وحید مظفری

To investigate the effects of paclobutrazol, calcium (Ca), and temperature treatment (cold) on resistance to chilling of pistachios seedlings (Akbari cultivar), a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included paclobutrazol (0, 75, and 150 mg.-1), Ca (0, 3, and 6 g.l-1 of calcium chelate source) and temperature (0,-2, and -4 in the greenhouse and 0, -2, and +4 °C in the garden). The results showed that with decreasing temperature, total chlorophyll, carotenoids decreased, but the combined use of paclobutrazol and Ca increased the amount of these parameters compared to the control. Also, with decreasing temperature, the amount of electrolyte leakage increased, while using of paclobutrazol and Ca reduced the amount of this parameter compared to control seedlings. Measurement of osmotic regulatory parameters showed that the concentration of starch and soluble protein in leaves decreased with decreasing temperature. However, with the combined use of paclobutrazol (150 mg.l-1) and Ca (6 g.l-1) at -4 ° C, the concentration of proline, total phenol, soluble sugars, starch and soluble protein were increased compared to the control by 112, 28, 20, 80, and 196% respectively. The results of the garden experiment also showed that with decreasing temperature, the amount of ion leakage, in the control fruits increased. Application of paclobutrazol and Ca treatments reduced electrolyte leakage, so that the lowest percentage of electrolyte leakage was observed at -4, 0, and -2 °C when paclobutrazol and Ca were used simultaneously and at the highest levels and the electrolyte leakage rate decreased by 27, 12, and 38% compared to control fruits, respectively. Finally, the results of this study showed that the combined use of Ca and paclobutrazol can reduce the damage caused by chilling in seedlings and pistachio trees.

In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and calcium on resistance chilling of pistachio seedlings, cv. Kale-Quchi, a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted ofwere salicylic acid (0, 0.75 and 1.5 mM), calcium (0, 3 and 6 per thousand) and temperature (0, -2 and -4 °C). The results showed that, leaf electrolyte leakage percentage increased with decreasing temperature to -4 °C, but combined application of salicylic acid (1.5 mM) and calcium (6 per thousand) decreased this important indicator of chilling by 47 percent compared to control in this temperature. Also, with decreasing temperature (from 0 to -4 °C), the phenolic compounds, and soluble sugars and proline concentration incresed 44 and, 31 and 100 percent respectively and proline concentration more than two folds increaded compared to control seedlings. Also, the results of this experiment showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence index, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble proteins and starch content decreased with decreasing temperature, but with combined application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid and treatment ofcalcium (6 per thousand) calcium, the amount of these parameters increased these parameters compared to control. So that the content of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein and starch increased compared to control at 4 °C by 87, 49, 25 and 99 percent, respectively compared to control and protected pistachio seedlings against chilling. Based on the results of this study, in chilling conditions, the combined application of salicylic acid and calcium, by improving the photosynthetic parameters and increasing osmotic regulators, decreased detrimental effects of chilling of pistachio seedlings. in chilling conditions.

To investigate the effect of manganese and Salicylic acid under salinity conditions on some morphological and physiological parameters of pistachio, a greenhous experiment as compeletly randomized design was carried out on the pistachio (Badami-e rize zarand). Treaments consisted manganese (0, 10 and 20 mg per kg of soil), salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and salinity (0, 1200 and 2400 mg sodium chloride per kg of soil). The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced shoot and root dry weight, total chlorophyll and carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), but the application of together manganese and slicylic acid increased these parameters. As the application of 10 mg manganese per kg of soil and 1 mM salicylic acid increased 78 percentage shoot dry weight and 50 percentage chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) compared to control. Also, the results of this experiment showed that, salinity increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but with application of 1 mM salicylic acid increased about 5 times the control (not saline conditions). According to the results of this experiment, under saline conditions, the combined application of Manganese and salicylic acid improved growth and photosynthesis parameters of pistachio seedling.

In order to evaluate the effect of zinc, benzyladenine and salinity on some morphological and physiological parameters of pistachio seedlings, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design as factorial with three treatments of salinity (0, 1200, 2400 mg NaCl per kg soil), zinc (0, 5, 10 mg N kg-1 soil) and benzyladenine (0, 50, 100 mg l-1) with three replicates on Cultivar Badami-Riz-Zarand. The results showed that, salinity stress significantly decreased the Shoot and root dry weight, root system length, stem height, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoids content. Also salinity stress decreased the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), Photosynthesis Index (PI) and SPAD value. But combined application of 100 mg.l-1 benzyladenine and 10 mg.kg-1 zinc increased these parameters, so that increased the shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root system length 39, 43 and 31 percent respectively compared to control. Generally, the results of this experiment showed that in saline conditions, the alone or combined application of benzyladenine and zinc by improving the growth and photosynthetic parameters improved yield of pistachio

