هومن مینونژاد

Ankle injury is one of the most common sports and daily life injuries. Usually, in 15%–60% of cases, Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) occurs after the initial sprain of the ankle. People with FAI have different muscle recruitment patterns and neuromuscular firing rates than healthy people. The human body relies on three sensory systems to maintain balance: vision, somatosensory, and vestibular. Information obtained from weight can be united by all three systems in the central nervous system, and balance can be established. Virtual reality technology is a new way to create more visual impairment and instability. By providing unreal visual cues, virtual reality makes the central nervous system rely on somatosensory and vestibular to maintain balance. This study aims to investigate the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles in feedback and feedforward phases with and without using virtual reality in male badminton players with and without FAI.

The current research method was quasi–experimental. The statistical population of this research comprised Badminton athletes aged 15 to 18 who were playing at the professional level. Thirty Badminton players were divided into two groups with and without ankle instability, and each group included 15 subjects. The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (Hiller et al., 2006) was used to diagnose FAI. The group with FAI received a Cumberland questionnaire score of 0 to 27, and the control group received a score of 27 to 30. The Anterior Drawer of the Ankle Test was performed to ensure the absence of mechanical instability, and if the participants showed mechanical instability, they were excluded from the research. Motion Lab System MA400 (DTU) device was used to measure the electrical activity of muscles, and the F–RG model electrode was made by Skintact. The electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles in the feedforward and feedback phases was studied using virtual reality. After checking the normality of the data, the independent t test and Man–Whitney U test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS 27.

The independent t test and Man–Whitney U test results showed a significant difference in the feedforward and feedback phases between the groups with FAI and without FAI regarding the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus muscles activities (p<0.05). When using Virtual Reality in the feedforward phase, there is a significant difference between the tibialis anterior (p=0.003) and lateral gastrocnemius muscles (p<0.001) in the group with and without FAI when using virtual reality. It should be noted that the activity of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscle in the group without functional instability of the ankle in the feedforward phase was higher than the group with FAI. Also, a significant difference was observed in the feedback phase in the tibialis anterior (p=0.006) and the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (p<0.001) between the group with and without ankle functional instability. It should be noted that the activity of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscle in the group without ankle functional instability in the feedback phase was higher than in the group with ankle functional instability. Also, there is no significant difference between the FAI and non–FAI groups regarding peroneus longus. 

According to the results, virtual reality can change the electromyography activity of the ankle muscles. There are changes in the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius muscle when using virtual reality between athletes with and without FAI, indicating the effect of virtual reality on the electromyographic activity of ankle muscles in these people.

Volleyball has a high potential for shoulder dyskinesia due to the repetitive nature of it’s movements, so the aim was to investigate electromyography analysis of shoulder girdle muscle in male volleyball players with different types of scapular dyskinesia while performing a floater serve.

The current research method is the causal-comparative type. 41 volleyball players were selected non-randomly and purposefully and were divided into three groups (n=13 Pattern I, n=13 Pattern II, n=13 without scapulae dyskinesia). Electromyography of serratus anterior, upper, middle, and lower trapezius was evaluated while performing a floater serve using MyoMuscle.

  The results showed that during the acceleration phase of the serving, there was a significant difference in EMG of the upper trapezius (p=0.009) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern II and no-dyskinesia, and there was a significant difference in EMG of serratus anterior (p=0.007) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern I and no-dyskinesia,

It seems that during the acceleration phase, volleyball players with pattern II experienced an abnormal increase in upper trapezius activity and inhibition of the middle trapezius activity, while probably volleyball players with pattern I experience inhibition the activity of the middle trapezius and serratus anterior.

Ultrasonography can be a suitable tool for measuring the muscle thickness of people with scoliosis. In the present study, the reliability and validity of ultrasonography for measuring the muscle thickness of people with idiopathic scoliosis are investigated.

 The method of this study was a systematic review. Based on this, a search was conducted in scientific databases of SID, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, ISI and PubMed on articles examining ultrasonography’s reliability and validity for measuring muscle thickness in people with idiopathic scoliosis. The search keywords were “Reliability and Validity of Ultrasonography+Validity of Ultrasonography+ Reliability of Ultrasonography+Adolescence Idiopathic Scoliosis+Cross-section Muscles+Muscles.” Finally, the articles were entered into Endnote. In the selected studies, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the reliability and validity of ultrasonography for measuring the thickness of all muscles of people with idiopathic scoliosis were investigated. 

