for citizenship, particularly in the context of cross-national marriages. Specifically, it addresses the impact of these connections on both countries and examines the responses of the Iranian and Ottoman governments. The findings indicate that during this period, the geographical proximity between Iran and the Ottoman Empire facilitated extensive interactions between their governments, resulting in numerous cross-national marriages. These marriages frequently generated tensions between the two nations. Throughout this era, the Iranian government consistently endeavored to address the issues arising from these unions, while the Ottoman Empire, with considerable interests at stake, tended to downplay the significance of these matters.

Water and irrigation has become the origin of many social, cultural and political changes and relationships in civilization in Iran's geographical context, and this category has a logical and effective relationship with geography, and after a basic and superficial understanding, it can be the origin of many of the following topics. For example, population density, movement, economy and livelihood of rural life, settlement, urbanism, villag, geshlaq, desert travel and Bedouin living and so on. Water was and is one of the main elements of creation in the beliefs of ancient Iran, and it has had a direct impact on the formation and settlement and type of life in Iran, including its impact on mythology and religious beliefs and its signs in civilized life, such as the construction of temples. Dams and aqueducts, etc., is a direct investigation and one of the main elements of the climate and region and each region with a geographical domain, and precipitation, temperature, volume of flowing water, atmospheric precipitation, and underground beds, etc. are all related to water. and its management depend. Therefore, the study and review of the natural geography of Iran, the type of climate and the geographical location of Iran and the Iranian Plateau and its relationship with economic advantages such as the existence of roads, caravanserais and the geopolitical issues of the Iranian Plateau and its extension and expansion to the watery areas such as Sihun and Jihun and the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Nile River, and

The Shah Ṭahmāsp I achieved the throne while the tense situation caused by the competition and differences between the governing bodies (Qizilbash and Tajik) along with his young age had hindered his authority; This situation prepared the ground for Uzbek and Ottoman encroachment on Safavid territory. To strengthen the authority of the internal government and reduce the differences between the Qizilbash and Tajik elements, Shah Ṭahmāsp provided the ground for the entry of Caucasian groups, and on the other hand, he strengthened the ideological foundations of the government and created acceptance, and to create a balance between the demands of the ruling elements, the conditions for the migration of scholars It provided religion from Lebanon and Bahrain inside Iran. Considering the new political and religious conditions ruling Iran, the question is raised, what indicators were the regional and extra-regional relations of Shah Ṭahmāsp based on? It seems that in the unbalanced conditions of military power and political authority to establish security, reduce the pressures of foreign countries and regulate proper foreign relations with regional and extra-regional governments, ShahṬahmāsp's actions are based on various indicators, including; Authority and flexibility, Kindness and tolerance, threats and reprimands, courage and aggression, rationality and tolerance, hope and belief, consultation and expediency, priority and delay, knowledge and experience, opportunism and opportunism, adjustment and guidance, in the conditions and situations. has been different. This research has been done descriptively using sources and new research.

Feminism is one of the important social movements in the world, which was able to bring about extensive changes in the status of women, but the perception of educated people in different regions of the world about this movement has not been the same. Educated men and women of Iran were also influenced by the intellectual foundations of this movement. The main question is, what was the process of growth and expansion of feminism in Iran from the First World War to the end of the first Pahlavi? And what were the backgrounds of the formation of feminism in Iran and what were the influences of the intellectuals from the feminism movement? The current research aims to explain the feminist requests of women, the supporters, and opponents using the analytical and descriptive method and relying on library sources, journals, and publications. The findings of this study show that feminism formation in Iran were different from the western countries, and women's rights activists in Iran had their own special conditions, which were different from the situation of western women. Therefore, the feminist movement that was formed in Iran was not the same as the western movement. But due to the extensive changes in the status of women after the constitution, a quasi-feminist trend occurred in Iran, which grew after the constitution and the First World War and during the period of Reza Shah and following her trend of modernism, it progressed and continued.

