فهرست مطالب هاجر ضیایی هزارجریبی

Lophomoniasis is a relatively common emerging parasitic disease caused by a pathogenic protozoan called Lophomonas, which mostly affects the lower respiratory tract (lungs and bronchi) of humans. The parasite lives symbiotically in the digestive system of insects such as cockroaches and mites. Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba that has two forms of trophozoite and cyst in its life cycle. The respiratory system and airways serve as passage and deployment sites for a wide range of non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, making it a suitable place for the entry and spread of different species of Acanthamoeba amoeba and the Lophomonas pathogen in the respiratory system, which can cause clinical manifestations similar to tuberculosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the frequency of these two parasites in sputum clinical samples from suspected tuberculosis patients referred to the tuberculosis laboratory in Babolsar City to rule out the two mentioned infections.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 201 sputum samples of people suspected of tuberculosis who were referred to the tuberculosis laboratory of Babolsar Health Center in Mazandaran province in 202-2023, and all the demographic and epidemiological information of the patients was recorded. In the morphological method, Giemsa staining was used for Lophomonas and Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Acanthamoeba. To identify the presence of Acanthamoeba, sputum samples were cultured in a 1.5% non-nutrient agar culture medium for 72 to 96 hours. Approximately 50 microliters of patients' sputum were added to the NNA medium, along with 20 microliters of trypticase-yeast extract and maltose (TYM) culture medium, and 20 microliters of an autoclaved Escherichia coli bacteria mixture to enrich the culture medium. The cultured plates were then placed in an incubator at 26ºC and checked daily under a light microscope for trophozoite growth. To accurately confirm the presence of parasites, DNA extraction was performed on the patient's sputum samples using the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method. Subsequently, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using specific primers on the extracted DNA samples.

In the study of 201 people suspected of tuberculosis, it was found that 80 individuals (39.8%) lived in urban areas and 121 individuals (60.2%) lived in rural areas. The age range of participants varied from 7 to 88 years old. There were 113 females (56.2%) and 88 males (43.8%) in the study, with 12 individuals from Afghanistan living in urban areas. Out of the 201 sputum samples examined, a total of 23 samples (11.4%) tested positive for the Lophomonas parasite using the PCR method. Among these positive cases, 7 individuals (30.4%) resided in urban areas (Babolsar), while 16 individuals (69.5%) lived in rural areas. However, none of the samples tested positive for Acanthamoeba in this study using staining and PCR methods.

The present study showed that due to the similarity of the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis and lophomoniasis, there is a possibility of mistaking these two diseases clinically. Therefore, it is recommended to check fresh sputum samples of people suspected of tuberculosis, especially in endemic areas, in terms of pulmonary lophomoniasis.

Malaria is one of the infections caused by parasites in the blood. Despite preventive measures and treatments, it is still considered as one of the health problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with malaria in the population covered by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences between 2001 and 2020.

In this descriptive study, all positive cases of malaria registered in the Patient Management Center in Mazandaran Health Department (2001-2020) were included by census. Data were obtained from Health Network and Health Deputy in Mazandaran province. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS V23.

A total of 649 patients were found, including 591 (91.1%) men. The mean age of patients was 26±10.1 years. The patients mainly aged 20-29years (49.5 per 100,000) and the lowest rate of infection was found in cases of >70 years old (6 per 1000,000). Plasmodium vivax was the most common parasite (96.6%, n=624). Malaria transmission occurred most in spring and malaria cases declined in this period.

Malaria cases showed a decreasing trend during the study period, however, socioeconomic and demographic factors could be of great value in understanding the epidemiology of the disease and predicting the foci eras.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important health problem in Iran and one of the world ̛s neglected diseases which is caused by Leishmania spp. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its associated risk factors in an endemic center in Golestan Province.

This descriptive cross-sectional study included patients with suspected CL who had been referring to the health centers of Gonbad–e Qabus town, between 2018 and 2020. Demographic and epidemiological data of CL patients were recorded and diagnosis of Leishmania spp. was made by Giemsa staining of direct smear. PCR was also used to determine and confirm the parasite species.