In order to investigate the effects of manganese and salicylic acid on chemical composition, osmotic regulators and water relations of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami Zarand) under saline conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse condition. Treatments consisted of manganese with concentrations of 0, 10 and 20 Mn2 kg-1 soil as MnSO4 ,H2O, and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone at three times with concentrations 0f 0, 0/5 and 1 mM and three levels of salinity (0, 1200 and 2400 mg NaCl kg-1 soil) that at the end of the experiment created average salinity of 2.9, 7.8 and 16.1 dSm-1, respectively. The results showed that the salinity decreased the leaf relative water content and increased the electrolyte leakage, but the combined application of the manganese and salicylic acid increased the leaf relative water content 46 percent and decreasedtheelectrolyte leakage. Salinity stress decreased the shoot Fe, Zn and Mn concentrations, but the combined application of 20 mg Mn2 and 1 mM salicylic acid increased the concentration of these elements by 26, 89 and 80 percent compared to control, respectively. The concentration of proline and soluble sugars increased with increasing the salinity and also the combined application of manganese and salicylic acid increased the concentration of these parameters by 100 and 88 percent, respectively. According to the results of this experiment, it was concluded that the combined application of manganese and salicylic acid in saline conditions through improving the physiological parameters and also increasing the micronutrients concentration, improved the pistachio plant ability against the salinity stress.

Soil and water salinity is considered an important limiting factor for growth in many parts of the world especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Plant growth is restricted by salt stress like many other abiotic stresses. According to the relative tolerance of pistachio plant to salinity and large areas of saline soils in the country, it seems that pistachio is a suitable plant for cultivation in these areas. Since the production and activity of plant hormones such as cytokinins is influenced by environmental stresses and nutrient elements and considerig the soil salinity of pistachio orchards in kerman province and the important role of nitrogen in the production and exportation of cytokinin from roots to shoots this research for the first time investigates the role of benzyl adenine hormone (cytokinin) and nitrogen under salt stress on physiological parameters and osmotic regulators of pistachio seedlings (Pistachia vera L.).
In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and benzyl adenine on some physiological and osmotic regulators parameters of pistachio seedlings, cv. Badami Zarand in saline conditions (sodium chloride), a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. Treatments were consisted of salinity (0 and 2000 mg NaCl per kg soil), nitrogen (0 and 100 mg N kg-1 soil as NH4No3), and benzyl adenine hormone (0, 250 and 500 mg l-1).
The results showed that application of 500 mg per liter benzyl adenine under salt stress increased dry weight of plant more than 2 folds compared to control. Also, with increasing salinity, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll was decreased. However application of nitrogen and benzyl adenine together, increased these parameters by 77, 72 and 52 percent, respectively. Also, carotenoids are affected by the treatments were increased by 78 percent. Although salinity reduced chlorophyll fluorescence index 31 percent, the application of nitrogen and 500 mg per liter benzyl adenine together could improve somewhat the effects of salinity and increased this photosynthetic parameter by 43 percent. Also, the results showed that proline and soluble sugars contents (osmotic regulators) increased with application of nitrogen and benzyl adenine (500 mg per liter), but combined application of these treatments increased osmotic regulators content by 78 and 59 percent compared to control, respectively.
The ratio of K/Na and Ca/Na were also significantly reduced with increasing salinity, but application of 500 mg per liter benzyl adenine increased these parameters by 100 and 40 percent, respectively.
According to the results, it is concluded that the nitrogen and benzyl adenine with improving of physiological and osmotic regulators parameters, increased the ability of pistachio seedlings to resistance to salinity stress and thus recommended to performe this test on maturity pistachio trees and if increase the quality and quantity of product to be recommended to farmers.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and silicon on some physiological Properties of the pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami Zarand) in saline conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 mg N kg-1 soil as NH4NO3), silicon (0, 1 and 2 mM as H4SiO4) and salinity (0, 1500 and 3000 mg NaCl and CaCl2 kg-1 soil with the ratio of two to one respectively) that at the end of the experiment created average salinity of 0.3, 9.7 and 20.9 dSm-1, respectively.Results showed that the salinity stress decreased the leaf relative water content and increased the electrolyte leakage, but application of 2 mM silicon increased the leaf relative water content by 28 percent and decreased the electrolyte leakage. Also combined application of 60 mg N kg-1 soil and 2 mM silicon increased the concentration of proline 36 percent compared to the control. The highest amount of soluble sugars in saline conditions was achieved with the application of 2 mM Silicon that increased more than 2 folds compared to the control. Although salinity stress decreased the shoot Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations significantiy, but application of the nitrogen and silicon increased the concentration of these elements significantiy. According to the results of this experiment, it is concluded that the combined application of nitrogen and silicon in saline conditions through improving the physiological Properties increased the ability of pistachio seedlings in tolerance to salinity stress.

