نعیمه دهقانی

Oxymetholone is an oral active anabolic-androgenic steroid. This drug was obtained in 1959 by methylating the 17α carbon and saturating the 5α carbon of testosterone. This drug in low doses are used to treat diseases such as; Anemia, lack of growth in children, reducing the spread of the AIDS virus in the body and heart failure are used. Unfortunately; some athletes use this drug as an energy-boosting drug in high doses due to its anabolic properties and its effect on muscle growth. In this study, the effect of Oxymetholone in a dose much higher than the physiological limit of the body was investigated on the liver of NMRI female mice. For this purpose, 12 mg/kg/day of the drug was injected intraperitoneally to adult mice (45 days old) for ten days. The results obtained from intraperitoneal (IP) injection of oxymetholone on the number of Kupffer cells in the liver in adult rats (NMRI) show that the number of Kupffer cells increased, which is significant at P<0.001. Also, according to the histograms related to The number of liver hepatocyte cells, the diameter of liver hepatocyte cells and the number of double nuclei in the liver and the results obtained, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in the comparison between the sham, control and experimental groups at P<0.05. The results of the present study show that the consumption of oxymetholone steroids can cause harmful effects on the liver tissue of athletes.

Due to increasing resistance of pathogenetic bacteria to the new antibiotics, the researchers are seeking of finding the antimicrobial materials with herbal origins as the replacement of ineffective antibiotics. The aim of doing of this study is evalution of the antibacterial effect of hydro alcoholic extraction of the plant of thymus daensis on the bacteria of shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus salivarius. 

in this practical study, the plant of thymus daensis were collected and the extraction of plant were prepared by the method of maceration and the antimicrobial effects of these plant in the amounts of 0.65, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/l were prepared by using the method of transmission on disk on the bacteria of shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and Streptococcus salivarius compared with the antibiotics of Penicillin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Vancomycin and drop of halo of lack of growth was measured. Also the minimum concentration of restraining of growth (MIC) and the minimum concentration of lethalithy (MBC) of extractions against three concerned bacteria were determined.

The obtained results showed that the extraction of thymus daensis on streptococcus salivarius in the concentration of 10mg/l had the most effect and the drop of halo of lack of growth were respectively measured as 20.83, 20.33, 19. Also this extractions didn’t have any effect on the bacterium of Yersinia for mutuol effect of antibiotic in bacterium the maximum drop of halo of lack of growth for antibiotic of Tetracycline and bacterium of Streptococcus salivarius was achived but in the mutual effect of antibiotic of Vancomycin and the bacterium of Yersinia any halo wasn’t composed. The amount of mic related to thymus daensis on the bacteria of Streptococcus salivarius and Shigella flexneri showed a similar amount the equals to 0.65 mg/l and the amount of mic related to thymus daensis on the bacterium of Yersinia enterocolitica was achieved equals to1.25 mg/l. the amount of mbc component for the plant of Thymus daensis on the bacteria of Yersinia and Shigella was achived equals to 2.5 mg/l and for bacteria of Streptococcus salivarius was achived equals to 1.25 mg/l .

There for, the hydro-alcoholic extraction of thymus daensis  has an inhibitory effect, this extractions showed more effect on the bacterium of Streptococcus than two bacteria Yersinia and Shigella.

Oxymetholone is a 17-alpha- alkamine and a synthetic derivative of testosterone, which is obtained through the methylation of the 17-alpha carbon and the saturation of the 5-alpha carbon of testosterone. Oxymetholone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid which is used for the treatment of  anemia caused by severe bone marrow weakness and the prevention of the consequences of hereditary angioedema or the treatment of growth delay which of course is used in bodybuilding to increase muscle volume and strength. Considering the harmful effects on this drug on the body, we decided to determine the effects of oxymetholone on the oogenesis of NMRI mice. For this, was injected(12mg/kg/day) interaperitoneally to mice in 6 and 4 weeks age in one  periods of 35 days. The results showed that the significant difference between treatment and control groups was observed( P<0.05). This teratogenic effects involved: decrese in ovarian weight, decrese in ovarian diameter, decrese in number of Corpuse luteum, increase of primordial follicles, decrese of primary follicles, decrese of growing follicles, decrese of graaf follicles, decrese in number of atretic follicle, decrese of granolosa layer diameter and decrese in progestron. Additionally in some experimental case, the disorder in formation of granolosa layers and don’t formation of corna radiate layers, disordering of ovule medulla and formation of two oocyte in one follicle were observed. The results showed that the use of this drug in the experimental group will have a negative effect on ovarian growth and ovulation.

Docetaxel is beneficial in oocyte cryopreservation.

The effect of docetaxel, on the survival, fertilization rate and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes of vitrified mature oocytes was investigated.