From 1979 suspected CL lesions, 1704(87.4%) had positive smears. 898 (52.7%) patients were male and 806 (47.3%) were female. The highest incidence rate was observed in the patients of less than 5 (25.93%) and those between 25 and 45 years of age (25.41%). In all samples in this study, Leishmania major was the only Leishmania spp detected by ITS-PCR. Also, Critidia fasciulata was identified in three patients.

The study provided valuable data concerning the epidemiologic aspects of the CL in an old endemic focus in north of Iran, which can be used as the basis for planning future control strategies.

There is a high prevalence of infections caused by Leishmania parasites and increasing rate of drug resistance. Lack of successful treatment with existing drugs calls for new therapeutic approaches. The main strategy in treatment of leishmaniasis is creating apoptosis and eliminating different forms of the parasite. So far, numerous drugs with specific mechanisms including 14-α-demethylase enzyme inhibition, inhibition of tubulin polymerization and cell division, radical formation, inhibiting the glycolytic and hydrolysis of fatty acids, and reducing the parasite's access to energy reserves such as ATP have been introduced. Moreover, different mineral compounds especially iron are needed for metabolism and survival of the parasite. This review article introduces iron-chelating compounds as a new therapeutic approach in treatment of leishmaniasis.

There are various clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and there is lack of access to diagnostic local laboratories especially in endemic regions. The present study aimed to conduct molecular examination of the typical and atypical clinical forms of CL in endemic area of Bam, Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out between 2013 and 2014. The diagnosis was performed by direct smears from skin lesions, Giemsa staining, and microscopic examination. Total DNA was extracted from positive and negative direct smears. PCR method was used to determine the genus and species of Leishmania.  In this study, 353 suspected cases of CL in Bam Health Center were investigated of whom 278 (78.7%) were positive by microscopic examination. Forty skin smears from typical lesions were positive by both PCR and microscopic examinations, but out of 40 skin smears from atypical lesions which were negative by microscopic observation, Leishmania DNA was detected in 6 (15%) samples. Leishmania tropica was identified in all positive samples. In current study, microscopy method was not found reliable enough for diagnosis of CL. Therefore, for early diagnosis of the disease PCR is recommended in negative smears of patients suspected of CL.

Background and Taxonomic identification of larval and adult stages of Taenia hydatigena from other Taenia species based on morphometric characteristics of the rostellar hooks in intermediate and definitive host is important in medical and veterinary parasitology. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena (Cysticercus tenuicollis) based on morphological characteristics of rostellar hooks isolated from sheep and goat in Mazandaran province, Iran for the first time.
This study was conducted in 100 samples of rostellar hooks of the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena isolated from sheep and goats in 2014-2015. Morphological characteristics of large and small hooks in the number and size characters were determined and measured by calibrating microscopes. Data analysis was done in SPSS applying Chi-square and One-way ANOVA.
The mean number of large and small hooks in goat and sheep isolates were 30.8±3. Morphometric characteristics of hooks in the shape and size were similar in both animal isolates. But significant differences were seen between native and nonnative isolates in mean width of large hooks length (P This study identified the larval stage of Teaina hydatigena from other species of Teaina according to characteristics of rostellar hooks, which is of great significance in taxonomic studies in parasitology.

Background and Acanthamoeba species are ubiquitous amphizoic organisms which can cause lethal diseases, such as keratitis and encephalitis in domestic animals and humans. The first stage in studies related to Acanthamoeba is achieving abundant amount of amoebae in culture medium. The aim of this study was to evaluate TYM medium as a rich medium for the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis in corneal scrapes.
In this experimental study, we used one species of Acanthamoeba that was previously genotyped. Acanthamoeba was cultured in five plates of non-nutrient agar (NNA) medium with E.coli without TYM and in five plates of non-nutrient agar containing E.coli and TYM. Amoebae growth was observed for 24 to 48 hours by invert microscope.
According to current results using TYM medium increased the growth of trophozoites 8.8 folds and amoebas can be isolated form medium after 24 to 48 hours.
Due to the significant growth of Acanthamoeba in NNA improved medium, it is recommended for agglutination and early detection of Acanthamoeba in clinical and environmental samples.

