وحید سمنانی

Chemotherapy is one of the procedures in colon cancer treatment. 5–Fluorouracil (5-FU), a conventional drug for colon cancer treatment is used for several decades. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. In vivo and also in vitro studies have showed that Chrysin does not have any toxic side effects on normal cells. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Chrysin in combination with 5-FU on azoxymethane (AOM) - induced colon cancer in mice.
In this study 42 male balb/c mice weighing 15-18 g, were used. Mice were divided into seven groups: 1) Health control, 2) Cancer Control, 3) 5-FU, 4) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg, 5) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg, 6) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg plus 5-FU, 7) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg plus 5-FU. Colon cancer was induced by i.p. infusion of AOM (10mg/kg) and (Dextran sodium sulfate) DSS (1.5%) in the drinking water for one week. All rats were sacrificed for evaluation of histopathology (hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma and the number of aberrant crypt foci ,ACF) in distal region of large intestine.
Pathological lesions (hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was lower in all treatment groups compared to the cancer control group (p Chrysin has a synergistic effect with 5-FU in reducing the number of ACFs. Chrysin can be considered as an anti-cancer agent in combination with other anti-cancer drugs available, such as 5-FU

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the second cause of death after lung cancer. Several studies have been conducted to find the better prognosis in patients with breast cancer, which have associated with contradictory results. Current study was done in order to find the relationship between vitamin D and tumor markers and to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients
In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 105 patients referred to oncology clinics of Fatemieh and Kowsar hospitals in Semnan city (Iran) from 2012 to 2016 years were evaluated. Levels of vitamin D, prognostic markers of breast cancer including estrogen, progesterone, HER-2, P53 and Cyclin D1 receptors and menopause status of patients and also relationship between them were assessed.
The results showed that mean of vitamin D was optimal (22.8±9.48) and the maximum frequency of markers related to ER and PR and the minimum one related to HER2. There was not statistically significant relationships between markers and level of vitamin D, but menopausal status and the level of vitamin D had a significant relationship, so that the level of vitamin D in menopausal women was higher than non-menopausal women (p The level of vitamin D in women with breast cancer was in an adequate level and the level of this vitamin was not associated with prognostic markers. Further studies are suggested in this regard

Background and Among different cancers, breast cancer has a high prevalence among women and radiotherapy is used as a treatment modality in which radio sensitizers are used to increase its efficiency. Nanoparticles are such sensitizers that enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy via creation of free radicals and induction of oxidative stress. This study aimed at evaluating the synergistic effect of radiation therapy and TiO2 nanoparticles on animal models of breast cancer.
After induction of breast adenocarcinoma tumors in Balb/C, the animals were divided into several groups as control, rutile and anatase injections at 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg doses/with and without radiotherapy. Then, the efficiency of treatment was evaluated.
In groups receiving anatase nanoparticles with and without radiation, the values for tumor volume, relative volume and relative volume percentage showed a small increase and a considerable reduction, respectively. In rutile groups with and without radiation, these values showed a small increase and a considerable increase, respectively. IR value reduced to negative value and then increased to zero and positive in anatase groups with and without radiation. This parameter had little changes in rutile groups with and without radiation.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy due to ROS production. Compared with rutile crystals, anatase crystals have intense effect because of having a larger surface area and higher photocatalytic activity.