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important horticultural products and of particular economic importance. Most of pistachio orchards are irrigated with saline and low quality water which reduced production in recent years especially in the gardens of Kerman pistachio in recent years. Salinity stress is one of the important factors reducing the land ability in agricultural production and impairing the plant physiological processes and reduced growth and yield eventually. Although research on the effect of natural zeolite on some on some plant characteristics, but information about the effect of enriched zeolite as a slow release fertilizer or soil conditioner on pistachio plant under saline conditions, there are no resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium enriched zeolite on some physiological characteristics of pistachio seedlings under salinity stress.
In order to investigate the response of pistachio seedlings to salinity and zeolite levels, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in perlite medium with three replications in the greenhouse of agriculture college, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsangan. Treatments consisted of three levels of zeolite enriched by calcium (0, 10 and 20 % W) and four levels of NaCl (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). 5 germinated seeds were planted in each pot at a depth of 3 cm. Hoagland solution was used for pots irrigation. Pots leaching was carried out with distilled water in the ninth week after planting and according to plan, treatments of sodium chloride (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM) was prepared as a solution added to pots in two phases and once a week. fluorescence Chlorophyll index (Fv/Fm) at 3 times (weeks twelfth, nineteenth and twenty-fourth after planting), concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline and protein were measured.
The results showed that, with increasing salinity the concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll decreased significantly. Application of 10 % W zeolite increased chlorophyll b by 68 percent. Salinity also decreased the fluorescence chlorophyll index and protein, so that with increasing salinity to 225 mM, fluorescence Chlorophyll index by 8 percent and protein by 37 percent decreased compared to control. Salinity increased leaf proline. Application of zeolite enriched by calcium increased mentioned parameters, so that with increasing 10 % W zeolite enriched by calcium to medium, the concentration of proline and protein, increased by 100 and 19.5 percent respectively.
In total it is concluded that the calcium-enriched zeolite (10 % W), increased the ability of pistachio seedlings in resistance to salinity stress.

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in plants which its shortage in soil is the main factor limiting plant growth. Molecular nitrogen comprises about 80 % of the atmospheric gases whereas it is not directly absorbable in plants. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) through symbiosis with leguminous plants is one of the most important ways entrance of inorganic nitrogen into soils. Inoculation of legumes with rhizobia is also an important process to maximize biological N2 fixation capacity in these crops. Moreover, phosphorus is an essential element to convert atmospheric N (N2) into ammonium (NH4) in nitrogen fixation process. Hence in this study, the effects of simultaneous application of Sinorhizobium and phosphorus on the growth, nitrogen fixation and nutrients uptake of Fenugreek were evaluated.
Material and To evaluate the effect of combined application of Sinorhizobium and phosphorus levels on growth, nitrogen content and other nutrients uptake of Fenugreek, five isolates of Sinorhizobium were selected from bacterial bank of soil science department, University of Rafsanjan and used in a greenhouse experiment. These bacteria were had isolated from Fenugreek root nodules and had the highest symbiotic effectiveness. The greenhouse experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications including two factors i) five levels of bacteria (inoculation with four Sinorhizobium isolates (SR4,SR5,SR12, SR16) and non-inoculated as control) ii) four levels of phosphorous (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg kg-1soil).
Results showed that simultaneous application of Sinorhizobium and phosphorus levels significantly increased the number of nodule and shoot dry weight. Also combined application of Sinorhizobium and phosphorus levels significantly enhanced amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium in shoot of Fenugreek. Interaction of the isolates and phosphorus levels didn’t have any significant effect (p
this study revealed that simultaneous application of isolate SR4 and 60 mg phosphorus per kg soil was the most efficient treatment in improvement of growth, nitrogen content and other nutrients uptake of Fenugreek. In comparison with control, this treatment enhanced soot dry weight from 0.25 to 2.25 g pot-1, nodule number from 70 to 570, nitrogen and phosphorus contents from 6.95 and 0.28 to 100 and 2.54 mg pot-1 and also iron and manganese uptake from 0.02 and 0.03 to 0.19 and 0.28 µg pot-1respectively.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of benzyladenine, nitrogen and salinity on growth characteristics of pistachio seedlings, cv. Badami Zarand, a factorial experiment with three factors: benzyladenine (0, 250 and 500 mg/L), nitrogen (0 and 100 mg N/kg soil as NH4NO3) and salinity (0 and 2000 mg NaCl/kg soil) was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications for 24 weeks under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that although salinity significantly decreased dry weight of shoots and roots of the seedlings, but application of 500 mg/L benzyladenine increased dry weight of shoots and roots by 125 and 86 percent, respectively. However, simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine increased dry weight of shoots and roots more than 3 and 2 folds, respectively. Results also showed that salt stress significantly decreased leaf area and length of root system. But simultaneous application of nitrogen and the highest concentration of benzyladenine increased leaf area and length of root system more than 3 and 2.5 folds, respectively. The results of triple effects also showed that although height, leaf number and stem diameter significantly decreased under saline conditions, but simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine resulted in more prominent increase of these growth characteristics than individual application of these treatments. Finally, it is concluded that simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine resulted in more effective reduction of harmful effects of salinity on growth characteristics of pistachio seedlings than application of these treatments alone.