Herat, like Kandahar and Kabul, was one of the regions that were not under the guardianship of any of the major governments of the region in the 19th century. However, countries such as England, Russia, and Iran each sought to play a role and influence it for their reasons to the extent that the dispute between Iran and England over Herat became an excuse to conclude the Treaty of Paris as one of the most important international agreements of Iran in the last two hundred years. In the position of one of the two sides of the conflict, Iran made claims to prove its legitimacy and tried to justify the reasons for occupying Herat and deploying troops there. Since the time of concluding the treaty coincided with the early years of the publication of the Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh newspaper, this publication could be used as one of the appropriate platforms for the government to explain its positions. For this reason, referring to it can be useful for gaining information and a more complete understanding of the disputed issue. The amount of material devoted to the Herat problem in this newspaper is significant. In the following study, by dividing these reports into after and before the Treaty of Paris, the process of events and changes has been observed from the perspective of Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh

Migration is one of the phenomena that has been familiar among Iranian society since the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. The separation of the southern regions of the Caucasus from Iran as a result of the Iran-Russia wars caused these regions to find a different fate from the other regions of Iran and to be a destination for Iranian immigrants. The best of these immigrants were workers who went to these areas seasonally or permanently due to the existing conditions in Iran and better working conditions in these areas. The decline of the Qajar rule and the communist revolution in Russia led to a decrease in the level of these migrations, and migration turned into returning to Iran. In this research, we seek to examine the policy of the Pahlavi government regarding the return of Iranian nationals who immigrated from the Soviet Union to Iran. It seems that the pressures on Iranian nationals from the Soviet government, as well as the improvement of employment and livelihood situations in Iran, caused these immigrants to return to Iran again. Despite the problems caused by the return of these immigrants, the Pahlavi government provided the necessary platform for this. In this research, an explanatory-descriptive method is used in this research to find a suitable answer to this question as much as possible using documents and library resources

Operation Wal-Fajr 4 in 1983 was carried out by the operational base of Hamza Seyyed al-Shohda in Marivan region. This operation changes the war tactics by the armed forces c. A. Iran was from the plains to the mountains. In this research, the causes and reasons for the opening of the North-West Front and the importance of the operation area from a tactical point of view, then the process of the operation and finally its achievements and success factors are discussed in this research.

The present research, based on historical documents and correspondence during the war, seeks to answer this main question: what were the goals and motivations of Iran's military experts and commanders in designing and implementing Operation Wal-Fajr 4, and what were the results of this operation? And there were achievements?

The research show that Operation Valfajr 4 was carried out with the aim of reducing the pressure on the southern fronts, destroying the bases and obstacles of the counter-revolution, having a reliable defense line and quick access from Marivan to Baneh. As a result, parts of Sulaymaniyah province and the Garmak garrison in the Shalir crater were captured, in addition, the city of Marivan and the sensitive military centers around it were removed from the enemy's artillery fire, and the ground for the unity of Iraqi Kurds and their use in future operations Provided.

Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution

In order to overcome many internal and external problems, Shah Abbas I tried to use diplomatic measures in parallel with the use of repressive measures. Besides fending off foreign invasions and changing the structure of the bureaucracy, he acted to attract and depend on various elements of power in different regions of the country through family ties with them in order to create peace and stability in different dimensions and provide the ground for the elevation of the Safavid government. The present study, using library sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to investigate and explain why and how political alliances influence the creation of centralist policies and structures during the period of Shah Abbas I, because Along with various political, military and social measures, Shah Abbas added the use of family ties to his set of measures to create political centralization and territorial integrity.

The question of people's physical and spiritual diversity has an ancient history and can be traced back to the ancient world. This question has also been discussed in the medical and geographical-historical books of the Islamic world, and the natural-geographical factors of the diversity of houses/soils, water/waters, and airs, and the distance and proximity of the sun and the angle of its radiation have been considered to be influential in the moral and character traits of people and the cause of diversity. They are counted among the people, and the air is the most special, which is mentioned in medical books in the discussion of the "necessary element" of maintaining health. After short research of these factors in some of the ancient and medieval written heritage of the Islamic world, this article examines the character and personality characteristics of the people of Baghdad, the scientific, cultural, and political capital of the Islamic world for long centuries (from the emergence to the fall) in relation to their land in some Its historical-geographical works cover centuries. Obviously, the thinkers and scientists of the Islamic world have explained the diversity of the people with the aforementioned natural-geographical factors, without being subject to geographical determinism.

