نویساسادات سیدقاسمی

Disposal of non-sanitary wastewater in the rural area leads to the pollution of surface water, groundwater, and soil. It also creates unpleasant landscapes and a suitable environment for the growth and propagation of various types of insects and rodents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on the promotion of sanitary wastewater disposal behaviors of rural residents.

This interventional study was conducted on 72 heads of rural households in Aq-Qala, Iran. Two similar villages in the area were selected and assigned to experimental and control group through simple random allocation. Then, 36 heads of the households were selected from each village. Data were collected before and after the intervention through a reliable and valid HBM questionnaire. Paired samples t-test, Wilcoxon, independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney test were employed to analyze the data by SPSS version 17.

Before the intervention, there wasn’t significant difference between two groups in terms of knowledge, HBM constructs, behavior and demographic characteristics (P>0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy increased significantly and the mean score of perceived barriers decreased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the mean score of behavior (P>0.05).

The educational intervention was effective in promoting knowledge and HBM constructs, but it was not effective in the domain of behavior. As far as digging absorptive well is costly, so in addition to increasing the number of training sessions, inter-sectoral cooperation between village councils is recommended.

The incidence of tuberculosis in Golestan province in northern Iran is 26.7 cases in 100000 persons. Lack of energy and nutrients is one of the reasons for the increased risk of tuberculosis. Malnutrition is an important cause of high mortality in the Tuberculosis (TB) population. With decreasing level of visceral proteins, anthropometric indices, and micronutrients increase the risk of mortality. This study was performed to determine the status of nutritional status of patients with Tuberculosis in Gonbad-e-Kavous, north of Iran during 2014.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 45 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with mean age of 57±20 living in Gonbad city, north of Iran during 2014. Demographic information and history of tuberculosis, body mass index, albumin, hemoglobin, total protein and blood cell count and food intake were recorded for each patient.

58% of patients were women. 52% of patient was resident in rural area. There was a significant difference in terms of body mass index and previous history of tuberculosis in patients with different disease intensities. Among patients with different disease intensities, the difference in the distribution of anemia severity was not significant. There was no significant difference between the two sexes in terms of disease severity distribution. According to the fitted regression model, the age variable, even in the presence of other variables, had a significant effect on disease severity (P<0.05).

With increasing disease severity, patientschr('39') BMI decreases and the severity of malnutrition and anemia increases. The severity of the disease increases with age. Tuberculosis patients need nutritional support.

Background and Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most common causes of death due to poisoning in Iran. This study is an epidemiological survey of death due to CO poisoning in Golestan province, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on all profiles of referential bodies to Golestan Department of Forensic Medicine who died due to CO poisoning between 2010 and 2015. Data, including information on demography, poisoning and death condition, were analyzed using SPSS V16.
A total of 420 deaths was recorded due to poisoning, of whom 59 (14%) died from CO poisoning which was the third cause of death after opium and rice tablet. The CO poisoning cases included 71.2% (n=42) males. The cases were mainly aged 20–39 years (67.8%, n=40), 64.4% (n=38) were married, and 72.9% (n=43) lived in urban areas. Poisoning occurred mostly in winter (49.2%, n=29). Most CO poisoning incidents happened at home (62.7%, n=37) especially in living room (44.1%, n=26) and bathroom (13.6%, n=8), and gas heaters were the source of poisoning in majority of cases (37.3%, n=22).
CO was the third cause of death due to poisoning in Golestan province that was found to be more common among men and in homes with gas heaters. So, more attention on safety of gas heaters and other sources of CO generation is needed especially in winter and residential places without suitable ventilation.