 After reviewing the articles based on the inclusion criteria, 17 articles with 792 samples were selected. The methodological quality of the studied articles was confirmed with a modified criterion taken from Downs and Black (1989). As the findings show, the accepted criteria or level of reliability and validity and corresponding ICC threshold values could be found in most studies but were somewhat heterogeneous. Confidence intervals (CI) (typically 95%) have been reported along with the ICC in all studies.

 According to the results, ultrasonography is a valid and reliable imaging method for evaluating the thickness of the muscles of people with idiopathic scoliosis.

The lower limb has been reported as the most common anatomical site for gymnastics injury, which mainly includes ankle sprains; Therefore, this study aimed to predict the internal risk factors of ankle functional instability in gymnast girls aged 11-16.

The current research was applied and descriptive. First, 35 female gymnasts aged 11-16 with ankle functional instability in jump-landing and landing skills and 35 healthy gymnasts were selected. The Cumberland Functional Instability Questionnaire was used to identify athletes with ankle functional instability. Dynamometer, goniometer and Y test were used to measure ankle strength, ankle range of motion and dynamic balance. SPSS23 software and logistic regression and Pearson correlation tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between ankle range of motion and muscle strength (inversion and eversion) and dynamic balance in different directions with ankle functional instability. However, there is no significant relationship between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion muscle strength with ankle functional instability.

it seems that among the internal factors of ankle instability injury, the variables of evertor muscle strength, range of motion of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, and balance in the external posterior direction have a significant contribution in the regression model, and the four variables of the strength of evertor muscles, range of motion of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, and the Y test In the posters-external direction, they can predict the occurrence of ankle functional instability.

Change in scapula normal kinematic and scapula-thoracic rhythm cause scapulae dyskinesia. Scapulae Dyskinesia is defined as abnormal position and movement of scapula. The prevalence of scapulae dyskinesia in volleyball players and the resulting muscular dysfunction in these players have made present paper to study isokinetic strength of shoulder internal and external rotator muscles in volleyball players with and without scapulae dyskinesia.

30 volleyball players aged 18 to 25 with experience of playing in one of the top three leagues (Premier League, First Division League, Omid League) were selected non-randomly and purposefully and were divided into two groups of 15 players with and without scapulae dyskinesia. Isokinetic Dynamometer system was used to measure maximum concentric torque of shoulder internal rotators and maximum eccentric torque of shoulder external rotators during 90º arm abduction at a speed of 60 and 120 degree per second. Date were analyzed using Multivariate Analyze of Variance (MANOVA) test at the significance level α ≤ 0.05.

Maximum eccentric torque of shoulder external rotators and functional strength of dominant leg were significantly lower in volleyball players with scapulae dyskinesia. However, 2 groups did not have significant difference in maximum concentric torque of shoulder internal rotators.

Volleyball players with scapulae dyskinesia had more muscular balance deficiency between internal and external rotator muscle of shoulder. So that these players may have probably insufficient eccentric strength at shoulder external rotators and this insufficiency may result in decrease of shoulder functional strength.

Athletes with nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) may have different kinematic patterns during cutting maneuver compared with healthy individuals. To investigate the kinematic risk patterns of anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) during an unexpected cutting maneuver in athletes with non-specific CLBP and compare it with those without nonspecific CLBP athletes. Twenty female athletes (10 with nonspecific CLBP and 10 without nonspecific CLBP) participated in this study. All participants engaged in sports whose common movements included cutting maneuvers. Participants performed an unanticipated cutting maneuver based on the direction in which the visual stimulus was shown by the examiner. A three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to collect the data on the knee and trunk flexion, knee valgus and tibia rotation on the femur at initial contact and peak value. Kinematic data were processed by Nexus software. An independent t-test was used in SPSS software at a significance level of 5% to compare variables between two groups. The results showed that peak trunk flexion, trunk flexion at initial contact, and peak knee valgus were significant between the two groups during the cutting maneuver. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in other variables. The results of this research indicated some kinematic pattern alterations in individuals with non-specific CLBP during the unanticipated cutting maneuver. Therefore, to prevent secondary injuries and exacerbation of back pain in athletes, it is recommended to take the non-specific CLBP of athletes into account and investigate the possible causes of its occurrence and treatment.