This article has studied the widely used word "delusion" in Muslim literature under the lexical network of superstitions, all of which have a discounting content and a critical and critical attitude. The evidence presented shows that there has been a critical attitude among some Muslim thinkers from the very beginning and this term has been used to reject and reject the beliefs of others. Therefore, the early texts of early Islam have been carefully studied based on the approach of the social history of language and reflecting on historical developments, and the mentality and belief of Muslim writers in various fields of science (difference, philosophy, mysticism, etc.) in religious and intra-religious conflicts. has been investigated. Finally, the studies and findings show that no conceptual change has taken place in the meaning of this word in its historical course and the same mentality of the initial use is dominant and stable in the speech and writing of Islamic writers.

The term “Salafi” has been mentioned for the first time in the manuscripts of the second and third century AH authors. But the use of the term Salafism as an independent doctrine was formed for the first time in the eighth century AH by influencing from Ibn Taymiyyah's thoughts, and the proponents of this thought were called Salafi. This movement continued after the Ibn Taymiyyah in an incomplete way until in the twelfth century, which was once again influenced by the thoughts of people such as Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi. In this paper, the background and relation of the Salafists of the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, as well as the commonalities and differences between these two trends, from the perspective of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, in the field of intellectual foundations, including how to deal with the Shiites and Sufis, and their opinions about the idol worshipers or the infidelities of Shiites and other sects were studied. The main research question; Comparing and contrasting the intellectual principles and approach of Muhammad and Shah Wali Allah in dealing with the opposition. The results of the study indicate that the attitude of these two personalities in dealing with categories such as Sufism, ijtihad, polytheism and Shiites has been different and even despite their opposition to Shiism; Shah Waliullah refuses to disrespect the Shiite Imams, while in the opinion of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the complete transgression of the Shiite Imams was normal. Due to the importance of the subject, this research is done through the descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

With the dissolution of the Supreme Council of Women, the Women's Organization of Iran was replaced in 1345 by Ashraf Pahlavi. The purpose of its establishment was to promote the status of women, acquaint women with their rights and duties, mobilize them to participate in social activities, coordinate the activities of various communities of Iranian women and establish mutual understanding and relations between them and women of other countries. This government organization until 1357, had more than four hundred branches throughout the country, had become the largest organization working in the field of women. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the contexts and motivations effective in the formation of the Iranian Women's Organization. Why and how was Iran formed? The findings show that the large number of women populations in the years after the fall of Reza Khan's government necessitated the convergence of populations and the formation of the High Council of Women. Simultaneously with the government and the White Shah Revolution, the government, through the dissolution of the High Council of Women and the establishment of the Women's Organization, in addition to preventing the activities of independent women's organizations, promoted women's programs towards its development goals.

Kermanshahan province was one of the most important political and military bases of Shah Afshar to attack the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Nader Shah.Nader Shah strengthened this base even more by building a strong fortress in Kermanshah. Also, the geographical location of this state, which was located on the highway connecting Khorasan to Baghdad and Khuzestan to Azerbaijan, provided excellent conditions for it.With Nader's death and the beginning of chaos and unrest in Iran, Kermanshahan became the focus of those claiming to rule Iran; The claimants of the monarchy over Iran considered the achievement of Kermanshahan necessary to advance their political-military goals, and during their numerous skirmishes, they always fought to seize it.The main question of the present study is that what was the importance of the geostrategic location of Kermanshah for the claimants of the monarchy in Iran? It seems that the province of Kermanshah, due to its strong and well-equipped military fort, border with the Ottoman lands, being in important communication routes and having the militias of the tribes and nomads, is of great importance for the claimants to the monarchy Iran had. This research has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the causes of various conflicts between the claimants of the monarchy over Iran over the occupation of Kermanshah. Findings indicate that Karim Khan Zand, due to ethnic and tribal solidarity with the people of Kermanshah, familiarity with the geography of the region and intelligent measures in using the geostrategic location of Kermanshah, benefited the most from the natural and human resources of this province. He was able to defeat the other claimants to the monarchy.