Viral hepatitis is one of the most important health problems. Hepatitis B is one of the most serious threats to the professionals in health centers. This study was conducted with aim to determine the knowledge, risk perception and behavioral intention of students of health and allied health schools of Golestan University of Medical Sciences regarding Hepatitis.
This is a descriptive-analytical study and was done on 188 students of the faculty of Health and Paramedical sciences which were selected by systematic random sampling. Data gathered by a questionnaire was containing demographic information and knowledge, the public perceived risk, perceived risk of personal and behavioral intentions regarding Hepatitis B. Data were collected by the questionnaire and were analyzed by using SPSS 18 software and statistical tests of Mann-Whithney and Kruskal Wallis and Pearson Test.
The mean age of the participants was 21.31±3.44 years. The score of knowledge of students was 4.49±1.86, the score of risk perceived was 30.66±3.70 and the score of intention was 12.53±3.11. Findings indicated by Mann-Whitney test, the average score of that the perceived risk in terms of gender (p=0.02), risk perception (p=0.045) and intention (p=0.038) to college, and Kruskal-Wallis test showed the mean score of risk perception (p=0.038) and behavioral intention (p=0.043) was significantly associated with the variable of semester. Pearson test results also showed the correlation between knowledge and perceived risk (r=0.28, p=0.001), with the intention of perceived risk (r=0.19, p=0.01), behavioral intention with age (r=0.20, p=0.006), significant correlation was obtained.
According to this study, knowledge and risk perception and intention of the students about hepatitis B is not enough and suitable. Therefore, the need for more training in this field is an essential to improve the knowledge of the students about Hepatitis B, mainly with using of the novel massaging channels such as mobile phone messaging or social networks including Telegram, Viber and etc.

Smoking is one of the important risk factors for many diseases and increases the premature death.Transtheoretical models is one of the behavioral models for behavior understanding specifically in addictive behaviors. This study was done to evaluate the application of transtheoretical model to determination of smoking behavior among smokers.
This descriptive - analytical study conducted on 450 male smokers in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2014. Data gathering instruments were Diclemente smoking stages of change, Velicer decisional balance and temptation, Prochaska processes of change measurements along Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependency.
Based on the stages of changes, 39.1%, 13.8%, 42.4%, 2.7% and 2% of subjects were in precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage, respectively. There was a significant relationship between stages of change with all transtheoretical model variables and nicotine dependency (P Cons of smoking, self-reevaluation, self-liberation, and social liberation had the strongest predictors of smoking stages movement. Helping relationship had the lowest predictor of smoking stages movement.

Since adolescent's intellectual growth is not perfect, they are not able to control their behaviour the same as adults and they might show rapid and intense reactions like aggression. Given to the harmful impact of aggression on their social development, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of aggression and associated factors in adolescents in Gonbad-e-kavous.
in this cross-sectional study, 570 students were selected through cluster random sampling in 2013-2014 academic years. The data was collected by Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire and analysed through linear regression (p≤0.01) using SPSS 18.
Findings: The students were 15.99±0.89 with a range of 14-18 years. The prevalence of aggression was 42.4% (43.7% in females and 41% in males). There was a significant correlation between ethnicity and their aggressive behaviour in that it was the lowest among Turkmen participants (p Given the high prevalence of aggression in high schools students, decreasing of computer games and recognizing of cultural and ethnic factors can be effective in controlling of aggression.

Sedentary life is one of the most important risk factors to many diseases.Transtheoretical model is one of the models for studing behavior that accounts for people’s readiness to behavior change. This study aimed to investigate the regular physical activity based on transtheoretical model among female high-school students Gorgan city, Iran.
In this cross-sectional study , 414 female students randomly recruited through a two- stage method in 2012 . the questionnaires were stages of change by Marcus et al, Decisional Balance, Self- Efficacy, and Processes of Change by Nigg et al . The data was analyzied by descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-whietny, and logistic regression tests.
Findings:.Of 414 , 46.1% were in precontemplation stage, 5.8% in contemplation,23.7% in preparation, 12.3% in action, and 12.1% in maintanenec stage. The highest effect size was related to behavioral processes. the most powerful effect size was for self-liberation (0.23), stimulus control (0.19), and counter conditioning (0.17), respectively.
Conclussion: The findings indicated that about three-quarters of the students were in the earlier stages of chang and have sedentary life. It seems that some approperiate interventions are needed to move the participants from early stages of physical activity to later stages.