Salinity is one of the main problems which limits crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran. Iran is the most important producer of pistachio in the world. However, its performance is low in many areas. Most pistachio plantations are irrigated with saline water and with low quality (28). On the other hand, nitrogen is a dynamic element which is a constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and Enzymes and it has a vital role in plant physiology, growth, chlorophyll formation and production of fruit and seeds (34). Gibberellic acid is known as phytohormon which varied physiological responses in plants under stress. acid gibberellic increases the photosynthesis and growth under stress and impact on the physiology and metabolism of plant (29). Based on previous studies, production and activity of plant hormones are affected by natural factors and plant nutrient requirements and the nitrogen has an important influence on production and transmission of acid gibberellic plant shoot. Therefore, in this study the effect of acid gibberellic and nitrogen on some characteristics of physiology parameters and micronutrient pistachio seedlings (Cv. Qazvini) under saline conditions was studied.
Experiment under greenhouse condition and factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in greenhouse agriculture college, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Treatments consisted of three levels of salinity (0, 1000 and 2000 mg of sodium chloride per kg of soil), three levels of nitrogen (0, 75 and 150 mg per kg of ammonium nitrate source) and three acid gibberellic levels (0, 250 and 500 mg per liter). Adequate soil with little available salinity conditions was collected from the top 30-cm layer of a pistachio-culture region of Kerman province. After air drying and ground through passing a 2 mm sieve, some of the physical-chemical properties of this soil include pH (7/63), Tissue (Sandy loam), electrical conductivity (ECe) (1 dS m-1), Silt (23.1%), Clay (5.5%), Organic matter (0.5%), Olsen phosphorus (P) (5.35 mg kg-1), Ammonium acetate-extractable K (100 mg kg-1) were determined. Nitrogen treatments 3 weeks after planting, dissolved in irrigation water was added to pots. Salinity, after the establishment of the plant (5 weeks after planting), divided into two equal parts and one-week interval dissolved with irrigation water was added to the pot. as well acid gibberellic treatments, as spray after salt treatment was applied at three times and at intervals of one week.
The results showed that the salinity content of carotenoid and Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters significantly reduced but with increasing acid gibberellic and nitrogen application, mentioned parameters were significantly increased, compared to controls. The ability of photosynthesis improved and increased productivity. Mozafari et al studied the pistachio, reported that with increasing salinity from zero to 150 and 300 mM NaCl, carotenoids decreased more than 16% and 22% compared to control respectively. Carotenoids play a most important role in light, protecting plants against stress condition. Salinity application increased leaf proline, but with application of 150 mg nitrogen and 500 mg per liter foliar application of acid gibberellics, this parameter increased by 55 and 26 percent, respectively. Also, combined use of these two treatments increased proline content by 79 percent compared to control. The researchers stated that the increasing gibberellin concentration caused leaf proline increased, so spraying 100 and 200 mg per liter gibberellin significantly increased leaf proline compared with the non-application of gibberellin. The results also showed with increasing salinity increased iron, manganese and zinc concentrations shoots and roots and decreased copper concentrations, but using 150 mg of nitrogen and acid gibberellic consumption concentrations of copper element increased. Hojjat nooghi and Mozafari (28) reported, the used salinity of 60 mM NaCl increased shoot Fe concentration, but by applying the same amount of salinity in the root iron concentration decreased compared with the control. Research has shown that the copper concentration in the leaves and shoot of corn planted in soil decreased with increasing salinity. Micronutrient absorption reduction such as copper in salt condition can result in greater absorption of nutrients such as sodium, magnesium and calcium. The researchers in the study reported that with increasing nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonium, zinc concentration in plant tissues increased along with increasing salinity and lower shoot dry weight, zinc concentration was increased in two wheat cultivars too.
The results of this experiment showed that under saline conditions, acid gibberellic and nitrogen applied alone or in combination improved physiology parameters and increased nutrient concentration of pistachio seedling.