Qazvin has been a city of dignitaries throughout post-Islamic history. Until the time of the Timurid and Ilkhans, this city and its subordinate areas were a refuge for political fugitives and religious defendants. The geographical location of the city caused it to be noticed by Shah Ismail (Ismail I) and Shah Tahmasb (Tahmasb I) from the beginning of the Safavid rule. Shah Tahmasb chose it as his capital for various reasons. Given that the cultural-economic dimension of any city is subject to its political centrality, so the concentration of government and political power in Qazvin was very influential on the conditions of this city. After the transfer of the capital to Isfahan, the economic capability of the city declined. But it still retained its political and cultural role. However, due to the presence of religious scholars, poets, writers and officials of Qazvin, it played a key role in cultural-political and economic relations with foreign countries, especially the subcontinent, and also attracted dignitaries from other cities. At the same time, factors such as the formalization of Shiism religion, religious pressure (prejudice) and political power of this region, have been the most important reasons and the basis of cultural-political relations between Iran and foreign governments, especially the subcontinent in this era. Also, due to the spirit of religious tolerance of the Indian court towards the immigrants, each of them became an intellectual and cultural circle between Iran and the Land of India. On the other hand, the close relations and interactions between the lands of Iran and India throughout history are another proof of this claim; especially since the Persian language and literature during the time of the Timurid and Mongol of Iran and India had such a movement and authority that all reports and correspondence of the Indian government had to be written in Persian alongside the native language of India and Indian poets of the Timurid era in India were often bilingual. This encouraged the natives of the subcontinent to learn Persian, and according to historical evidence, Persian words in most of these places became synonymous with the native Indian words.

zandie governcy is one of the shortest governments and monarchies in the history of iran. one of the most important events and affairs in the history of this dynasty is to exile and immagrate of many nations throughout iran. one of the places that these immagrations were doing was Qazvin. the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic, political and social trends of zandie dynasty. this essay is deivided into three main sections meaning the economic, political and social effects. the results show that the exiled and immagrated nations have played main roles in the internal affairs of Qazvin and wholly speaking on some trends and policies of zandie dynasty.the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic.

One of the most important factors in the organization of the Safavid government in Iran is the establishment of close relations between Shiites and Sufis in the eighth century AH. After the Mongol invasion of Iran, many people took refuge in monasteries and monasteries built by Sufis on the outskirts of cities to escape their slaughter. As a result, Sufi thought spread slightly among the people, and the people found Sufism to be the cure for their sufferings and their only refuge. During this period, Imami Shiites sought the closeness of Shiism and Sufism through religious and intellectual components, and the efforts of many Shiite elders were focused on this matter. This article seeks to answer the question of how close Shiism and Sufism were in the eighth century AH and benefited from their capacity, as well as the influence of Shiite and Sufi personalities on this process? The hypothesis is that the Mongol rule and the creation of an open religious space led to the closeness of Shiism and Sufism and, consequently, the formation of the Shiite-Sufi discourse and, consequently, the spread of the Shiite religion. The results of the research indicate that Shiite scholars and elders by identifying the existing capacities in the heart of the Sufi community of the eighth centuryAH and also the success of the majority of people from this sect; They achieved success near the Shiite and Sufi religious views, and by creating a Shiite-Sufi discourse, they provided the grounds for the spread of the Shiite religion among the people and, as a result, the formation of Shiite governments. Due to the importance of the subject of this research, it has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources.

In the fourth and fifth centuries AH, a large part of Islamic lands was ruled by Shiite governments , including the Buyids and the Fatimids . By adopting a policy of tolerance, these governments recorded in their record the prevalence of scientific interactions between thinkers with different religious tendencies , the freedom to perform religious ceremonies, and the observance of the rights of religious minorities ; However , the transfer of high government positions to the People of the Book paved the way for their domination over the Muslims and in many cases led to their oppression of the people. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and relying on the main sources, the policy of tolerance and its effects in the two mentioned governments have been comparatively studied .

