ولی الله کاشانی

Mental fatigue is defined as a psychological state that occurs due to a required cognitive activity. Mental fatigue manifests itself in different ways and is associated with increased error probability and decreased reaction time speed during simple cognitive tasks. The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effect of mental fatigue on the performance of semi-skilled badminton players.

This research is among semi-experimental research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of methodology. The research design was carried out as a pre-test and post-test as a counterbalance. The sample of the present study included 20 semi-skilled female badminton athletes who were selected as available. The tools used in this research were Stroop Effect, Multidimensional Mental Fatigue, Scale, showing a neutral documentary film and Scott and Fox performance test. First, the participants were given a pre-test, after that they were given a Stroop effect task and after 48 hours of watching a neutral documentary, and after each task, they were asked to perform a long serve badminton performance test.

The obtained results indicated that mental fatigue significantly caused the performance of semi-skilled badminton players to decrease in the performance of long serve badminton, but the neutral documentary show had no significant effect on the mental fatigue of semi-skilled badminton players in the performance of long serve badminton.

It can be concluded that a cognitive task training session causes mental fatigue and can have a negative effect on athletes' performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire.

To achieve this goal, 270 athletes (both men and women) with varying skill levels (novice, sub-elite, and elite) in 11 different individual and team sports were randomly selected. They completed the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire. The translation-back translation method, face validity, and translation accuracy were used to confirm the questionnaire's validity. Constructive validity of the questionnaire was determined through confirmatory factor analysis based on a structural equation model. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and temporal reliability of the items was examined using the intra-class correlation coefficient under the test-retest method.

The results indicated that the Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire demonstrated favorable fit indexes. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good fit indexes (X2/DF=1.41, CFI=0.971, TLI=0.945, RMSEA=0.039), and the questionnaire exhibited satisfactory internal consistency (0.85) and temporal reliability (0.70) among young athletes.

The Persian version of the Processes of Change in Psychological Skills Training Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for studying and evaluating the processes of change in psychological skills training among Iranian athletes at different skill levels (novice, subelite, and elite).

Mental toughness can be different for each person according to gender, job and performance level, and people can have different toughness throughout their life. The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting happiness and mental health of physical education teachers in Semnan province based on mental toughness.In this descriptive correlational study, among all male and female physical education teachers in Semnan province, 137 teachers were selected as available to participate in the present study. Due to the Corona epidemic, Oxford happiness questionnaire, mental health questionnaire and mental toughness questionnaire were designed online and their link was made available to the participants through mass communication tools. The collected data were analyzed using stepwise regression, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance.The control and stability subscales of mental toughness predict 35.3% happiness of female teachers and 26.4% happiness of male teachers in Semnan province. Also, the mental toughness stability subscale predicts 38.3% of female teachers' mental health and 20.4% of male teachers' mental health. In addition, there is a negative and significant relationship between happiness and physical complaints, anxiety, aggression and the total score of mental health disorders of female physical education teachers. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between happiness and anxiety and aggression of male physical education teachers. No significant difference was observed between happiness and mental health of male and female physical education teachers. ‎In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of the components of mental toughness, happiness and mental health of male and female physical education teachers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory in injured athletes. For this purpose, 248 injured athletes were chosen through random cluster sampling and completed the Persian version of the Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory. The face validity and translation accuracy of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the translation-retranslation method. Confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to determine its internal consistency. The intra-class correlation coefficient was used to determine the temporal reliability of the questions in the test-retest method. The results showed that the initial model of the Persian version of the RIAI (28 questions) did not fit well. After eliminating two questions (questions 13 and 24), the first-order model had acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.92 ،TLI = 0.88، RMSEA = 0.076). In addition, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient showed that the Persian version of the RIAI with 26 questions has acceptable temporal and internal reliability among the injured athletes. Therefore, the Persian version of RIAI is a valid and reliable tool to be used by researchers to identify the anxiety in injured athletes.