One of the indicators of developed countries is the role of higher education system in the culture and civilization. It is important to Understand student's initiatives and feelings to culture and relations of class members to planning, create positive changes, Organization and transformation. The perceptions of students from the class culture and their feeling about behaviors of teachers and classmates, can also lead to compatible or incompatible behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the classroom atmosphere from attitudes of students in paramedical and health faculty in 2015.
This descriptive research by sectional method was done between 240 students of paramedical and health schools. Data through two the standardized questionnaires demographic and Stephen Robbins class culture that have 8 questions with Likert 5 worth scale (from Totally agree untill totally disagree) was collected and Using SPSS version 16 and chi-square tests and Pearson correlations were examined.
FINDINGS: The results showed that female’s %73.3 of Sample population and males %26.2 have formed. 53% students were Residential and 47% non-residential. Average class culture among student was 27.45±4.986. Open class culture (more than 30) of% 35, borderline (20-29) %55 and close (less than 20) was 10% among students. Analytical results showed that there was a significant relationship between class culture with field (p=0.000), residence (residential and non residental) (p=0.059) and adjusted (p=0.023) but there was no significant relationship between age (p=0.791), sex (p=0.299), indigenous and non-indigenous (p=0.452) and marital status (p=0.604)).
In the viewpoints of most medical students, class culture was borderline And articulate masters of expectations, more interaction and relashionship with students and using student – centered methods can lead to more relationship between teachers and students and the students themselves, and create a culture of open and friendly, and it is presented as a way to increase class culture that is an important factor in academic performance .

Breast feeding is influencing by social and cultural conditions of any communities. The purpose of current study was to investigating of breast feeding situation in mothers who have 8-24 months infant and its related factors based on BNAASNEF model constructs in Aq qala city. In a retrospective cross-sectional design, 223 mothers who have 8-24 months age infant through convenience sample were recruited. Data were gathered using a questionnaire based on BASNEF model constructs along with selected demographic variables and were analyzed in SPSS version 18 using descriptive and analytic tests. Exclusive breast feeding prevalence was 87.5 %, formula feeding was 10.3%, and 2.2 % was both of them. Seventy-eight point one percent had favorite attitude toward breast feeding, 21.9% had semi favorite attitude. Regarding to BASNEF constructs health workers responsibility and mass media were the most enabling factors with 90.1% and 63.2%, respectively. The result showed that husband, physician, mother, health workers, and mother in law were the significant subjective norms while friends and acquaintances were the less important subjective norms in line with breast feeding. There was no significant relationship between types of infant feeding with any variables of study. The results of study indicated that 87.5 % of mothers were feuded their infants with breast feeding in first 6 months. Health workers responsibility to mother's questions and mass media were the significant enabling factors. Husband, physician, mother, health workers, and mother in law were the significant subjective norms in breast feeding of infants by mothers.

In general, the success of any organization depends on its employee's efforts and job satisfaction. Thus this study conducted to investigate job satisfaction and its related factors among health centers staff in Gonbad kavus city in 2014.
This descriptive/cross-sectional study was carried out on 151 staff working at health centers of Gonbad kavus city in 2014. Subjects were selected through stratified random sampling. To collect Data, two demographic characteristics check-list and Brayfield and Rothe's job satisfaction questionnaire were used. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software.
Mean age of subjects was 35.9±6.2 years old. Most of them were female (58.3%) and married (88.7%). Mean score of job satisfaction was 57.5± 11.4 of 90. There was significant relationship between job satisfaction and individual's viewpoint to family income level (P0.05).
Since job satisfaction among health center staff was at moderate level, it is suggested to improve job satisfaction and quality level of services through appropriate payment system.

Self-Esteem is a durable and stable evaluation of one's self and has been the subject of many researches of the recent decades. The aim of the current study was the self-esteem assessment among college students of health and paramedic schools of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in 2013-14 academic years. In this cross-sectional study, 360 college students who were recruited through census completed the Copper Smith Self-Esteem questionnaire along with selected demographic variables. Gathered data were entered in SPSS 17 and were analyzed using non parametric, spearman rank correlation, and binary logistic regression tests. Alpha level was considered significant at 0.05. Eighty-three point one percent were females and 81.4% were unmarried. Based on the study majors, 25.6% were studying in public health and 87.8% mentioned that they had chosen their majors in order to continue their educations. The mean score and SD of self-esteem was 35.91±7.12 ranging from 9-49. In General, 332 people (92.2%) had high levels of self-esteem. Binary logistic regression revealed that living with family and enjoying studying in the university were the best predictors of high self-esteem (P<0.05). The findings of the current study indicated that the majority of students had high levels of self-esteem. Being interested in their fields of study and living with family have protective effects on student's self-esteem. Continues efforts for increasing the self-esteem of the students should be considered to help them adapt to life situations and improve their problem solving skills.