Background and Studying the different diagnostic aspects of hydatid cysts (HC) plays a major role in early diagnosis and treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of HC cases operated in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
In this descriptive study, the records of all cases with HC (n=95) who underwent surgical treatment in two educational hospitals within 11 years (2004-2015) were studied and analyzed.
The patients were found to be 53.7% females, 67.4% living in rural areas, and 28.4% were aged 51-60 years old (P The present study showed that HC still remains a health problem in Mazandaran province, especially in rural areas.

Background and Sewage sludge can supply nutrients and improve soil condition. However, presence of microorganisms, particularly parasites could cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. This study aimed at identifying parasites in the waste sludge of industrial sewage in Babolsar, north of Iran and comparing their concentration with the EPA standards.
Sampling was conducted in the sludge sewage treatment plant in one industrial town from four sludge depot during six months. Nine samples were taken from each depot. In order to identify the parasites McMaster slide was used according to Bailenger method.
This study showed that the average numbers of helminth eggs in pallets 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 4.42, 17.52, 7.65, and 7.3 per 4 grams dried sludge, respectively. The greatest numbers of helminth eggs, was associated with Toxocara and Hymenolepis diminuta.
In current investigation, the number of helminth eggs in the sludge was higher than that suggested by the EPA standards. The sludge studied was industrial, therefore, the possibility of parasitic infection caused by people is low. On the other hand, the numbers of Hymenolepis diminuta and Toxocara were high. As a result, the possibility of secondary pollution due to movement of animals is high.

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of trichomoniasis. Due to increased resistance and side effects of the drugs, the aim of this study was to assess an anti-trichomonias effect of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) essential oil and nanoemulsion on T. vaginalis in vitro.
Lavender essential oil components were characterized by gas chromatography. To determine the cytotoxicity effects, the macrophage cell line J774.A.1 was used. Trichomonas vaginalis was isolated from vaginal secretions of the infected women and then cultured in the TYM complete medium and passaged for 10 days. The effect of essential oil and 1% lavender nanoemulsion in concentrations 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL in the 24-well plate were examined at 1, 2 and 3 hours as triplicate. Positive control was metronidazole (50 μg/mL). The number of live and dead parasites was counted by trypan blue stain with a Neubauer slide.
The viability of the macrophages for lavender essential oil was 93.70% and for nanoemulsion was 90.90%. Essential oil and nanoemulsion of lavender in concentration of 100 μg/mL and during 3 hours showed 81.7% and 81.9% growth inhibitory, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant.
Lavender essential oil and nanoemulsion has a desirable inhibitory effect on growth of T.vaginalis and can be a good choice for conducting therapeutic investigations regarding trichomonial infections.

Background and There is an increasing rate of drug resistance against trichomoniasis and current drugs used in treatment of this disease have many side effects, therefore, attempts have been made to explore alternative drugs favorably from natural sources. The present study aimed at evaluating the anti-Trichomonas effect of essential oil and that of nano-emulsion of Rosmarinus officinalis on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) in vitro.
T. vaginalis reference strains were cultured in modified TYM medium. The components of rosemary essential oil were determined by gas chromatography. In addition, cytotoxicity effects of essential oils and nano-emulsions prepared from this plant were evaluated against macrophage cell line (J774.A.1). Serial concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 (μg/mL) were prepared from rosemary essential oil and nano-emulsion. Then growth inhibition rate of the parasites in different concentrations was done in triplicate within 1, 2, and 3 hours.
Rosemary essential oil and nano-emulsion had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Trichomonas and concentration of 100 μg/mL showed growth inhibition effect of 96.1% and 100% throughout 1,2 and 3 hours, respectively. Additionally, cytotoxicity assay against macrophage revealed no toxicity on the cells at 100 μg/mL.
According to the suitable anti-trichomonas activity of rosemary, this plant could be considered as a good candidate in treatment of Trichomonas infection, after complementary studies on animal model.