The purpose of the current research was to determine the Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit). For this purpose, 190 female athletes (76 people) with an average age of 26.92 ± 6.53 and men (114 people) with an average age of 28.72 ± 6.9, semi-skilled in Semnan city completed the questionnaire online. After the translation-re-translation technique and confirmation of the face validity of the questionnaire by three experts, the initial pilot of the questionnaire was done to fix minor problems. In order to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model, the internal consistency of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its stability using the correlation coefficient using test-retest were used. The results in the reliability estimation of the questionnaire factors showed that the alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire with 16 questions was 0.83 and the internal consistency of other subscales of the questionnaire, which includes intentions, attitudes, mental norms and beliefs, was 0.82 respectively. , it was 0.8, 0.84, 0.82 and 0.83, which is acceptable. In examining the temporal reliability, the results of the intraclass correlation coefficient in all subscales and the overall score of the questionnaire have been evaluated favorably. Therefore, it can be stated that the Persian version of the Doping Attitude Questionnaire in Physical Fitness is considered a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the attitude towards doping in physical fitness of athletes.

Nowadays, it is not possible to achieve sport success without paying attention to the psychological skills. The purpose of present study was to examine the effects of psychological skills training period on performance of forwards beach soccer players of Semnan city.

For this purpose three forward players on the team of Semnan city were selected by Convenience Sampling. The single subject design with multiple baselines across individual design was used to examine the performance of successful heading, shooting and passing. After Psychological Skills Training Period package the data of their performance was gathered and their performance was calculated by MBD index and the effect size of Cohen’s d.

In this study, the subjects achieved to the %50.66 of improvement and 3.57 size effect in exact heading and %52 improvement and 3.4 size effect of accurate shooting and also %54.46 improvement with 3.61 effect in accurate passing which indicate relative improvement statistical meaningfulness.

The result of this study showed that PST improves forwards performance of accurate heading, correct shooting and passing and consequently on sport performance of beach soccer players. Maybe increase of athlete's consciousness in their Strengths and weaknesses create these change . Therefore, it is suggested to coaches and sports psychologists to use these exercises to improve their athletics performance.

The use of mental effort in variable practice and errorless training is different, as the reason for the increase in learning skills increase the error in the variable practice, while the optimal result of the practice in the errorless practice is due to the reduction of mental effort in it. The aim of this study was investigating the effect of cognitive effort in variability of practice and implicit learning using both of these learning methods on a complex task and under equal conditions of a cognitive secondary task. For this reason, 72 students were divided to six groups with 12 persons per each group of errorless-variable, errorful-variable, errorless-constant, errorful-constant, control-constant, control-variable. All groups in pre-test, three practice days, acquisition, retention and secondary transfer tests. Participants of errorful-variable group practiced in distances of 3.5, 3.25, 3, 2.75, 2.5 meters respectively, errorless-variable group practiced in the same and conversely distances, while errorless-constant, errorful-constant and control-constant only practiced in 2.5, 3.5 and 3 meters, respectively and control-variable practiced randomly all the distances. For analyzing of throwing accuracy, mixed Variance analysis (3*3) (group*day) in acquisition stage and (3*4) (group*test) in test stage were used with significant level of 0.05. In retention test, there were significant differences between errorless-variable and errorful-variable (P=0.001), errorful-constant (P=0.002) and control-constant (P=0.006). In transfer test, there were significant differences between errorless-variable and errorful-variable (P=0.001), errorful-constant (P=0.0001) and control-constant (P=0.002). Finally, it was concluded that errorless and control-variable practice methods can be suggested to trainers, Therapist for teaching of motor skills.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity & reliability of Persian Version The Coaching Efficacy Scale-2. For this purpose, 250 men and women Coachs in three skills level from tow filed (team sport and individual) girls were chosen by Purposeful sampling and completed the Scale. At first data was confirmed with use of translation- retranslation, face validity and translation accuracy methods. For scale construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis and for scale's internal constancy and also infraclass correlations coefficient temporal stability, Cranach alpha coefficient was used. The results show that the model fit index (RMSEA, 0.055; CFI, 0.95 & TLI, 0.94), Internal consistency (Motivation 0.85, Game Strategy 0.85, Technique 0.79, Character building 0.85 and Physical conditioning 0.86 and the total scale 0.79) and temporal stability (Motivation 0.81, Game Strategy 0.79, Technique 0.79, Character building 0.83, Physical conditioning 0.78 and the total scale 0.79) showed Persian Version the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2 have good ralibilitay and validity.These findings indicated good validity and reliability for the Persian version of the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2. Therefore, the Persian Version the Coaching Efficacy Scale-2 can be employed as a tool to study and evaluate the Efficacy of Iranian men and women Coachs.