 The injury significantly disrupts the performance of the individual and the team and the prevention should be the priority of training programs. To design prevention programs, the first step is to identify risk factors. The joint position sense is one of these factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of muscle stretching interventions on the sense of the position of the lower limbs with an injury prevention approach.

 The keywords of this review were investigated on 24 September by two researchers in the electronic databases of Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, elmnet, Magiran, SID. The quality of the articles was checked by the Downs and Black checklist. Statistical analysis was done with the help of CMA software and Q- test was used to check the homogeneity of data and I2 was used to estimate the percentage of heterogeneity. Also, Funnel Plot and Egger - test were used to evaluate the risk of bias in the articles, and trim - and - fill method was used if the was a possibility of bias.

 Out of 7487 studies found in selected databases, 25 ones were selected after reviewing the title and abstract, and 10 articles were included in the study after reviewing the full text. The results indicated that stretching exercises do not affect the joint position sense of the knee and ankle.

 It seems that stretching does not have a significant effect on the ankle and knee joint position sense. Considering that the duration of stretching in most studies was short, duration of stretching was one of the important reasons for the non - significance of the stretching. Therefore, more studies with longer periods of time are needed.

Nowadays, lifestyle changes have led to non-structural musculoskeletal disorders. Various methods are used to correct these disorders, such as techniques with a local perspective on the disorder and its correction and techniques focused on the cerebral cortex. This study aims to review the studies that have addressed the role of the cerebral cortex, postural awareness, and used methods in correcting postural disorders.

In this review study, the search was conducted for relevant papers published from 2005 to 2020 in Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SID, and Academic Search. Of 70 papers found in the initial search, 20 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were reviewed.

In the present study, Some studies examined the cortical map and body representation in the brain (BRIB), muscle behavior, and movement patterns and suggested a reciprocal relationship between BRIB and muscle behavior. According to some studies, the inconsistency of BRIB with the actual state of the body led to improper control of posture and, consequently, poor posture. Some other studies suggested a relationship between postural awareness and muscle dysfunction, followed by poor posture.

Although studies have acknowledged the role of the cerebral cortex and body representation (Homunculus) in correcting and achieving an optimal posture, there are lack of studies on the techniques for improving this representation and its effect on correcting postural abnormalities.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is one of the spinal deformities with unknown causes that contributes to 80-85% of scoliosis cases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an integrative corrective exercise program on the severity of scoliosis in girls with AIS.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest/follow-up design. Thirty-two girls (Mean age: 13.97±2.25 years; mean height: 153.97±7.978 cm, mean weight: 52.03±6.23 kg) with AIS (C-shaped thoracic deviation in the frontal plane) participated in the study. They were randomly divided into the exercise and control groups. The Cobb angle was measured by the radiography method. All measurements were performed before, immediately after, and 12 weeks after the exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine within-group differences, and analysis of covariance was used for between-group differences.

The mean Cobb angle at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases were 15.8, 16.60, and 16.85 degrees in the control group and 16.04, 11.26, and 11.01 degrees in the exercise group, respectively, indicating a significant improvement in the Cobb angle in the exercise group compared to the control group over time (P<0.05); this improvement maintained for 12 weeks.

The integrated corrective exercise program, by using selected exercises, can reduce the degree of Cobb angle in females with AIS. The use of this program is recommended for adolescents.

Ai Chi is a new method of aquatic therapy and recommended in the rehabilitation of ankle injuries. Effect of the new Aichi method in the rehabilitation of ankle injuries is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of Ai Chi exercises on balance, ankle joint proprioception and performance in elite female athletes with functional ankle instability.”

A total of 30 female volleyball, basketball, and handball players with functional ankle instability were divided into two groups of control (n=15; age: 21.9±1.22 years, height: 164.54±4.05 cm, weight: 61.19±7.40 kg, and BMI: 21.84±1.8 kg/m2) and training (n=15; age: 22.53±1.71 years, height: 165.07±5.18 cm, and weight: 59.45±8.82 kg, and BMI: 21.87±1.17 kg/m2). Before and after the exercise, the BIODEX balance system was used to evaluate the balance, a goniometer was used for proprioception evaluation, and the figure 8 hop test and side-to-side hop test were used to evaluate the performance. The training group performed Ai Chi exercises for eight weeks (twice per week, each for 30-60 min). Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to examine the between-group and within-group differences.