One of the main causes of cancer related deaths among women are gynecological cancers. According to the variety of geographical distribution of gynecological cancers, understanding the epidemiologic pattern of cancers in an area can help us to develop series of educational, therapeutic, and research programs which are responsive to the requirments of that specific region. Current study was performed to determine status of the epidemiological-histopathological of gynecological cancers in Semnan (Iran) from 2001 to 2009.
In this descriptive and retrospective study, the incidences of gynecological cancers among the samples were sent to Pathobiology Center of Kowsar Hospital (Semnan, Iran) during the years 2001- 2009 and was assessed based on the available data.
Among the samples we resent to Pathobiology Center of Kowsar Hospital of Semnan from 2001 to 2009, 8420 cases were related to gynecological system. Among those, 64 cases were suffering from gynecological cancer, 29 cases (45.3%) were suffering from uterine body cancer, 24 cases (37.5%) were suffering from ovarian cancer, 10 cases (15.6%) were suffering from cervical cancer and 1 case was suffering from (1.6%) vulve cancer. The most common type of cancer in the uterus was endometrial adenocarcinoma, in ovary was serocyst-adenocarcinoma and in cervix as well as vulve was squamous cell carcinoma. There was no meaningful correlation between age and different kinds of cancers. (p = 0/622)
In the present study we found that among gynecologic cancers, uterine cancer is the most common cancer. Ovarian, cervical and vulve cancers are the second, third and fourth most common types. It is required to improve the knowledge level of women on risk factors, screening methods and the setting priorities for prevention of gynecological cancers, particularly ovarian and uterine body cancers which indeed require systematic planning and effective measures.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. One of the methods of early diagnosis of this cancer is the screening pap smear test that has decreased both the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was comparison of pap smear quality with spatula-cytobrush versus cervix brush methods.
One hundred married women between 21 to65 years old participated in this single blind clinical trial. First samples were obtained with a spatula- cytobrush or cervix brush. Thirty days later another sample was obtained from the same person with another device. Slides were prepared and assessed by same pathologist and described base on BETHESDA method.
There were no statistically significant differences regarding cell adequacy in number of squamous cell between the two methods (p=0.093) as well as the difference in the bloody sample (p=0.082) and atrophy (p=1.00), but the differences were significant about the presence of endocervical cells. The presence of endocervical cells was 93.9% in spatula-cytobrushand 65.9% in cervix brush (p=0.021).
There were no differences regarding cell adequacy in number of squamous cell and bloody sample between two methods, but the presence of endocervical cells was more in spatula-cyto brush. Therefore, we recommend using spatula-cyto brush for pap smear sampling.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is one of the most important issues in many aspects, especially in educational area. Its relationship with academic achievement depends on culture and may reflect in various educational topics in different forms. This study investigates the relationship between EI and academic achievement of students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Iran).
In this cross sectional study, 607 students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Iran were participated. The research instrument included two parts, demographics and 90 questions Bar-On EI questionnaire. The Grade-Point Average (GPA) of previous semester was considered as indicator of participant’s academic achievement.
A positive significant relationship was observed between EI and academic achievement (r=0.122, P=0.003). There was a positive significant relationship between academic achievement and all EI components, except empathy, social responsibility, interpersonal relationship (p Generally, there was a positive significant relationship between EI and academic achievement, therefore, it seems to be necessary for the educational centers, especially universities, to conduct practical programs to upgrade student's emotional and social skills and capacities. With increasing students 'capabilities to cope with environmental pressures, a more stable base will be provided for academic achievement and emotional intelligence’s long term effects such as increased performance in occupational and social functionalities.

The incidence and exacerbation of psychiatric problems such as depression and anxiety resulting from vitamin D deficiency is an important issue that has been considered in recent studies. However, from the professional perspective, medical careers are more exposed to either of problems. This study was aimed to determine the serum levels of vitamin D and its association with depression in Semnan University hospitals nurses. In this cross-sectional study the volunteered nurses employed at Semnan University of Medical Sciences hospitals were included in 2014. An inclusion criteria was their consent for participation and the exclusion criteria was a diagnosis to psychological disorder, including depression, in themselves or their first degree relatives. Serum vitamin D levels were measured by ELISA method and depression severity was evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The statistical analysis was done by chi-square and t tests. Nurses who fulfilled inclusion criteria were 182/256 employed nurses, including 138 female (75.8%) and 44 male (24.2%) with the mean age of 29.74 ± 7.919 years. 164 persons (90.1%) had bachelor's degree while the rest had Master’s, all with the mean professional experience of 7.09 ± 6.628 years. Mean body mass index in nurses was 22.47 ±3.717 kg/m2 and 12 persons (6.6%) had a history of vitamin D supplement intake during the past six months. Mean of the serum vitamin D level was 13.10 ± 5.865 ng/ml. The mean depression score was 10.45 ± 6.404. There was a significant inverse correlation between serum vitamin D levels and depression score (r = -0.338, P = 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency in the health care professions can be partially attributed to the work environment and night shifts. These persons are predisposed to mental health problems due to occupational stress. Some studies suggest a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and psychological depression. Our results showed that by the increment in the serum vitamin D levels, BDI score decreased, which indicated that the depression severity was minimized

Knowledge about normal range of tests is one of the most important parameters in correct interpretation of the results. Accordingly, we decided to determine normal range of common paraclinical tests in Semnan and compare them with global reference ranges.

The data from Khatam-al-Anbia laboratory from year 2011 to 2013 evaluated and the results compared with global reference ranges.

Results and normal ranges of biochemistry, serology and hormonal tests were calculated. Normal range for Triglyceride was significantly higher than global reference range. Other test's normal ranges were similar to global ranges.

Given large sample size, the results can be used confidentially in Semnan province and as a prototype for IRAN too.