Background and Trichomonas vaginalis, is one the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in women. Although metronidazole is the drug of choice for trichomoniasis, but due to its side effects attempts have been made to explore an alternative drug particularly with herbal source. Therefore, this study aimed to determine in vitro activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chenopodium album (C. album) leaf on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis.
The plant (C.album) was approved in herbarium and hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared. The experiment was done using 24 wells cell culture plate. In each well, 200 µl of modified axenic TYM culture medium and 200 µl of different concentrations (5, 37, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 μg/mL) of the plant extract was added. They were incubated for 24 and 48 hours and then the plates were incubated at 37 ° C. The experiment was performed as a double blind design and in triplicate. Then growth inhibition percent (GI%) of the parasites was evaluated in both times and in different concentrations of plant leaf extract.
Compared with metronidazole, the 600 and 1200 μg/mL concentrations of hydro alcoholic leaf extracts of C. album showed 96% and 100% inhibitory effects on the growth of trophozoeites of T. vaginalis in 48 hours, respectively.
C. album as an herbal native plant with ant-trichomonas activity is favorable and could be a candidate for in vivo researches on trichomoniasis in future.

Background and Blastocystis hominis is a common intestinal protozoon with worldwide distribution. The prevalence of this parasite varies between different countries. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of Blastocystis in individuals attending health centers in Sari, Iran, 2014.
We conducted a descriptive study in which 420 stool samples were obtained. Samples were examined using direct method, parasite test (formalin-ether), and Giemsa staining.
The samples included 245 males and 175 females. Among the male and female patients 48 (11.4%) and 12 (2.8%) were Blastocystis positive, respectively.The overall prevalence of Blastocystis hominis was 14.3%. Significant relationships were observed between the prevalence of Blastocystis and gender, age, occupation, contact with animals, educational level, and place of residency (P Enhancing the individual and public levels of health knowledge, improving environmental health and safety of water supplies could help in reducing the rate of Blastocystis infection. Clinical investigation of human cases, identifying subtypes of parasites and further studies to determine the factors affecting the virulence of the parasite are recommended for future studies.

Background and Saponaria officinalis is a plant from the caryophyllaceae family and there are some contradictory reports about its antimicrobial effects. Metronidazole is commonly used in treatment of trichomoniasis but it has several side effects. On the other hand, finding an alternative drug from natural sources is very important. This study aimed at evaluating the hydroalcoholic extract of Saponaria officinalis leaf plant on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.
The plant was approved in herbarium and hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared. The experiment was done using 24 wells cell culture plate. In each well, 200 microliter of TYM culture medium and 200 microliter of different concentrations of plant extract was added. Also metronidazole was added to positive control well. Then 100 µl TYM were added to all wells containing 500,000 parasites and the plates were incubated at 37 ° C. The experiment was performed as double blind and triplicate. The mean number of the parasites in different concentrations and times and effect of the extract were recorded.
The number of parasites in 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 micrograms per ml of the extract, during 24, 48, and 72 hr increased compared to the negative controls, while no growth of parasite was observed in positive controls (containing Metronidazole).
Saponaria officinalis leaf extract caused growth stimulation and increased the number of Trichomonas vaginalis, therefore, it could be used for mass cultivation of the parasite in vitro. However, further investigations are needed in future.

Background and Dicroceliasis is a common disease in ruminants caused by various species of Dicrocoelium. This parasite is seen communally in bile ducts and gallbladder of ruminants and sometimes accidentally in humans. The parasite is considered to be important from both economic and veterinary aspects since it has a direct impact on liver damage and results in significant loss of protein in human diet because infected livers are removed in slaughterhouses. This parasite is prevalent in Iran, so, this study was performed to determine the rate of dicrocoeliasis infection in Iran. We sought to conduct a systematic review of articles published on some databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, IranMedex, Scopus, SID, IranDoc and Magiran, between 2000-2015. Our search resulted in a total of 15 reports published about the prevalence of dicrocoeliasis infection. The random effect model was used for this meta-analysis. The relative prevalence rate of dicrocoelium was 3.1% (2.2-4.2%) in sheeps, 1.3% (0.9-1.9%) in goats, and 2.1% (1.1-3.5%) in cows. This study revealed high prevalence of dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animal in Iran, therefore, it is necessary to follow hygiene procedures in washing vegetables and adequate monitoring are also needed in Iranian abattoirs to ensure the infected livers are removed.