Ai Chi exercises improved between-group and within-group changes of static and dynamic balance, proprioception, and performance in female athletes (P˂0.05).

Female athletes’ balance, proprioception and performance can be improved by performing Ai Chi exercises in water. Therefore, the use of these aquatic exercises is recommended along with other training methods, since they challenges the physiological systems involved in balance.

The Prone Hip Extension test (PHE) is used to evaluate the quality of motor control in the lumbopelvic region. Because of the similarity of this test to the walking and running pattern, it seems that muscle interaction in this test is important in hamstring injury. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of changing the activation patterns of muscles in prone hip extension on kinematical variables affecting hamstring injury. 28 male soccer players participated in this study. The prone hip extension test was used to evaluate and classify subjects, and based on the activation pattern, they were divided into two groups: normal pattern (N=14) and altered pattern (N=14). We used the Myon electromyography device to evaluate the prone hip extension test muscles activation pattern. Also, the kinematic evaluation of running was done on a treadmill at a speed of 20 km/h. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional video analyses were used to extract kinematic data (pelvic tilt, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk flexion). The range of motion in a running cycle and the amount of each variable at the moment of initial foot contact were used. An Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. The results of this research showed that there is a significant difference in the amount of trunk lateral flexion (p= 0/002), and trunk flexion (p= 0/024) at the moment of the initial foot contact and the range of motion of trunk lateral flexion (p=0/019), and trunk flexion (p=0/035) and pelvic tilt (p=0/008) in a running cycle between the changed pattern group and the normal group. The results of this research showed that changing the pattern of muscle activation in the prone hip extension test can increase the risk of a hamstring injury.

Like other martial arts sports, Jiu-Jitsu is associated with injuries due to its high intensity, competitiveness, and training methods. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, mechanism, type, time, and severity of injuries in Iranian male Jiu-Jitsu athletes.

This is a descriptive and retrospective study. The study population consists of all elite male Jiu-Jitsu athletes in Iran in 2021, of whom 168 athletes over 18 years were selected. A researcher-made injury report form was used to survey the injuries experienced during competitions or training in the past year. The chi-square test was used to examine the differences in the multilevel variables, and the proportion test was used to examine the differences in the two-level nominal variables.

The results showed a significant difference among the athletes in terms of the type of injury, mechanism of injury, severity of injury, incidence rate in anatomical areas, incidence rate in four general areas of the body, time of injury during training and competitions, and Jiu-Jitsu style (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Fighting, and Kata). The most common mechanism of injury was the maximum pressure on the joint; the most common type of injury was dislocation/partial dislocation, and the least common type was brain injury; the injuries were mostly mild or moderate; most of the injuries occurred in the knee and shoulder joints; the prevalence of injuries was higher during training than during competitions, and those in Brazilian jiu-jitsu style report more injuries.

Given the epidemiology of Injuries in Iranian male Jiu-Jitsu athletes, planning is needed to minimize injuries. Coaches and athletes should try to reduce the rate of injuries, by developing injury prevention programs.

Injury surveillance studies are essential factors in protecting the athlete's health. Minimum data set is a standard evaluation tool used during the data collection process to ensure that decision makers have access to a uniform set of information.  The purpose of this study was to create a set of minimum data to record a large number of sports injuries from community and amateur sports that can be used to develop a standard surveillance system in Iran.

The sport injuries minimum data set was developed through a four-stage process: 1. Systematic review, 2. Classification of the data elements, 3. Validation of the data elements using the Delphi technique, 4. Determination of the accessibility of data elements using focus group discussion.

A systematic review identified 1905 eligible articles that were relevant to the objectives of the study. From this number of articles 15 articles had all the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 101 data elements were subsequently extracted from these articles. The data elements were classified by five experts and validated by two rounds of a Delphi technique. The accessibility of the data elements was then evaluated during a focus group discussion. Finally, 86 data elements were selected as the minimum data set.

The proposed data set can be used as a standard tool for collecting sport injuries. This minimal data set can help information system designers to develop surveillance and registry systems.