The special skill is highly specific skill embedded within a more general class of skills or, as a dictionary definition would suggest, an exception to the rule. The present study attempted to investigate the emergence of especial skill in shooting with air gun at two skill levels (skilled, novice). The population studied here included all male and female shooters from the city of Semnan. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 shooters, consisting of two groups of women with the mean age of M= 21.33 and two groups of men with the mean age of M= 23.44, who performed shooting with air gun at five distances (8, 9, 10, 11, 12 meters) from the target. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables, and figures) as well as inferential statistics (regression and one-way analysis of variance). Simple linear regression with the significance level P

The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of causes of re-injury worry scale. A final version of this scale in injured athletes was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in sport sciences and 195 athletes who had experienced injury were selected by cluster random sampling method. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC)) and descriptive statistics. The findings indicated good fit of the CFA model over the Persian version of this scale. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and ICC demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and temporal validity of this scale. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the CFA model.

The aim of this study was to determinate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. The final version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly was retranslated and developed based on the viewpoints of experts in elderly studies. 100 elderly men and women were voluntarily selected from Hakim Elahi nursing home in Semnan city. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine factorial and construct validity and internal consistency respectively. Findings indicated good fit of the factor analysis model over the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. In addition, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated the acceptable internal consistency of this tool. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the factor analysis model.

The purpose of this study was to determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of AGSYS.

262 children in between the ages of 9 and 14 years in different sport fields were chosen by random sampling and completed the Persian version of the AGSYS. First, with use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaire was confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient was used to study temporal reliability of items.

The Persian version of the AGSYS has appropriate fit index and the results supported 2-factor (Task and Ego Orientation) and 12 - item structure of the initial of scale. Internal consistency for whole of scale and subscales Task and Ego Orientation were equal to 0.81, 0.79 and 0.77 respectively and temporal reliability for whole of scale and subscales were equal to 0.75, 0.65 and 0.70.

Therefore The Persian version of AGSYS can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the Achievement Goal of children in between the ages of 9 and 14 years in sport situations.

For measuring motor balance and mobility we need reliable & valid instrument witch adapted with culture. The present study aims to assess psychometric features of a Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; with/without history of falling). By taking a survey-based approach, 55 MS patients in year 2016 from Yazd were randomly selected and complete Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test. Face validity was confirmed through translation-retranslation. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) while internal consistency and temporal reliability were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation, respectively. Our findings indicate desirable fit of the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test for MS patients. Indices of fit (RMSEA=0.08, CFI=0.99, TLI= 0.97), internal consistency (0.93), and temporal reliability (P ≥ 0.70) suggest proper validity and reliability of the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic index for MS patients. The results showed that the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index is a valid and reliable instrument for MS patients that can be used in clinical, treatment, and research settings to identify MS patients prone to the risk of falling.

Fear of falling can lead to discomfort and decreased quality of life in elderly people. The purpose of this study was to prepare a short version of the International Falls Efficacy Scale for older adults, originally designed to measure fear of falling. In this regard and to confirm the construct validity of short version of the international fall efficacy scale, 200 (108 male and 92 female) older adults with different levels activity were selected by available sampling and then completed the questionnaire. Methods of the research include: translation-back method and face validity to confirm accuracy of the scale translation. Confirmatory factor analysis and Pierson’s correlation was used for approving the structural and convergent validity of the scale. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points were used for normalization. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's Alpha of 0.95 and the coefficient of inter-class correlation of 0.87. In order to investigate structural validity and convergent, confirmatory factor analysis and the main version of the international scale of respectively were used. The results of the study indicated that the indices were optimal (RMSEA=0.02, CFI=1, TLI =1). The brief Persian version of the scale (FES-I) can be referred as a useful tool to evaluate the fear of falling of Iranian older adults.

Relaxation is a way of improving performance that can generally be classified as physical and mental relaxation. The mental relaxation technique is often named as the technique of mind to the body since the purpose of these techniques is to provide relaxation through the mind. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect a period of relaxation program (body to mind and mind to body) on the performance of semi-skilled football players. For this purpose, 39 players were selected and divided randomly into three groups: progressive muscle relaxation, creative visualization, and control. Before the interventions, a pretest was conducted by the observational method. In this relaxation program, subjects underwent two different types of relaxation after football training for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, analysis of variance with repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance. The results showed the significant effect of progressive muscle relaxation and creative visualization on maintaining and controlling the ball, accurately passing, accurately taking the ball from the opponent and overall players’ performance. In addition, the athletes who used progressive muscle relaxation had better performance than those who used creative visualization. In general, the methods of the body to mind and mind to body relaxation can each serve as an independent way to improve the performance of athletes, but the implementation of mind to body relaxation, such as the visualization of creativity, is more effective at skills that require more precision and concentration.