Background and Sewage sludge can contain heavy metals. This study aimed at investigating the effect of cow manure as bulking agent on concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper and lead) during municipal sewage sludge vermicomposting and compares that with standard levels. In an experimental research, vermicompost was produced by mixing sewage sludge and cow manure using earthworms (Eisenia Foetida species). Composting process was conducted in 27 pilots for three months. The heavy metals concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in the vermicomposting process. Then, data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and statistical test of Repeated Measured ANOVA. In all pilots the heavy metals concentration decreased with increasing vermicomposting time. Reduction in Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb concentration values in the vermicompost produced from mixture of sewage sludge and cow manure was found 50% higher than other pilots. The concentration of heavy metals of in terms of kind of composted material decreased significantly in all pilots (P<0.05). Concentration of heavy metals for the number of worms also decreased in all pilots but this decrease was not found to be significant (P>0.05). Therefore, a compost produced by a mixture of 50% sewage sludge, 50% cow manure and 40 Eisenia Foetida in 1.2 Kg could have a higher quality in terms of heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals was lower than the standard levels set by Iranian national (class I and II), WHO and US Environmental Protection Agency. The use of cow dung as a cheap and available bulking agent is recommended in vermicomposting of sewage sludge.

Background and Trichomoniasis، is a protozon infection in lower urinary reproductive tract with various prevalence rate in different populations. In this study we investigated that as a neglected parasitic disease in Women''s Clinic attending Teaching Hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive study was performed in 1900 samples during 2006 - 2014. Active and passive case finding was conducted at 400 patients and 1500 archived smears، respectively. After preparing a demographical check list، the wet smears of vaginal specimens and Pap smears were microscopically examined. For molecular confirmation of positive samples the nested PCR was performed. To analyze the data chi-square test was applied in using SPSS V. 19. A total of 1900 samples were analyzed in this study of which 21 (1. 1%) were infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. The 1100 bp band corresponding actin gene T. vaginalis was successfully amplified. Also، 64. 7% of positive samples had trichomoniasis، candidiasis and bacterial co infections. The prevalence of infection was higher in those aged 35-44 years of old. The results showed that prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was relatively low in studied area. But، the disease is regarded as neglected among women aged 35 to 44 years of old. Therefore، further investigations are recommended among this age group.