Mental retardation is one of the most common mental disorders associated with impaired balance and impaired motor function. The aim of this study was to compare Braille tonic and yoga exercises on the level of balance and motor performance of educable mentally retarded girls.The population of this study was all of the mentally retarded girls of Mashhad City, and sample consisted of 45 educable mentally retarded girls, with mean age (11.34 ± 2.95 years), height (149± 6.91 cm) and weight (39.52± 6.13 kg), who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. The subjects were randomly divided into three equal experimental and control groups (n=12). The experimental groups had six weeks of Braille tonic and Yoga training with three sessions per week and each session lasted for 45-minutes. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific types of exercise. In the pre-test with Bonferroni post hoc test and post-test, the stork, Y test, and the stand-up and test were used for static, dynamic, and motor balance analyses, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of covariance at the 0.05 level.The results within the group showed that Brytonic and yoga exercises improve children's static balance, dynamic balance and movement performance (P=0.001). Also, the inter-group results showed that static balance, dynamic balance and movement performance were significantly better in the yoga and Brytonic exercise group than the control group (P=0.001). However,  there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of yoga and Brytonic exercises in improving static and dynamic balance and movement performance (p>0.05) and motor function. It is recommended to use Braille tonic and yoga exercises in rehabilitation programs for mentally retarded students.Considering Brytonic and yoga exercises both balance and movement performance factors, it is suggested to use Brytonic and yoga exercises in the rehabilitation programs of intellectually disabled students.

Idiopathic scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity affecting the spine and is more common in adolescents (10-18 years). Failure to pay attention to it can increase its severity and complications. Various exercise methods have been designed for preventing, managing, or correcting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Among them, the Schroth method has attracted the attention of therapists due to its promising results. However, there is still conflicting evidence of its effectiveness. Therefore, this review study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Schroth method in improving the Cobb angle, trunk rotation angle, and quality of life (QoL) in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

This is a systematic review study. A search was conducted in Cochrane, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for finding studies that used Schroth method as an intervention and published from 2005 to December 2021 using the keywords related to AIS. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of papers.

Initial search yielded 96 records of which 10 papers with PEDro scale score of 5.8 were selected for the review. Among them, the variables of Cobb angle, QoL, ATR were evaluated in nine, six and four papers, respectively. The outcomes obtained from the papers showed the significant effect of Schroth method on reducing the Cobb angle (>5°, using radiography), trunk rotation (>3°, using scoliometer) and improving the QoL (Using the scoliosis research society questionnaire). In only one paper, despite a significant improvement in QoL, no significant reduction in Cobb angle (<5°) was observed.

There is moderate evidence of the positive effects of the Schroth method on improving Cobb angle, trunk rotation angle and QoL in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. This method can used for preventing from the worsening of AIS. It can be used along with other methods such as core stability exercises and Pilates. Since the reviewed studies had moderate quality, high-quality studies are needed in this field.

Studies show that individuals with upper crossed syndrome have poor balance compared to healthy people for various reasons, including displacement of their center of gravity toward forward. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Alexander technique on the static and dynamic balance of young men with the upper crossed syndrome.

In this quasi-experimental study, 24 subjects were purposefully selected and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The static and dynamic balance of the subjects were assessed by the Sharpened Romberg and timed up and go tests. The experimental group underwent 12 sessions of Alexander technique training during 6 weeks in individual and group sessions. The duration of individual sessions was 40, and that of group sessions was 60 minutes. The control group did not receive any training. During the training sessions, the subjects were taught the Alexander technique via manual guidance, as well as tactile, verbal, visual, and proprioception feedback. After collecting data, the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired sample t test. 

The study’s final results showed a significant difference (P<0.001) between the experimental and control groups in the static balance after the Alexander technique intervention. Also, there was a significant difference (P<0.001) between the experimental and control groups in the dynamic balance after the Alexander technique intervention. 

Based on the findings, the Alexander technique had high effectiveness on the static and dynamic balance and improved the balance of the subjects. Considering the importance of balance in health and improving daily activities, the researchers suggested that health and rehabilitation professionals can apply the Alexander technique as a psychophysical re-education method to improve balance in people with upper crossed syndrome.

Nowadays, volleyball is one of the most popular sports. Injury in sports is inevitable. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the injuries of the elite volleyball players of the Iranian national team and the players working in the Italian league.