"SilvoSept" is a new product, suggested as an alternative solution instead of povidone iodine for hand scrub before surgery. The objective of study was the comparison between these two substances regarding their antiseptic properties and utilities. In a quasi-experimental study, selected participants from surgical team members of Amir Hospital in Semnan were participated to scrub their hands with SilvoSept and povidone iodine, in two separate times. Dominant hand was sampled 3 times to get microbial cultures: before scrubbing, after drying, and after an hour. Participants were asked about each solution's utilities. Thirty-three participants scrubbed for 29 and 33 times with povidone iodine and SilvoSept respectively. There was no difference between two groups in positive culture frequencies before washing (p = 0.7), and an hour later (p = 0.5). Immediately after washing, there was no positive case. Although there was no difference between the two in terms of willingness (p = 0.7) and bad odor (p = 0.3), due to having adverse impact on the skin (p = 0.04) and bad color (p = 0.03) participants preferred SilvoSept. The findings not only confirmed the antimicrobial effectiveness of the SilvoSept, and its equality with povidone iodine on willingness of applying, but also showed its superiority to povidone iodine because of its lower adverse effects on skin as well as its better color. SilvoSept can be suggested as an effective, acceptable and affordable alternative

Nowadays، cancer is the second cause of mortality in the world. Gastric cancer has a high mortality rate (about 70%) which is more common in men and has a higher incidence in eastern Asian countries. One of the methods for cancer treatment is radiotherapy، in which to enhance the efficiency of radiation therapy some of radio-sensitizer agents can be used to enhance tumor cell radiosensitivity. Some nanoparticles can be considered as a sensitizer because of enhancing the cytotoxicity to oxidative stress and increasing free radicals especially ROS within cells، resulting to cell death. In this study، synergistic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles as a radio-sensitizer agent was evaluated in the presence of cobalt-60 gamma rays on human gastric cancer cell line. After cell culture، MKN-45 cells were exposed to 2 Gy of radiation and 30 µg/ml concentration of nanoparticles. Viability was calculated using MTT assay. Exposing cultured cells to nanoparticles alone resulted to a mean decrease of 70% in cell survival. Viability of cells in presence of gamma radiation and nanoparticles was significantly reduced compared to the viability of cells exposed only to radiation or nanoparticle، alone. The effect was dependent both on the nanoparticle crystal type and concentration. Discussion & Nano-TiO2 increased the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to gamma radiation، due to an increase in the ROS production and cytotoxicity. Anatase crystals have more severe effects than rutile crystal because of having a larger surface area and creation of more free radicals. Therefore، this nanoparticle has the potential to be used as a radio-sensitizer.

Catheter related infection is one of the most important complications of vascular access devices. Treatment of these complications is important and life saving. The most common causative organisms are gram-positive bacteria especially staphylococcus. Vancomycin and teicoplanin are two antibiotics which widely used for invasive beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive infections. In this study, we aimed to compare efficacy of vancomycin and teicoplanin in treatment of catheter related infection. In this clinical trial, 43 patients with catheter infection were enrolled. Diagnosis was based on clinical criteria. 22 patients were received teicoplanin 800mg intra-venous loading dose and 400mg at days 2th, 3th,5th,12th,19th and 21 patients received vancomycin 1gr intra venous loading dose and 500mg every 5 days and for 3 weeks. A criterion for treatment response was absence of fever after 72 hours. %57.1 patients who received vancomycin and %68.2 patients who received teicoplanin had clinical response (p=0.454). In patients who received vancomycin, one case developed red man syndrome and one case developed diarrhea (9.5%) and in tiecoplanin group one patient developed rash (9.1%). Our findings show that there is no significant difference between two groups in treatment of catheter related infection in hemodialysis patients

Several years pass from the first human attempts for blood transfusion and during these years different studies and changes have occurred in this regard and today it is considered as a speciality. The aim of blood transfusion is increasing the tissue oxygenation and preventing the bleeding. Transfusion is accompanied with side effects and problems like infectious disease and blood incompatibility reactions and so on. It also has great expenses. For these reasons nowadays we try to reduce the transfusion rate in different ways. In this study, we assessed the necessary cases of transfusion and the wasted packed cell units that were sent to Semnan university hospitals. This study was retrospective and we followed up 1152 packed cell units from blood transfusion organization till just the time of transfusion. This study is a retrospective research based on transfusion notebooks of hospital blood banks and patient files. The data was analyzed by SPSS verrsion 6. From 1152 packed cell units which were sent to hospitals, 759 units (65.9%) were discarded and 393 units (34.1%) were transfused. From 393 transfused units, 322 units (81.9%) were used for thalassemic patients, for whom the decision for transfusion was easy, hence not much evaluation was needed. From the rest 71 units, 52 units (73.2%) had correct indication and 19 units (26.8%) were unnecessary for transfusion. According to these results 65.9% packed cell units were discarded. This study demonstrates an incorrect programming of blood transfusion organization. Unnecessary transfusion cases show a careless and lack of information in this regard, so teaching and forming hospital committees for reviewing patient files and improving transfusion services seem in order.