Mukata’a (contracting) was the basis of the financial organization of Ottoman Government in the last centuries . When the number of victories decreased and Timar system collapsed,it was replaced by Mukata’a which led to certain changes in the financial system of the Ottoman government. Mukata’a was the most important source of income of the treasury. In order to overcome financial and tax collection problems, the government spread out the practice Mukata’a all over its lands and made the required changes. Among the most influential people of Mukata’a were the Sipahis( Sepah members), Biglerbegi, and non-Muslim wealthy fellows. (The opulent rich) Due to some changes in the methods of Mukata’a systems in some provinces, excessive tax collection, Barat setting and improper collection, The authoritieschr('39') contumacious actions, and Oppressing the subjects caused a great social dissatisfaction specifically among the farmers, consequently playing an important role in the decline of Ottoman Empire. The present research aims at studying the transformations of Mukata’a systems, its functions and the role of contractors in the central Ottoman Government, and what caused the decline of Practicing Mukata’a throughout the Ottoman Empire employing the Descriptive-Analytic method and critical approach.

During the transition from the Pahlavi regime and the establishment of the Islamic system, Kurdish political parties and groups, given the atmosphere created by the power vacuum of the central government and the existing contexts, saw the conditions for gaining autonomy and caused a crisis and challenged the interim government. In dealing with this situation, there were two tendencies among the officials in the center. One tendency to think through the political lens to solve the Kurdistan problem, and the other tendency wanted to deal with the crisis.In this research, first we deal with the backgrounds and causes of the formation of the Kurdish uprising, then how the process of developments and negotiations, and finally the deadlock and non-outcome of the negotiations. The present study seeks to answer the main question, what were the causes of the Kurdistan crisis and the reasons for the continuation of this issue after the victory of the revolution, using the method of historical analysis and relying on various documents and sources in the framework of the theory of "political mobilization of ethnicities"? What steps did the interim government take in this regard?The Provisional Government sent three delegations to Kurdistan to negotiate, but due to differences in approach at the center and the priority given to the option of intensifying action by some revolutionary forces and the adoption of an armed approach by the Kurdish parties, the Provisional Government failed. The issue of Kurdistan was dealt with.

Despite the relatively large number of women in the subcontinent, their poems are less considered as an independent identity in the history of literature and stylistics and literary criticism. Sometimes they are mentioned in the memoirs without mentioning any verses. This study aims to introduce the Persian-speaking women poets of the subcontinent in the era of the Mongols and the Timurids, to study the stylistics of their poems.

This article is based on library studies and has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner.

The biographers mention 54 female poets in the subcontinent, some of whom are courtiers. Among these poets, only Ziba al-Nisa, nicknamed the "secret" of Diwani, contains verses, and the number of poems left by women poets of the subcontinent (including the verses of Ziba al-Nisa: 4025 bits) is 4218 bits. It is attributed to two women poets.

From an intellectual point of view, due to the high frequency of lyric form in the poems of quasi-continental women poets, the subject of love and its belongings is in the first place and subjects such as mysticism, description, etc. are also seen in their poems. One of the most important and innovative intellectual topics in the poems of these poets is the emphasis of biographers on women's poetry and self-evidentness and complaining about the aging of their husbands. From a linguistic and literary point of view, the poems of the women of the subcontinent are lacking in expression and innovation and are based on imitation. The language of poetry in the poems of subcontinental women is masculine, imitative, repetitive and lacks poetic identity and feminine sensory issues. Innovation, critical view of society and reference to gender and personal life are not reflected in their poems and imitation of poets. The former has caused repetition of images and lack of creativity and artistic creation in their poetry.

After a period of prosperity in Franco Iranian cultural political relations in the 17th century, some local events and the decline of diplomacy between the two countries and also the international equations at the beginning of the 18th century, made the relations between these countries decreased, and led to the reduction of political and commercial frequentations between Iran and France. This article tends to answer this essential question that as the severe decline existed, what was the cultural relation’s status between the two countries? And also, what was the role of cultural mechanisms in the absence of political relations? The results of this research show that beside these political crises, the cultural mechanisms, particularly in France, continue to exist though more extended than before. Affected by writing diaries and some other reasons, in French works, writings, thoughts and reflections, and to some extent, over thoughts leading to the Revolution in France, concentration on Iran seems undeniable. This study, with an analytical approach and based on these effects, in the meantime, considering the formation of various subjects with the axis of Iran, in French writers and travelers’ works, such as Iranian revolutions, in the middle of the French Revolution, reveals how the cultural mechanisms find a determining role in the absence of political relations.