In order to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid and nitrogen on the length of root system and micronutrients concentration of pistachio seedlings in saline conditions (cv. Badami Zarand), a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of two salinity levels (0 and 1200 mg NaCl per kg soil), two nitrogen levels (0 and 150 mg N kg-1 soil as NH4No3) and two levels of gibberellic acid hormone (0 and 75 mg l-1). Results showed that although salinity significantly decreased the length of root system, the application of 75 mg per liter gibberellic acid in this saline conditions increased the length of root system 36 percent compared to control. Also, the application of 75 mg per liter gibberellic acid in saline conditions increased the concentration of Cu, Zn and Fe in shoot by 58, 44 and 65 percent, respectively. Combined application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid increased the concentration of Cu and Fe in shoot more than 2 folds compared to control. Also, combined application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid increased Cu and Zn concentrations more than 2 folds and Fe concentration increased 52 percent compared to control. The results also showed that in saline conditions, the highest concentrations of Cu, Mn and Fe by shoot and Zn by root was observed with the combination of nitrogen and gibberellic acid. According to the results, in the end of it can be concluded that the combination application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid was more effective in reducing the detrimental effects of salinity than the use of these treatments alone.

This study examined the adsorption of lead (Pb) ions from aqueous solution onto shrimp shell. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, equilibrium time, and different initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could describe the kinetics of Pb adsorption by the adsorbent. With increasing Pb concentrations from 100 to 1000 mgL-1, the amount of Pb adsorbed by shrimp shell increased from 9 mg g-1 to 90.2 mg g-1. Increasing suspension pH from 4 to 7, enhanced adsorption of Pb. Further increase in pH from 7 to 10 resulted in decreasing of adsorption of the metal ion. The average adsorption of Pb by the adsorbent at pH 6 and 7 was more than 95 percent. The Sips and Freundlich models well described the adsorption of Pb isotherms data. Infrared spectrum analysis of adsorbent before and after adsorption of Pb showed that the N atoms of the amine functional groups played a major role in shrimp shell for adsorption of Pb.

Soil salinity and Zn deficiency are among the most important limiting factors for growth and yields of pistachio trees in many regions of Iran, especially in the Rafsanjan area. The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is new strategies to reduce destructive effects of salinity and improvement of nutrient availability. This study investigated the interactive effect of the fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria and Zn on the fractionation and availability of Zn in the rhizosphere soil and uptake of Zn by shoot of pistachio seedlings (cv. Badami) under salinity condition.
Material and A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in order to evaluate the interactive effect of fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria (pf0 (non-inoculated control), pf1, pf2 and pf3) and Zn application (0 and 5 mg Zn kg-1) on the Zn fractionation in the different levels of soil salinity {0 (1.46 dS m-1), 1000 (7.32 dS m-1) and 2000 (12.0 dS m-1) mg NaCl kg-1 soil} and its relationship with concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings (Pistacia Vera L. cv. Badami) shoot.
The results indicated that salinity and inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA- extractable Zn (DTPA-Zn) content and the forms of water soluble plus exchangeable (WSEXC) Zn, carbonate-bound (CA) Zn and organic matter-bound (OM) Zn, while decreased Fe-Mn oxide-bound (FeMnOX) Zn and residual (RES) Zn in the rhizosphere soil. Inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and OM-Zn contents by 52, 26, 29 and 35%, respectively but decreased FeMnOX-Zn and RES-Zn contents by 24 and 3 %, respectively. Also, Zn application significantly increased all forms of Zn (except residual form) in the soil. The results showed that salinity reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings shoot, while inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads and treatment with Zn incrased its contents at all salinity levels. However, the combined application of the fluorescent pseudomonads and Zn were more effective. There was a positive and significant correlation between Zn uptakes by shoot and DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn. As well as, soil salinity and inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads reduced pH value of rhizosphere soil from 7.73 to 7.46 and 7.59, respectively.
The results showed that soil salinity increased Zn availability in the rhizosphere soil, while reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn by pistachio seedlings shoot due to reduce of root volume, water availability and high content of Na ion. Thus, the use of superior isolates-especially Zn solubilizing bacteria- can effectively increase the availability of Zn in soil and uptake of Zn by plants through increasing root growth. However, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn could be used as available fractions of pistachio seedlings.

