فهرست مطالب پوپک فرنیا

Herbal plants play significant roles in the treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. Salsola vermiculata is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in the southwest Asia, and used for the treatment of stomach disorders. This present study aimed at identifying and comparing the metabolic profiles of different parts of S. vermiculata and evaluating the inhibitory potential of their extracts and fractions against acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase. LC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS analytical methods were employed for metabolite profiling of the extracts, and their fractions. The inhibitory activities were determined by microplate reader-based colorimetric methods. 44 metabolites were identified in different parts of S. vermiculata. In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone; in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene; in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were reported as major components. According to the inhibitory activities results, the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and the aqueous-acid fraction of roots displayed the highest inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 17.24 µg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC50: 62.37 µg/mL), respectively. Finally, the leaves and roots of S. vermiculata are rich of phenolic and alkaloid compounds and the findings of this study describe them as a promising acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, and therefore, can be utilized for the development of new drugs.

The corona virus (COVID-19) is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus. The virus mutates both naturally and after transmission to humans, transmitting it from patients to others, causing an increase in the mutation in its genome. Mutations in the virus have helped it adapt to different conditions and increase the pathogenicity of new individuals. Examination of mutated sites can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment. Differences in virus nucleotides vary not only in different hosts but also in sequences prepared from human samples in different countries, which raises the important question of which virus each country seeks to treat, diagnose, and develop its own vaccine. , Get more strength.

Coronaviruses (CoV) cause disease in a wide range of animal species and are a major cause of zoonotic infections. Recently, a common human-animal CoV called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged, leading to a pandemic of COVID-19. Despite its high level of quarantine control, it has created a global epidemic in many developed countries. This emerging situation raises many questions. Is the infection only transmitted through humans to humans, or are other cases, such as animal-to-human or other environmental sources, also involved? We reviewed existing studies and assessed the potential risk of transmitting the coronavirus from pets to humans. Pets (dogs and cats), especially dogs are accustomed to licking themselves or others. In this way, they may introduce the virus into their respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Instead, they can transmit diseases when they lick people's faces. In this study, we reviewed not only pet studies and their association with the coronavirus we also tested 22 samples of stray dogs and cats near COVID-19 patients hospital areas. Although no direct relationship was found between these animals and the hospital, we found that 14 (63.6%) of the 22 pets tested positive for COVID-19. Among them, 7 (31.8%) had cough and sneezing symptoms. The cases were stray animals, but the question that should be clarified is whether or not pets are involved in the transport chain? This needs further investigation.

Mycobacterium simiae has been identified as the most abundant species of slow-growing mycobacterium isolated from clinical specimens in Iran. One of the genetic fingerprinting methods used for this purpose is called Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR). In this study, in addition to the hsp65 PCR-RFLP method, the genetic pattern of Mycobacterium simiae was investigated using QUB11b, QUB4156, QUB26 loci and VNTR method for epidemiological studies. In this study, among 56 samples of atypical pulmonary and extrapulmonary mycobacteria isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms, using culture on Lowenstein Jensen medium and differential tests including nitrate reduction, catalase activity test, niacin test, growth rate and pigment production and hsp65 PCR-RFLP method, all isolated mycobacterium simiae were identified. Out of 56 isolated non-tuberculous mycobacteria, 41 samples (73.2%) were slow-growing and 15 samples (26.7%) were fast-growing. Among the slow growths, 30 specimens (73.1%) were mycobacterium simiae and among the fast growths, the highest number was related to mycobacterium abscessus(80%). Among 30 mycobacterium simiae samples, (10%) of the samples were sensitive to amikacin and kanamycin and resistant to ciprofloxacin and (6.6%) were resistant to amikacin and kanamycin and sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The QUB11b locus had the highest differentiation power (HGI = 0.7) among the strains of mycobacterium simiae tested and was highly polymorphic.