Mature oocytes were divided into eight experimental groups, including I) control, II) docetaxel, III) docetaxel + cryoprotectant agent 1 (CPA1), IV) docetaxel + CPA2, V) docetaxel + vitrification 1 (Vit1), VI) docetaxel + Vit2, VII) Vit1, and VIII) Vit2. The survival and fertilization rates, and the mRNA expression level of Bcl-xl, Bax and caspase-3 as apoptosis-related genes were evaluated.

The survival rates in Vit1, and Vit2 groups were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The fertilization rates in docetaxel + Vit1, docetaxel + Vit2, Vit1, and Vit2 were significantly lower than the control, docetaxel, and related groups using docetaxel and CPAs. Bax expression was significantly increased in groups which oocytes vitrified. Also, its expression in the Vit2 group increased significantly in comparison to the docetaxel + Vit2 group. The expression of the Bcl-xl gene was downregulated in docetaxel + CPA2, docetaxel + Vit2 and Vit2 compared to docetaxel group. The Bax/Bcl-xl ratio significantly increased in docetaxel + CPA2, docetaxel + Vit1, docetaxel + Vit2, Vit1 and Vit2 groups compared to control, docetaxel and the docetaxel + CPA1 group. Caspase-3 expression significantly increased in all six groups in comparison to the control, and docetaxel groups. Its expression significantly increased in the Vit1 and Vit2 groups in comparison with docetaxel + Vit1, and docetaxel + Vit2, respectively.

Docetaxel ameliorates the damages to oocytes during vitrification by altering the expression of apoptosis-related genes and its effects are dependent on the vitrification solution used in cryopreservation of oocytes.

As a stabilizing agent, docetaxel can potentially reduce the damage to the oocyte cytoskeleton during vitrification. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of docetaxel on the survival rate and in vitro fertilization of oocytes after vitrification. NMRI mice (8-10 weeks old) were superovulated by injecting PMSG and HCG. Oocytes are surrounded by cumulus and corona cells and must be denuded by 0.1% hyaluronidase enzyme. The oocytes were then divided into 5 experimental groups including control, docetaxel, docetaxel+vitrification solution; docetaxel+ vitrification and vitrification. Mature oocytes were vitrified in ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions at 15% concentration and 0.5 M sucrose. After thawing, their survival and fertilization rates were assessed up to the two-cell stage. Staining of the microtubules in the oocytes was performed with alpha-tubulin antibody. The fertilization rate of each group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P=0.001). The rate of formation of 2-cell embryos in both vitrified groups (docetaxel+ vitrified and vitrified vitrified) was significantly lower than non-vitrified (control (P=0.001) and docetaxel ((P=0.004)). The results showed that survival and fertilization rates in pre-incubated groups with docetaxel were higher than non-incubated groups, so docetaxel could improve reproductive techniques by reducing the damage to the oocyte cytoskeleton.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of preschool mental retardation students’ curriculum of West Azerbaijan in school year 91-90. Method of this study was evaluation method. The study sample consisted of managers, professionals, teachers and students of West Azerbaijan province centers and due to low number of samples whole number was used and samples of students choose based on Morgan and multiple cluster sampling. Questionnaire, check lists, scores of students prepares for graduate and school documents were used to collect data. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean) and inferential statistics (t one variable) was used. The results of this study showed that the quality of the learning environment and educational organization were unfavorable according to administrators, teachers and observers. Curriculum’s quality was good according to all groups. The quality of the teaching and learning process were favorable according to administrators and teachers and undesirable according to experts. Quality of achieving the goals of the cognitive development was good according to managers and unfavorable according to experts, teachers and Manual recruits. Achieving the goals of quality physical and motor development was undesirable according to teachers, administrators and experts and was desirable from book assessment and teachers. To analyze the results of the findings additional tools (analysis of open-ended questions) was used. Conclusions explain the results and provide recommendations in this area.

Background and objectives Oxymetholone is an orally-administered active anabolic-androgenic steroid. This drug was synthesized in 1959. It is a 17α-methylated 5α-saturated compound. It is used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including anemia growth delay in children myocardial damage in heart failure and treatment of HIV associated wasting. This is one of the drugs used in high doses by the doping athletes because of its anabolic effects and its influence on muscular mass. In this study the effect of oxymetholone in supraphysiologic doses was evaluated on oogenesis in NMRI mice. Methods In our experiments 12 mg/kg/day oxymetholone was injected intraperitoneally to 4- and 6-week old mice for 70 days. Results The results demonstrated a significant difference between treatment and control groups after both 35 and 70 days of treatment. This drug led to significant decrease in the number of corpus lutea decrease in the number of atretic follicles decrease in the weight and diameter of ovaries decrease in the diameter of granulosa layer increase in number of primordial follicles decrease in number of primary follicles decrease in number of growing follicles decrease in the number of graafian follicles and decrease in the progesterone level. Additionally disordered formation of granulosa layers and growing of oocytes in antra anomaly of the ovular medulla and formation of two oocytes in one folliculus were observed in some mice. Conclusion The results show that oxymetholone decreases the ovarian growth and the rate of ovulation.