Culture, microscopic method is a gold standard method for identification of Lishmania parasite. The use of Molecular methods such as RT- PCR compared to microscopic methods has a higher sensitivity and specificity; however, it is not widely used due to its expensive equipment and the time requested. The use of nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) method is highly valuable for diagnosis of live parasite because there is no need for to use Thermo cycler. We aimed to assess sensitivity and specificity of NASBA for molecular detection of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. First, the RNA was extracted from 28 skin biopsies suspected cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Then, by means of specific primers designed for 18srRNA region, this region was amplified using NASBA isothemal amplification. To increase the sensitivity, the product was electroforesed in TBE (IX) buffer, using Syber Gold Flourecent probes. Using specific primers, RT- PCR was conducted on the samples too. For diagnosis of Leishmania parasites, NASBA and RT-PCR had the sensitivity of 81% and 51%, respectively, and specificity of 100%. NASBA isothermal method with high sensitivity and specificity can be applied for identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Background and Previous Research shows the use of plasmids containing genes TSA to be useful as vaccines for Leishmania major. Recently, the role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in tissue repair has been demonstrated. In this research, the effect of IL-22 on encoding TSA gene of Leishmania major in BALB/c mice was assessed. pcDNA3 plasmid containing the gene encoding TSA protein (pcTSA) of Leishmania major, along with the cytokine IL-22 was used. 60 BALB/c mice were divided to 4 groups of 15. Control groups received pcDNA3 and PBS and a group was vaccinated intramuscularly with the TSA gene containing plasmid. Fourth group received plasmid containing the gene for the TSA and IL-22 protein. IL-4 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels (MTT test) were used to evaluate the cellular immunity and IgG2a, IgG1 and Total IgG levels [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method] to evaluate the humoral immunity. Measuring the diameter of the lesions and the age and weight of the mice was performed. The simultaneous use of plasmid containing the gene encoding protein TSA and IL-22 significantly increased the mean level of IFN-γ and reduced the mean level of IL-4 compared to the other groups. While the mortality rate at 27th week after intervention was 100 % in the control group, the surveillance rates of pcTSA and pcTSA + IL-22 groups were 80%. pcTSA + IL-22 group had the highest weight in 30th week. pcTSA + IL-22 group had significantly smaller lesions compared to control and pcTSA groups. Results show the efficacy of pcTSA + IL-22 in improving the vaccination of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Background and Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix caused by different pathogen agents. Parasites may ectopically enter the appendix and make a verminous appendicitis. The present study aims at investigating the frequency of verminous appendicitis in appendectomies done in two hospitals (Imam Khomeini and BooAli Hospitals). Moreover، the relationship between the vermin and the inflammation of the appendix with demographic factors will be studied. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، all appendectomized samples collected from the two hospitals in a 5-year period were investigated. Pathologic slides of the appendices were studied to determine the type of pathological lesions and parasites. The diagnosis was done based on microanatomy of helminthes inside the appendices. Among the 2135 examined appendices، 31 cases (1. 45%) were found to be verminous and the rest، 2104 (98. 55%)، were inverminous. The identified parasites included Enterobius vermicularis (1. 40%) and Taenia sp. (0. 046%). Furthermore، 23 (74. 19%) of the infected cases had inflammation، while 8 (25. 81%) didn’t. The verminous appendicitis was found to be more prevalent among patients with less than 10 years old (4. 10%). The results showed the role of parasitic infections causing appendicitis، but lack of inflammation in some parasitic appendicitis needs to be investigated in future.

ÏL22 is the family member of ÏL10 that is created by Th17، Th22، NK cells and recently the role of Ïl22 in protection and inherent defense mechanisms، in the control of bacterial and viral infection، homeostasis and repair tissue has been demonstrated. So in this research the effect of Ïl22 treatment on lesion originated from L-major in BÂLB/c mice has been survived.

24 female BÂLB/c mice for 8 weeks old at least 2x10 6 Promastigotes of L-Major Ïraninan standard strain MR HÔ/ÏR/75/ËR in stationary phase through 100 micro liter subcutaneous challenged and in three of eight groups of mice has been injected by 5ng/ml and 10ng/ml (ÏM) with recombinant ÏL22. Ïmmunity cellular and homoral with assessment cytokines ÏL 4

ÏFN-ɤ، cultures spleen lymphocyte cells and survey of ÏgG2a، ÏgG Total with Ëlisa method and MTT method and clinical study measuring the wound healing and lifespan of mice and death registration was done. Çonclusion: The study conclusion indicated that the growth of ulcer especially has been reduced in ÏL-22 groups and the greatest effect in ÏL-22 (5ng) group. ÏL-22 (5ng) has caused the increased production of، ÏFN- ɤ and the reduced ÏL4. The LSD test has shown that، ÏFN- ɤ، ÏGg Total with P<0. 05 significant in ÏL22-5ng groups rather than other groups and ÏL4 with P<0. 05 non significant in ÏL22-5ng but significant with other groups. ÏGg2a in ÏL22-5ng with P<0. 05 is not significant with ÏL22-10ng groups. but significant with other groups. MTT ÏL22-5ng is significant with other groups. We can infer that increasing ÏFN-ɤ and reducing ÏL4 by ÏL22-5ng has caused the protective immunity in L-major، so if it is used with the anti leishmania drug combined may have effective results in treatment.