Pistachio is one of the most important crops in many regions of Iran with respect of production and export. There are more than 470000 ha of nonbearing and bearing pistachio trees mainly in Kerman province. Despite the economic importance of this crop, very little information is available on its nutritional requirements. Pistachio trees like other crops need to macro and micro nutrients. one of these elements is manganese (Mn). Manganese is an essential mineral nutrient, playing a key role in several physiological processes, particularly photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen assimilation. This element is normally supplied to the plants by soil. Therefore, soil conditions affect its availability to plants. Soils with high pH, calcareous soils, especially those with poor drainage and high organic matter, are among the soils which produce Mn-deficient plants. Calcium carbonate is the major inactivation factor of Mn in calcareous soils. The soils of Iran are predominantly calcareous in which micronutrients deficiency, including Mn, is observed due to the high pH and nutrient fixation. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of manganese application on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings in some calcareous soils with different chemical and physical properties.
For this purpose a greenhouse experiment was carried out as factorial (two factors including soil type and Mn levels) experiment in completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were consisted of three levels of Mn (0, 10 and 20 mg Mn Kg-1 soil as Manganese sulfate) and 12 different soils from Rafsanjan region in Southern Iran. Soil samples were air dried and crushed to pass through a 2-mm sieve, and some physical and chemical properties of soils such as texture, electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter content, calcium carbonate equivalent, cation exchange capacity and iron, manganese, copper and zinc availability were determined. Then plastic pots were filled with 5 kg of these soils. Pistachio seeds (cv Badami Zarand) were placed in muslin sacks and pretreated for 24 h with Benomyl solution. The germinated seeds were planted in each pot, and each pot was irrigated with distilled water. Nitrogen and phosphorous were applied uniformly to all pots at the rate of 50 mg kg−1 soil as ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate forms, respectively. Zinc, iron and copper also were added to treatments at level of 5 mg kg−1 soil as zinc sulfate, iron sequestrine138 and copper sulfate. After 24 weeks, the seedlings were cut at the soil surface, and the roots were washed free of soil. Leaves, stems and roots were dried at 70 oC for 48 h in an oven. The total leaf, stem, and root dry weights were recorded. The ground plant samples were dry- ashed at 550oC, dissolved in 2 N HCl, and made to volume with hot distilled water. Plant Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe concentrations determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All data were statistically analyzed according to the technique of analysis variance (ANOVA) by MSTATC.
Results indicated that the application of manganese increased leaf, stem and root dry weight of pistachio seedlings so that the maximum amount of the dry weight of roots stems and leaves of pistachio seedlings were observed at 10 mg Mn kg-1soil. Application of 10 mg Mn kg-1 soil increased leaf, stem and root dry weight by 19.2%, 25.2% and 23.9% in comparison to control, respectively. Chemical composition (concentration and uptake) of shoot of pistachio seedlings was also affected by Mn application. Mn application decreased the concentration and uptake of iron, concentrations of copper and zinc in Pistachio seedling shoots so that the highest concentrations of these elements were observed in control treatment. Reductions in concentrations of zinc and copper elements in 10 mg Mn kg-1 treatment were not statistically significant but in 20 mg Mn kg-1 treatment they were significant.
The results of this research showed that the application of 10 mg Mn kg-1soilto highly calcareous soils significantly increased most of growth parameters of pistachio seedlings in comparison to control. Although higher amounts of manganese (20 mg Mn kg-1 soil) reduced the growth parameters than the previous level. In overall, the results of this study indicated that for optimum growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings in calcareous soils, application of 10 mg Mn kg-1 sol is necessary.

In pistachio-cultured soils of Iran, particularly Rafsanjan, due to high pH and salinity, uptake and solubility of micronutrients is a serious problem and consequently, pistachio trees incline to micronutrient deficiency. Therefore, consideration of strategies such as soil or foliar application of micronutrients including Cu and Zn is essential to reduction or compensation of the elements deficiencies in pistachio plants. For this, a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications to study the effects of soil Cu and salinity application on macronutrient total uptake of pistachio seedlings in agriculture college greenhouse of vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan in May 2008. Treatments consisted of five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400 and 3200 mg NaCl kg soil-1), four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg Cu kg soil-1) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased P, K, Ca and Mg total shoot and root uptake (P

Malnutrition caused by cancer and its treatments reduces quality of life in patients and worsens disease prognosis. However, nutritional care can improve complications. There are few studies about cancer malnutrition prevalence in Iran. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of malnutrition in patients with cancer in a referring oncology center. A cross-sectional Audit study was conducted with the participation of all patients aged above 18 years old who referred for the first time to Reza Radiation Oncology Center (RROC) on May 2012. Overall166 patients completed the study. Nutritional status was evaluated based on MUST (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool). According to MUST evaluation, 48.8% of patients were at low risk and 38.5% of them were at high risk of malnutrition. This study showed the significant correlation between malnutrition and cancer type. The majority of high risk malnourished patients were in lower GI, brain and upper GI cancer patients respectively. The most common type of cancer was breast cancer, which had the lowest risk of malnutrition. This study showed a considerable risk of malnutrition in cancer patients in Mashhad, Iran. Thus, medical nutritional intervention based on malignancy type is of essential importance.

Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that improve the growth and plant nutrition. The aim of this research was to isolate and evaluate the PGP indices of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from pistachio trees rhizosphere. Thirty four Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were isolated from eighty rhizospheric soil samples from Pistachio orchards located in Rafsanjan provence. The ability of Siderophore production, auxin, HCN and dissolution potential of Ca3 (PO4)2, ZnO and ZnCO3 in solid and liquid medium of all isolates were evaluated. The results indicated that all isolates were able to produce sidrophore in CAS agar. The average production of sidrophore and the ratios of halo to colony diameter were 2.05 and 2.86 (belonged to the D9 isolate), respectively. Most of isolates (96.88%) were able to produce auxin at 100 ppm of L-tryptophan. The highest amount of produced auxin was 16.64 µg/ml (D15 isolate). Evaluation of HCN production using the muncell color system showed that 75% of isolates were able to produce HCN and D24 isolate produced the maximum HCN. The results indicated that all Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were capable of solubilizing Ca3 (PO4)2 in the solid and liquid PKV media. The highest amount of dissolved P was 705 µg/ ml and it was belong to D6 isolate. 75% and 48% of isolates were capable of solubilizing ZnO and ZnCO3 in a PKV liquid medium, respectively. The average dissolved Zn by Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates in liquid medium containing ZnO and ZnCO3 were 8.47 and 2.48 µg/ ml, respectively. The highest amount of dissolved Zn from ZnO and ZnCO3 sources were 67.37 and 7.70 µg ml-1, (D14 and D25) respectively. The results also indicated that inoculation of pistachio seedlings with superior isolates increased the seedlings height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weights and concentrations of P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in shoot significantly. According to the results, superior isolates can be used to provide an appropriate inoculum.

Salinity and ions toxicity are one of the main problems of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Iran. In addition to the salinity problem, some other marks like boron toxicity in crops have been seen in Hossein Abad area as one of the main agricultural regions of Yazd. Therefore, this study intends to evaluate and analyze spatial variability of soil salinity as an aspect of soil degradation, and prepares soil salinity and boron maps. A regular grid sampling scheme was done through a 150 m interval. Salinity and boron were measured at the depth of 0 to 30 cm. Totally 104 samples were measured. After statistical analysis of the data and studying their distribution, Kriging estimator was used for mapping the mentioned variables. Results showed that the region has a salinity problem and does not have any boron toxicity. According to the relationship of nugget effect and sill, there was a strong dependency among all the measured factors except for boron and pH factors. The least salinity was observed in cultivated areas due to the leaching process. The boron range was between 0.07 and 1.6 mg kg-1. Salinity and soil boron were significantly correlated at 99 % confidence level. Based on the Spearman and Pearson tests, there was a positive correlation between SAR and salinity at 99 % confidence level, which shows the region has more sodic salts than others. Also, pH of the region did not present any problem for growing crops.

Effects of foliar application of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) was investigated on fruit set and some quantity and quality characteristics of pistachio trees cv. ‘Owhadi’ in two consecutive seasons, 2011 and 2012. A factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design whith nine treatments and three replicates at a pistachio orchard in Kusarriz region of Rafsanjan. Treatments include B as boric acid (0, 1000 and 2000 mg l 1) and Ca as calcium chlorid (0, 1 and 2%). Results of the first year showed that foliar application of 1000 mg l-l B increased the initial and final fruit set by 11 and 2l %, respectively, compared to controls. However, by application this level of B, some qualitative traits such as splitting rate, nut weight and rate of blankness significantly increased. In the second year, the highest rate of initial and final fruit set was obtained with application of 1000 mg l-1 boric acid. At the second year, concentration of Ca and B in the flower buds and leaves were increased by foliar spary of these elements, compared with controls. In general, the results of the present study showed that B application in concentration of 1000 mg l-1 after harvesting and swollen buds stages improved fruit set and some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pistachio trees but foliar application of Ca reduced some of these parameters.

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria are a group of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that increase growth and yield of plant by enhancing insoluble phosphates. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and phosphorous fertilizer on the yield and chemical components of Sesame. This experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications including five Levels of phosphorous fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg/Ha of triple superphosphate and 1200 kg/Ha of phosphate rock) and three bacterial levels (inoculation with two Phosphate solubilizing Fluorescent Pseudomonad, B1 and B2 and non-inoculated). Results showed that inoculation of Sesame with B1 and B2 isolates significantly increased the dry weight, Index, chlorophyll and uptake of P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in comparison to the control. Also fertilizer application significantly increased dry weight, Index of chlorophyll, P uptake and some of nutrient elements. Results was also indicated that application of 100 kg/ha triple superphosphate along with the B2 isolate were significantly increased nutrient uptake parameters in the sesame plant. Hence it may decrease phosphorus fertilizer consumption and subsequently the pollution due to the high levels of fertilizer application.