The subjects of this study included two 15 member nodes consisting of the Iranian men’s national volleyball team and elite players working in the Italian Premier league. In this study, the injury report form that is available on the website of the World Federation (FIVB) as the standard injury report form has been used

the result showed that there was no significant difference between the distribution of injury based on playing post injured area cause of injury and severity of injury in the two groups of Iran and Italy. The power receiver players in both the Iran (30.8%) and Italy (53%) team suffered the most injury. In Iranian players, the lumbar region, while in Italian players, the ankle region was the most common injury that was reported. Tendon tears are the most common type of injury in Iranians (30.8%) and in Italian players dislocations and partial dislocations, tendon tears, and ligament tears together with 23.1% have been among the most common types of injuries in this group. injuries due to overuse are the most common injuries In the Iranian team with 77% and in the Italy team with 30.8% non-contact injuries are also among the most frequent injuries in the Italy team with 23.1% while this type of injury in the Iranian team is 7.7%.

coaches in the Iran and Italy Italian teams should implement injury prevention programs based on the area and type of common injuries among players to reduce losses from injuries.

proprioception is the sense by which a person can understand the position and movement of body parts. Pelvic Lateral tilt has various consequences such as back pain, impaired  .muscle function, but few studies have investigated its consequences The purpose of this study was to Compare lumbar position sense in students with and without lateral pelvic tilt

In this study, 11 students with pelvic lateral tilt and 15 healthy students participated in the study. (Healthy group: age (year): 17.56±0.75, Weight (kg): 56.87±8.56, height (cm): 159.67±7.51 and lateral Pelvic tilt group: age (year): 17.98±0.63, Weight (kg): 57.97±5.2, Height (cm): 161.32±6.5). using a goniometer and photogrammetric method, Lumbar reposition error in four directions of flexion, extension, left lateral flexion and right lateral flexion was recorded. The independence-samples t test was employed to analyze the data. The p-value=0.05 was regarded statistically significant.

No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to reposition sense error for four directions of flexion, extension, left lateral flexion and right lateral flexion(P >0.05).

Given that no statistically significant difference was observed between students with lateral pelvic tilt and healthy students. One of the reasons for the lack of significance may be due to the low severity of the lateral tilt. Therefore, further studies need to be conducted to determine the difference in proprioception in students with pelvic lateral tilt and healthy individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of Suspension exercises with TRX On static and dynamic balance and landing mechanics in female athletes. The number of 30 young female athletes with the age range of 15 to 18 years from the fields of handball, futsal, basketball and volleyball were selected from the schools of 4 districts of Tehran and they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group performed suspension exercises with TRX for 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week. In order to measure static balance, stork test was used and for dynamic balance, Y balance test was used. Also, Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) was used to check landing mechanics. The results showed that the static balance, dynamic balance and landing mechanics of the TRX training group were better in the post-test than the pre-test (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between static balance, dynamic balance and landing mechanics of the control group in pre-test and post-test (P>0.05). Also, the results of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference in all variables between the two groups in the post-test (P<0.05). So that the static and dynamic balance and reduction of the landing error score of the TRX training group were better than the control group. It seems that 6 weeks of suspension training with TRX can improve static and dynamic balance and reduce landing errors in female athletes.

 Shoulder impingement syndrome is one of the most common shoulder disorders. The kinematic alterations observed in shoulder impingement syndrome comprise a visible change in the position of the scapula and its movement on the chest. The lack of corrective exercises for shoulder impingement syndrome and its frequent problems are important challenges. Since shoulder pain is relatively common and impingement syndrome is one of its most common causes, and according to previous studies that stated that the lack of muscle balance is the source of functional impingement syndrome, it is essential to provide appropriate solutions to correct this injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8–week corrective exercise program based on the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) principles on physical condition, pain, and proprioception in male swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome.