Background and Parasitical diseases are a common problem in developing countries. Different shapes of parasite such as cyst, larva and egg are carried from vegetables. Leaves of Allbezia contain saponin constituents, which is effective on surface tension reduction, and is preferred to chemical washer.This research was designed to study the extracted effect of removal from vegetable and its comparison with disinfectant commercial detergent in Sari city. Leaves aqueous extract (5, 10, 15, and 20) was prepared from the Allbezia julibrissin by maceration method, then 100 gram of parsley vegetable sample was taken randomly from shopping center. The sample was placed in contact with aqueous extract for 0 and 15 minutes according to the WHO guidelines. Then, the effluent was centrifuged and evaluated qualitatively and quantitavely for parasite decontamination by Mac- Master counting slid, (0/3mm). In addition to parasite, the contamination by commercial detergent (10%) was performed with contact times 0 and 15 minutes and also pure water as blank.Maximum parasite decontamination by aqueous extract and commercial detergent 10 % at 0 minute contact time was obtained 2306 and 97 parasites eggs, respectively. Also, maximum parasite decontamination by watery extract and commercial detergent 10 % and blank water at 15 minute contact time was obtained 3022,11,64 parasite ova, respectively. In this research, the best parasites decontamination range by aqueous extract was obtained at all concentration with contact time of 15 minutes.Quantitatively, rate of parasite ova decontamination from vegetables sample by aqueous extract of Allbezia in all concentration and 15 contact times was more than the commercial washer.

Considering the high prevalence of Tricomonas vaginalis (TV) in women and the known side effects of metronidazol, herbal drug therapy in order to reduce drug side effects has been considered increasingly in recent decades. This study was done to determine the effect of Artemisia aucheri Boiss, Zataria multiflora Boiss and Myrtus communis L. on Trichomonas vaginalis. This study was done on samples extracted from 100 patients with vaginitis due to Trichomona. The parasite was isolated from vagina and determined directly. Identification was done through direct smear preparation. Parasite was added to the 5 test tubes containing Dorse medium, metronidazole. dimethyl sulfoxaide (DMSO), Artemisia, Zataria and Myrtus extraction with concentration of 0.1, 0.01 ml in order to determine the effect of these concentrations within 72 hour. Trichomonas could be alived in Dorse medium for 72 hours, in presence of metronidazole for one hour and in Dorse medium for 6 hours. Also, methonolic extracts of Artemisia are effective at concentration of 0.1 after one hour and 0,01 after 4 hours of the inoculation. Methanolic extracts of Zataria at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 and the Myrtus extract at concentration of 0.1 are effective at beginning of inoculation but the Myrtus extract at concentration of 0.01 is effective after one hour. Considering the acceptable effect of metanolic extracts of these plants on trichomonas in in-vitro conditions, it is recommended that, the therapeutic effects of the substances from these plants to be studied in in vivo conditions and in case of having positive effect to be used as a drug.

Considering the high prevalence of Tricomonas vaginalis (TV) in women and the known side effects of Metronidazol, the focus has been concentrated on herbal therapy in order to reduce drug side- effects in the recent decades.

To determine of M.communis effect on Trichmonas Vaginalis infection.

This study has been carried out as double blind in test and control groups. Methanolic extraction was performed by percolation and essential oil prepared by hydrodistillation. The parasite was isolated from vagina and determined directly. Samples were collected from vaginal discharges. Identification were done through direct smear preparation. Parasite was added to the 5 test tubes containing Drosse medium, metronidazole, Dimethyl sulfoxaide (DMSO) myrtus extraction with concentration of (0.1, 0.01 ml and essential oil with concentrations of (0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.004, 0.0002 and 0.0001) in order to determine the effect of these concentrations within 72 hours.

Findings suggested that Trichomonas could be alive in Drosse medium for 72 hours, in presence of Metronidazole for one hour and in Drosse medium for 6 hours. Also, the results revealed that methanolic extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 0,01 and essential oil at concentrations of 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0004 were effective at the beginning of the inoculation and at concentrations of 0.0002 and 0.0001 after 2 and 9 hours respectively.

Considering the significant effect of essential oil and methanolic extract of M.communis on Trichomonas in-vitro condition, it is recommended that the therapeutic effects of the substance from this plant be studied in- vitro condition and if having positive effect, to be used as a drug.