Pain is the most prevalent clinical complaint of the patients so various methods studied for pain control such as injecting the local anesthetics opioids in sub-arachnoid space. In recent years, ketamine is used with this method. In the first considerations on animals, some cases with damages on neurons and neurotic changes were reported following intrathecal ketamine injection. Thus, it has been advised that to be performed more surveys in this field before using in man. In this study, the neurotoxicity effect of ketamine with preservative by two different doses on the spinal cord of rats was evaluated. Thirty rats selected randomly and divided into 3 groups (n=10). The first and second groups were injected with 800 and 1600 µg/kg ketamine with preservative. The third group received normal saline solution with equal volume in lumbar cistern. After a month, the rats went under anesthesia with ether, they killed and autopsy performed. Then the spinal cords were extracted and considered histopathologically. Histopathological studies have shown no symptoms of nerve injury such as demyelinization and degeneration of nerve in ketamine-treated animals. This finding indicated that interathecal injection of ketamine with preservative had no nerve injury and would seem to be safe.

In order to determine a cheap, easy, simple and fast method with high accuracy to diagnose the Helicobacter pylori (HP) in patients with gastroendoscopy, this research has been performed. Thus, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the utra rapid Paper uease test (URPUT) for the detection of the HP in gastric tissue has been studied. 100 Patients presenting for upper endoscopy with no recent exposure to HP-altering drugs were enrolled. Antral biopsy specimens were tested by the URPUT method and submitted for histology. Patients underwent [13C] urea breath tests (UBT) too. HP was considered as positive if either UBT or histology demonstrated HP, and negative if HP was not detected in both UBT and histology. The URPUT was reported at 15 minutes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of URPUT were 87%, 100%, %100 and 53.5%, respectively. There wasn’t observed any significant relationship between speed of color change of paper in this method and the amount of UBT and also severity rate of bacteria in histology. In endoscopic candidate patients, URPUT can be used as a cheap, easy and fast method to diagnose HP.

Cholecystolithiasis is one of the most common diseases. Prevalence of the biliary stones has a close relation with the one’s life condition. Howeve it's frequency can be reduced by controlling the known risk factors in each area. The aim of this stuy was to determine the types of gall stones and the related risk factors in Semnan during 2002-2003. All patients who underwent cholecystectomy during 2002-2003 included in this study. Their F.B.S, triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL were measured by standard laboratory methods. BMI and type of stones analyzed by macro-microscopic methods and biopsy of gall bladder was performed. Finally, the relation of the risk factors with the type of stone, histologic findings, age and gender distribution were assessed. All data were recorded in a specified questionaire. Chi – Square test at the significant level of 0.05 was used to analyze the data. The most frequent risk factor for biliary stone was drug consumption. The most usual type of stone was mixed and the most ordinary pathology finding was chronic non–specific cholecystitis. Meanwhile the finding suggest significant relation between cholecystolithiasis and the quantity of drug used, diabetes, multiparity, hyperlipidemia and obesity. We suggest that by controlling these known risk factors such as drug consumption especially OCP by obese and multigravida women, reducing weight, and hyperlipidemia especially in aged groups, the frequency of the gall stones can be reduced.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a major cause of stomach disorders (Gastritis,gastric ulcer, adenocarcinoma and lymphoma). In this study the frequency of HP in gastric biopsies that sent to pathology department of Semnan University of Medical sciences between 1994-1998 were investigated. This study is a retrospective and descriptive, carvied out on 800 gastric biopsies. In the first time site and kind of lesions were determined by hematoxilin-Eosin staining and then presence of HP was confirmed by giemsa staining and frequency of Hp determined by specimens. Result indicated that the frequency of gastritis, ulcer and adenocarcinoma were 53%, 11.75% and 9.5% respectively and HP biopsies were positive in 57%. There was no cases of lymphoma. Gastritis and adnocarcinoma have highest (75%) and lowest (48.7%) rate of HP respectively. Also 69% of gastric ulcers were HP positive. Findings showed that the HP is a more prevalence in stomach lesions and due to high rate of HP infection among gastric biopsies, examination all of gastric biopsies for HP in recommended.

Intra - abdomina l demoplast ic small-ro und cell tumor is rare Mal ignancy with a p re dilectio n fo r peri toneum o f yo o ng ma le s. Severe asci t is a n d retrope rito neom in volvme n t a r e uncommonclinical ma nifastaion o f thi s tumor. The main manifestation of this tumor include ab rupt a bdomin a l disten tion, seve re ascitis, disseminat ion o f tumor in retroperitoneum and various peritoneum involvment.