 Considering the intervention (NASM corrective exercises), the targeted selection of the subjects, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the current research was quasi–experimental. The statistical population, excluding the effect of gender, included all elite male swimmers aged 20 to 35 living in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad Province, Iran. In this research, among the qualified volunteers based on the study inclusion criteria, 30 people entered the research using the available method. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people each: corrective exercises and control. The inclusion criteria for participants included a kyphosis angle greater than 42 degrees and the presence of at least two symptoms of shoulder impingement syndrome, as determined by a series of diagnostic tests, including pain in the subacromial region, the presence of a painful arch up to 120 degrees, a positive Jobs test, a positive Neer test, a positive Hawkins test, and shoulder isometric resistance abduction pain. The exclusion criteria were having related pathological symptoms such as a history of fracture and surgery and or joint diseases of the spine and the presence of hyperlordosis abnormality (degree of lumbar lordosis above 50 degrees). The corrective exercise group performed NASM exercises for 8 weeks, and pre– and post–intervention measurements were taken of back arch angle, pain, and proprioceptive accuracy. The information obtained from measuring the research variables was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (including analysis of covariance, paired t test, and independent t test) In SPSS version 23 software. The level of significance was set at p< 0.05.

 The results of the paired t test showed a significant decrease in the average amount of back arch angle (p=0.003) and shoulder pain (p=0.003) and a significant increase in the accuracy average of shoulder proprioception (p<0.001) in the corrective exercise group from pretest to posttest. However, these variables did not change in the control group (p>0.05). The results of covariance analysis showed a significant decrease in the amount of back arch angle (p<0.001) and pain (p<0.001), as well as a significant increase in shoulder proprioceptive accuracy in the corrective exercise group (p<0.001). The analysis of covariance showed back arch angle with an effect size of 0.58, pain with an effect size of 0.44, and target reconstruction error angle with an effect size of 0.37 in the posttest in the exercise group after controlling the effect of the pretest.

 This study found that NASM exercises can effectively reduce back arch angle and pain and improve proprioception in male swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome. The study suggests that the NASM–based corrective exercise program is a viable treatment option for shoulder impingement syndrome in male swimmers.

Neurocognitive motor tasks have been shown to have an effective relationship with athletic performance and musculoskeletal injuries. Cognitive changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery may lead to adverse knee biomechanical changes and an increased risk of secondary injury. This study aimed to compare the kinetics of athletes with a history of ACL reconstruction and those without injuries. A total of 30 professional male soccer players, comprising 15 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction athletes who had returned to the performance and 15 healthy athletes, participated in this study. The subjects performed at least 5 drop landings with cognitive intervention to decide the landing point on the force plate. The maximum ground reaction force, time to stability and center of pressure with length of path index were calculated at the moment of landing. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the variables. The results indicated a significant difference in four variables: the maximum mean vertical ground reaction force in all landings (p = 0.04), the maximum mean vertical ground reaction force in the best landings (p = 0.01), the maximum average vertical ground reaction force in all landings (p = 0.01), and the maximum mean mediolateral ground reaction force in the best landings (p = 0.03). However, no statistical significance was observed in the variable of maximum time to stability in all landing classes (p > 0.05).The study findings suggest that impaired decision-making with cognitive interference during the flight phase may increase the risk of re-injury in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected TRX exercises on functional stability,proprioception and strength of shoulder joint muscles in athletes with scapular dyskinesis.The present study is a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design.For this purpose,30 male athletes of overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis were randomly divided into training and control 15 person in each group.Athletes with scapular dyskinesis were identified using a lateral scapular slide test.In the pre-test, the strength of internal and external rotator cuff muscles,functional stability and accuracy of shoulder joint proprioception were evaluated by manual dynamometer tests,upper body functional balance test and imaging method, respectively.The subjects in the training group then performed the selected TRX exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week.At the end of 8 weeks,all measurements of the pre-test were performed again in the post-test stage.A Two-way analysis of variance was used to statistically analyze the research findings at a significance level of P≤0.05.The results of two-way analysis of variance showed that in the post-test stage, rotational muscle strength(P=0.001),functional stability(P=0.001) and accuracy of shoulder joint proprioception(P=0.001) of the experimental group significantly improved compared to the control group.According to the results of the study, it is According to the improvement in rotational muscle strength, functional stability and accuracy of shoulder joint proprioception in TRX group,it is suggested that the TRX exercises used in the present study can use to improve the disorders caused by scapular dyskinesia in overhead athletes and to prevent possible injuries to the shoulder joint.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis and the most complex deformity of the spine and trunk with significant complications. In this systematic review, the effectiveness of core stability exercises (CSE) in improving this disorder is discussed.