Exercise dependence, a process in which a person feels compelled to exercise and suffers physical and psychological symptoms when exercise is withdrawn, appears to be commonplace among bodybuilders. The purpose of this study was determining the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the bodybuilding dependence. In this regard 196 male and female bodybuilders selected by random cluster sampling and then completed the questionnaire. This scale at the first, with use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed. Then Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of the questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for validation of internal consistency of the questionnaire. The results for Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the first model bodybuilding dependence scale was not supported the favorable fit. But after eliminating the one question, the second model with 8 questions, had an acceptable fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.06, Comparative fit index=0.91, Tucker Lewis index=0.86) and internal consistency (Internal consistency for whole of scale 0.74 and subscales mastery dependence, training dependence and social dependence were equal to, 0.80, 0.70 and 0.73 respectively). Therefore, The Persian version of the modified bodybuilding dependence scale can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate and study the bodybuilding dependence of Iranian athletes will benefit.

Due to the phenomenon of aging and the inevitable problems that will occur in the process, a convenient tool for assessing the balance confidence of the daily activities is required. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the activities-specific balance confidence scale for elderly Persians.

In this study 170 women and men (woman: 75 and man: 95) were selected by cluster random sampling to complete the Persian version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale for the elderly. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency while intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was utilized to assess temporal reliability.

Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of the structure of the questionnaire. The results showed that the activities-specific balance confidence scale for elderly Persians had an acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.08, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99), internal consistency (0.92) and temporal reliability (0.83), indicating good validity and reliability of the Persian version of the activities-specific balance confidence scale for elderly Persians.

Balance confidence scale for elderly Persians has acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian adults and can be potentially used as a valid and reliable instrument by researchers

Autism is a kind of progressive disorder that children suffer from anxiety in their personal and social life. The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of 8 weeks of Spark Traning Program along with Neurofeedback on the cortisol levels of autistic children.
In a semi-experimental design, 24 autistic children aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (1-Spark training 2- Neurofeedback 3-Spark training Neurofeedback and 4- control group). Three groups undergon 45 minutes 2 days per weeks therapeutic sessions in 8 weeks interval, whereas no intervention received by control subjects and just engaged in their routine activities. Cortisol measurements were administered in pre-test and post-test under the same conditions from all four groups.
Applying Analysis of Covariance on the resulting data showed that mean scores of the cortisol levels significantly decreased in the spark training group, neurofeedback group, and spark neurofeedback training group, and the most effectiveness was the combination of Spark and neurofeedback training, whereas no important changes detected for control group.
It could be concluded that receiving isolated and adjunct Spark and Neurofeedback training effectively reduce cortisol level in autistic children. Adjunct training however had robust effects.

The motivational climate relates to the athlete's perception of the modes, structures and expectations of a situation that directs the growth of specific goal-oriented through the transfer of self-directed and motivational motivations. The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C).
In this research, 335 boys and girls (boys: 235 and girls: 100) with skill various levels were selected to complete the Persian version of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire, randomly. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of the structure of the questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of the questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study the temporal reliability of items.
The results showed that the brief resilience Scale had has acceptable fit index (RMSEA=0.07, CFI=0.88, TLI= 0.86), internal consistency¡ and temporal reliability (0.77), indicating good validity and reliability of the Persian version of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire.
Based in the results, the Persian version of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian adults and has potential to be as valid and reliable instrument the usability by trainers, and researchers.

Background & Purpose: The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of Sport motivation scale Questioner. For this purpose, 200 athletes with different levels of skill in 11 sport fields, individual and team completed the questionnaires. First, with use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaires were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points were used for normalization. The results of research showed that confirmatory factor analysis the SMS-II had acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.02, CFI = 0.97, NNFI= 0.96) and internal consistency (Intrinsic= 0.80, Integrated= 0.78, Identified=0.77, Introjected=0.75, External motivation=0.77, A motivated=0.80 and the total = 0.79), and temporal reliability with ICC for all factors and total score of SMS-II, was more than 0.75. So this finding indicating good validity and reliability of the Persian version of SMS-II. Therefore the Persian Version of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II) can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II) among men and women at different level of competition in sport situations.