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in hospitals is a major problem. This study was done with the aim of determining impact of the educational intervention on adherence to guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis before surgeries in Alejalil hospital in Aq-Qala city,2012. This quasi experimental and one blind study was done on surgeons. Proportional of performed surgical by each physician, 125 records during the month before the intervention and 125 other surgical records after the intervention were selected. Information including indication, type of antibiotic, dose, time of administration of first dose and route of antibiotic administration based on patient records were compared with Ministry of Health guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis. The intervention consisted of meeting with surgeons and sending guideline to them. Data were analyzed using PASW18 software and Chi-square and Wilcoxon test. Before the intervention, in 82.4% of surgeries and after the intervention, in 91.2% of surgeries, indication were correctly, also type of antibiotic (from 80% to 89.6%), dose (from 32% to 79.2%) and adherence to the guideline in all cases (from 32% to 79.2%) significantly had improved (P<0.05). The time and route of antibiotic administration before and after intervention was correct for all patients. Interventions based on Managed Care guidelines on the proper administration of antibiotics were effective. It is suggested that educational interventions planned in collaboration with physicians occurred to improve antibiotic prescribing.

Mammography is one of the best methods for early detection and appropriate treatment of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate stages of mammography adoption and its relationship to perceived threat and fatalism beliefs among Turkmen women. In this descriptive study, 558 Turkmen women over 40 years old living in Gonbade-Qabous and Turkmen districts were selected through systematic clustered sampling. Data were gathered using perceived threat section of Champion Health Belief Scale, Rakowski mammography stage adoption questionnaire and fatalism beliefs questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whithney, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests, throgh SPSS 15 software. From all studied samples, 479 women (85.5%) were in pre-contemplation stage, 65 ones (11.6%) were in contemplation stage, 12 ones (2.2%) were in action stage and 2 women (0.4%) were in maintenance stage. None of them were in relapse stage. Mammography adoption stage showed significant relationship with job, city of residence, educational level and history of breast cancer in first degree relatives. Mean score of perceived susceptibility increased along transition stages, but not significantly. Meanwhile, fatalism score decreased along transition stages but this decrease was not significant. The majority of Turkmen women had inappropriate practice in regard to mammography. Also, their perceived susceptibility toward breast cancer was low, while their fatalism beliefs were high.

Background and

Studies show many factors affecting the way of using health services. we can make people behave towards achieving the goals leading to population health promotion by identifying the effective factors on the selection and behavior prediction.The purpose of this paper was to modeling of healthcare costs and other characteristics and social factors-demographic on the way people use healthcare provider system.

This applied study is an analytical descriptive cross-sectional study. The data of this paper was based on the” utilitization schema of health services in the country"that were collected in1387. Totally, 2141 observation of outpatients were analyzed with NLOGIT software. Then, the two-level nested logit was fitted to the data.

None of the variables related to income levels, gender, family size, having insurance has impact on the utility of alternatives (P> 0.05). Living in villages and households, respectively, each with a coefficient equal to 7.3 and 9.2 had the maximum weight impact and then the age levels 20-34 and children 2-11 each with a coefficient equal to 1.7 and 1.5, and also married, cost and time, had the greatest influence on the probability of selection. So, whichever, the coefficient was equal to 1(P< 0.05).

It seems that we need a more precise monitoring management of health insurance payment mechanism and also a fair distribution of services based on geographic area. Due to a more satisfying family physician scheme, improving the quality of services provided by the executors of this scheme is essential. Increasing society’s knowledge through training media about the disadvantages of self-care necessary to eliminate the self-care culture.

Introduction/literature review/ one of the influencing factors in entrepreneurship is entrepreneurs'' motivations. Some studieshave shown that men and women become entrepreneurs with different motivations. However، entrepreneurs'' motivations in the industry sector، especially consideringthe sex factor، have been less studied. This study aims to identify similarities and differences in women and men entrepreneurs'' motivations usinga mix method research in a sample of entrepreneurs in the industry sector atthe Golestan province this is a mix method of qualitative exploratory research in order to identify entrepreneurs'' motivations. Data was gathered by deep interviews with 20 entrepreneurs. Then، a quantitative descriptive study was undertakenin order to compare and prioritize women and men entrepreneurs'' motivations based on data gatheredthrougha predefined questionnaire. Results/discussion/analysis: the results of the qualitative study showed that entrepreneurs'' motivations in the industry sector are earning money، creating jobs، opportunity exploitation، helping the society، proving competencies، internal satisfaction، and independence. The results also showedthat there is asignificant difference between women and men entrepreneurs for two motivations of «proving competencies» and «earning money». These results help policy makers to further focus on the development of women''s entrepreneurship in Iran.