To study the effects of soil phosphorus (P) application on growth and water relations and nutrient concentration of pistachio seedlings (Badami-e-Zarand) under water stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. Treatments were arranged in a factorial manner as a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of six P levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mg P Kg-1 soil as H3PO4) and three irrigation intervals (2, 4 and 8 days). Results showed that as water stress increased, growth parameters significantly decreased. As irrigation interval was increased to 8 days, shoot and root dry weights, shoot/root ratio, leaf area and leaf number and stem height decreased. Photosynthesis parameters were significantly decreased by increasing water stress. Also, P and Zn concentrations decreased as irrigation interval increased. Analysis of variance indicated that P application had no significant effect on growth parameters, transpiration rate and photosynthesis. It seems that Olsen extractable P (5.35 mg kg-1 soil) was sufficient for optimum growth of pistachio seedlings and thus, no growth responses were observed from P application in this experiment. Application of phosphorus significantly increased P and decreased Zn concentrations.

Soil salinity and alkalinity are considered as the most important problems in arid and semi arid areas. This study has been done to investigate the spatial variability of salinity and sodium adsorption ratio which have reciprocal effects on pistachio growth in the Kosarrize region in Rafsanjan. For this purpose a regular network of 500 meter intervals was considered and 192 soil samples were from 0-30 and collected 30-60 cm depths. Electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured using standard methods. Statistical results showed that based on Pearson test, high positive correlation exists between EC and SAR at 99% confidence level. Therefore most of the salts must be of na type. Kriging maps illustrate that the variability of both parameters are greater in the first depth than the second one which is the result of different management strategies in the area. Also maps showed that Existences of excess salinity, SAR and also immethodical groundwater withdrawl and successive droughts in recent years have been considered as the main reasons of weak yield and even the loss of a major part of pistachio orchards in the region. The results showed that soil salinity and sodium in non planting areas are severe which illustrates the impact of mismanagement of the increased EC and SAR in the pistachio regions.

In order to investigate the effect of Mn and salinity on some physiological and echophysiological characteristics of pistachio seedlings (cv. Badami-e-Zarand) in sand culture (perlite medium)، a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out in the framework of a completely randomized design comprised of two factors namely: salinity (Zero، 75، 150، 225 and 300 mM NaCl) and Mn (Zero، 12، 24 and 36 µM MnSO4) in four replications. Results revealed that with an application of 150 mM of the salt، chlo a، chlo b as well as chlo a+b decreased by 12، 16 and 21% in comparison with control while Mn increased chlo a، chlo b as well as chlo a+b as compared with control. Carotenoids were observed to be significantly decreased through salt application but salinity×Mn interactions (at their different Mn levels، and salt application) did not significantly affect carotenoids. Although Superoxide Dismotaze (SOD) activity decreased in stage one (one week after application)، but it significantly increased (>30%) by application of 12 µM of Mn. SOD activity was assessed at the end of the experiment (8 weeks after salinity application). Results indicated that application of 30 mM of NaCl caused an increase of SOD activity، as a result of which the resistance of pistachio seedlings increased against salinity stress. An addition of Mn did not significantly affect the stress. Salinity treatment in each of the three experimental periods exerted a significant effect on Fv/Fm، and while salinity×Mn interaction did not significantly affect this parameter. Thus، it seemes to be finally concluded that Mn increase resistance against salinity in pistachio seedlings (cv. Badami-e-Zarand).

To study the effects of soil Cu and salinity levels on uptake of micronutrients by shoots and roots of pistachio seedlings, a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran, in May 2008. Treatments consisted of five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400 and 3200 mg NaCl per kg soil), four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg Cu per kg soil) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity stress significantly (P<0.05) decreased the uptake of micronutrients including Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn by shoots and roots. Application of 5 mg Cu per kg soil significantly increased the uptake of Cu, Fe and Mn by shoots, but had no significant effect on Zn uptake by shoots. Application of 2.5 mg Cu per kg soil significantly increased uptake of Cu, Fe and Mn by roots, while had no significant effect on Zn uptake by roots. In conclusion, the uptake of micronutrients in Badami Zarand cultivar was significantly higher than Ghazvini cultivar. Since trees suffer from deficiency of micronutrients in pistachio orchards, using Badami Zarand cultivar is recommended as pistachio rootstock.