This review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, Cobb angles, and core stability exercise were our search terms in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to articles published in Persian and English between 2005 and 2022. Researches on AIS carried out in adolescents aged 10-18 were studied. In one of the groups, only CSE was done and the size of Cobb's angle (an indicator of the severity of scoliosis) was used as one of the dependent variables. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of articles in terms of risk of bias.

In initial search, 268 articles were found. After removing irrelevant articles and those that did not met the study’s inclusion criteria and also qualitative evaluation of the remaining articles, seven articles with an average PEDro score of 6.2 (moderate quality), including 297 participants, were selected. A statistically significant decrease was reported in the Cobb angle in all articles, but only in four articles this decrease was clinically significant (greater than 5˚).

CSE are safe, easy and accessible that can be effective in improving AIS, but there is not sufficient evidence to support this hypothesis. Further high-quality studies are required to draw a definite conclusion and making clinical decisions.

Thoracic hyperkyphosis is one of the common anomalies in children in recent years. In addition to corrective exercise, corrective games are one of the correctional methods which have been used to prevent and correct functional anomalies among children. Unlike corrective exercise, in corrective games method, correctional goals apply with prevention and correction purpose in the game shape and format The present study aimed to compare the effect and sustainability of a course corrective games with selected corrective exercise on 10-12 aged boys with thoracic hyperkyphosis.Ninety boys with age average (11.20±0.80 years), height average (140.78±5.91 cm), and weight average (39.69±4.75 kg) were randomly divided into corrective games, selected corrective exercise and control group. Subject in experimental groups performed their related corrective games and corrective exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Each session lasted for 30-60 minutes. During this time the control group did their normal daily activity. The kyphosis angle required to enter to the study was considered greater than 40 degrees. This angle was measured by a flexible ruler. Data were recorded at the beginning of the study as a pre-test, at the end of the 8 weeks’ exercises as a post-test and 8 weeks after the completion of the study as a second post-test level.The finding of the repeated measure ANOVA test indicated a significant difference in kyphosis angle at the pre-test level (45.62±2.40) versus the post-test level (42.46±2.24), and in follow-up level (42.42±2.09) in the corrective games group, and the pre-test level (45.81±2.59) versus the post-test level (42.26±2.36) and in the follow-up level (42.52±2.27) in the selected corrective exercise group (P≤0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the kyphosis angel in the control group, at the pre-test level (44.93±1.59) versus the post-test level (45.26±1.79) and in the follow-up level (45.26±1.84) (P>0.05). The obtained effect size was 0.85 in the corrective games group, 0.81 in the selected corrective exercise group, and 0.08 in the control group, which shows the high effectiveness of present study protocols in experimental groups. Also, the results of the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference in thoracic kyphosis angle between 3 groups in the study at the post-test and the follow-up levels (P≤0.05). Therefore, in order to clarify this difference, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. The finding of this test indicated a non-significant difference in thoracic kyphosis angle between corrective games and selected corrective exercise groups in the post-test and follow-up levels (P>0.05). The observed difference was related to the corrective games and selected corrective exercise kyphosis angle difference with control groups at mentioned levels (P≤0.05).The corrective games and the selected corrective exercise have a positive and similar effect with exercise effects sustainability on thoracic kyphosis reduction. Therefore, performing 8 weeks’ corrective games besides selected corrective exercise has a considerable and sustainable effect on thoracic hyperkyphosis angle in 10-12 aged boys and using corrective games as an autonomous method recommended to thoracic hyperkyphosis correction in 10-12 years old boys.

The shoulder impingement syndrome is quiet prevalent amongst all shoulder injuries and mainly accounts for pain and mobility limitation in that region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rhythmic stabilization exercise on position sense, range of motion, strength and functional stability of shoulder in adolescent girl swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome. In this study, 30 swimmer girls with shoulder impingement syndrome were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. After pre-test measurements from the two groups, including proprioception, strength, range of motion and functional stability, the experimental group performed four weeks Rhythmic stabilization exercises and then the post-tests were performed for the two groups according to the pre-test. Results indicated that position sense, rotator muscles strength, and functional stability of shoulder joint significantly improved after rhythmic stabilization exercises compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the range of motion between the two groups (p>0.05). It seems that, rhythmic stabilization exercises can be used in order to improve proprioception, shoulder rotator muscles strength and the functional stability of swimmers suffering from shoulder impingement syndrome.