The purpose of this study was to determine factorial validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Flow Questionnaire. For this purpose, 400 gamers (237 male; 163 female) were chosen by random cluster sampling to complete the Persian version of the Flow in Computer Game Questionnaire for Gamers. In the first step translation accuracy of the Persian version was confirmed through back translation. Next, we examined construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model, while internal consistency and temporal reliability were assessed using Cronbach alpha and test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient, respectively. The results indicated acceptable fit indices (X2/DF=2.51, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.92, RMSEA=0.062) for the Persian version of the Flow in Computer Game Questionnaire. The values obtained for internal consistency (ɑ=0.75) and temporal reliability (ICC=0.85) were also acceptable. The results support the factor structure of the Questionnaire and its 23 items. Therefore, the Persian version of the Flow in Computer Game Questionnaireis characterized as a valid and reliable tool to study and evaluate the processes of change in psychological skills training for Iranian gamers at different levels of skills (novice, sub-elite and elite).

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of circadian rhythms and variability of physical practice on the enhancement-based consolidation process in explicit motor memory. 40 right-handed female students of Alzahra University of physical education participated in this research. Participants were divided according to their circadian rhythm into 4 different groups. The acquisition phase consisted of nine blocks of 10 trials which constant groups from 6.2 m and random groups from 3.2, 2.6, 2.3 to practiced their darts skills. Retention test was performed by Record score of 30 trials (three blocks of 10 trials) throwing darts from a distance of 6.2 m in three phases (immediate retention, delayed retention morning, delayed retention time). For data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level (0.05) was used. The results show that the best performance of the constant morning group was in the delayed retention morning and constant evening group were in the delayed retention evening. In general, we can conclude that most enhancement-based consolidation process occurs with 24h off line periods in constants groups and night's sleep in these off-line periods facilitated consolidation of motor memory. So, 24h offline period is the best offline period for enhancing explicit motor memory.

The enjoyment of physical activity is defined as a positive affective state, either cognitive or physiological, that involves feelings of pleasure and fun associated with the completion of or performance in physical activities. The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in Children. For this purpose, 564 children ranging in age from 10 to 12 years were chosen by random Cluster sampling and completed the Persian version of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. The method of the research was as follows: first, with use of translation-back translation methods, translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaires were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items. The results showed that the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale had acceptable fit index (RMSEA=0.05, CFI=0.92, NNFI=0.90), internal consistency (0.83), and temporal reliability (0.80), indicating good validity and reliability of the Persian version of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Also, the results supported 1-factor and 16-item structure of the initial of scale. Therefore, The Persian version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the Enjoyment of Physical Activity in Iranian Children.

Human beings rely on numerous systems to sustain their balance as they perform their activities of daily living. In this way, the purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of the 9-item Berg balance scale in elderly people.
A final version of the Berg balance scale (BBS) was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in elderly studies, and then distributed among 100 volunteering senior citizens from a residential care in Semnan (emam ali). The data were analyzed using descriptive (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha) and inferential statistics.
Our findings indicated proper fitness of the CFA model over the Persian version of the short form of the BBS. In addition, Cronbach’s alphas demonstrated acceptable internal consistency of this measurer.
It is concluded that the proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the fitness of the CFA model

Many scientific evidence confirms the impact of imagery on the enhancement of learning and performance of sports skills as well as the adjustment of athletes’ emotions and thoughts about the tournament. Therefore, imagination not only facilitates performance but also facilitates the athletes’ thoughts and reactions in the competitions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of using a simulator with that of imagery of movements in piloting techniques on the performance of UAV athlete pilots.
The present research belongs to the category of applied research and falls in the field of semi-experimental research. The statistical population of this study was Tehran's UAV pilots. Among them, 20 participants were selected by the available sampling method with a mean age of 32.2 years. After the homogenization of the samples based on their ability of mental imagery, they were randomly assigned into two groups, one using a simulator and the other using a simulator plus mental imagery. They were trained in piloting drones for eight weeks.
The results of the study indicated that after eight weeks of specialized training in drone piloting and practicing real-time flights, the simulator had a positive effect on the performance of pilots in actual and practical flights. The use of the simulator in combination with the imagery techniques also had a positive effect on the performance of the pilots and improved their actual flying. A comparison of the two training methods showed that the effect of the combined training technique was significantly greater than the effect of the actual practice on the performance of pilots.
The use of combined training exercises (simulator plus mental imagery) has a positive effect on the learning of piloting techniques and better helps the optimal performance of UAV pilots.