QUB11b locus in both mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium simiae isolates has the highest discriminative power, 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. This locus can not be used to differentiate the two groups of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium simiae, but this locus is suitable for differentiating mycobacterium simiae subtypes due to its high discriminative power.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen that can cause tuberculosis in the host. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the oldest known bacterium in humans, it is still a deadly disease worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive in the human body for decades without any symptoms. However, it may be activated in people with defective immune systems or people with diseases such as diabetes, AIDS or malnutrition, leading to tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosT gene in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis The presence of dosT gene in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined by PCR and the presence of this gene in susceptible and resistant samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was analyzed by many statistical methods. The dosT gene was detected in all patients with E. coli by PCR (219 bp). The frequency of dosT gene in isolates of patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined (94.3%). The percentage of dosT gene presence in patients with susceptible and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined (78.8% and 21.2% in patients with recessive tuberculosis) The presence of dosT gene was detected in almost all patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it was shown that this gene is more common in susceptible isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is responsible for a large number of human deaths because of its ability to remain in the host for many years without causing disease. Recently, new areas with high prevalence of MDR-resistant TB have been identified in populous countries. Pili in M. tuberculosis mediates the interaction between the pathogen and the host-specific target cells and is seen as a factor in the pathogenesis of the bacterium. In this study, we examined producing gene of (Mtp) among susceptible and resistant strains isolated from clinical specimens to better understand the biology of M. tuberculosis.
We have used some PCR-based methods, including: ISR10 PCR, Multiplex-PCR as fast molecular methods. 100 patient samples were identified by IS6110 PCR method, then isolation of multidrug resistance and sensitive and resistant strains was performed.
Dedicated band electrophoresis showed 263 bp for the Mtp gene. The results of the present study show that this gene is present in all considered strains.
The pili gene is protected in Mycobacterium and is present in all susceptible and drug-resistant strains.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Today we are facing a global epidemic. Fever, cough, fatigue, breathlessness, and smell or taste loss are the most frequent clinical symptoms. In most cases, the symptoms are mild. However, it may occasionally progress to widespread thrombosis, septic shock, or acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS). The incubation period is usually about 5 days, but can vary from 2 to 14 days. Early quarantine is vital for preventing the complications and rapid spread of the disease. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of a nasopharyngeal sample is the standard diagnostic test. However, this method is expensive and unavailable in many parts of the country, and has delayed results. On the other hand, computerized tomography scan (CT-scan) is widely available and low-cost throughout the country, and provides immediate results with high sensitivity. Indeed, in some cases, CT-scan is capable of providing evidence for the disease before detection of viral RNA from upper respiratory samples. CT-scan exhibits higher sensitivity, but lower specificity for diagnosis of COVID-19, compared to RT-PCR (sensitivity of 59-78% and 95-98% as well as specificity of approximately 100% and 96% for RT-PCR and chest CT-scan, respectively). Low sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19 and ionizing radiation exposure are two major disadvantages of CT-scan, which can be resolved to a large extent by clinical and laboratory correlations and utilizing low-dose CT protocols. It seems that CT-scan can be ordered for diagnosis of COVID-19 when PCR test is not feasible, or in case of high clinical suspicion in spite of negative PCR. In addition, CT-scan plays a major role in assessing the severity, extent and prognosis of the disease in monitoring the response to treatment, and in diagnosis of complications.</div>

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The irregularities in miRNA expression have been reported in many pulmonary diseases, including CF. An increase or a decrease in miRNA levels has important influences on innate immune responses in respiratory tract of the patients with CF, such as impaired function of the inflammatory responses caused by neutrophils and macrophages, as well as chronic inflammation, which can lead to degradation and fibrosis of the lung tissue in these patients. The presence of a specific biomarker for diagnosis of pulmonary disease, inflammation, and cellular function can be a good candidate for diagnosis of CF. For example, sputum miRNAs can be ideal for checking pulmonary function. Although miRNA is not currently used for treatment or clinical diagnosis of CF, many studies have suggested miRNAs as potential biomarkers for the disease. miRNA-based treatments, that enhance the expression of CFTR, can be a very suitable option for adjusting CFTR levels in clinical trials on patients with CF. In this review article, after describing different miRNA groups, and its mechanism of action for regulation of protein expression, various studies related to miRNA in CF were investigated. In addition, the possibility to apply miRNA as a biomarker in CF, and its role in different miRNA-based therapeutic approaches were discussed.</div>

The whole creation has been based on nanostructures. During the evolutionary process, the toxic ingredients of nanostructure have been either deleted or adjusted with the bodies of the creatures. Man, today proceeds toward the synthesization and direct use of nanostructures and making it functional in all aspects of life. Although, because of unpredictable behaviors of nanostructure compared to their original forms, and their availability in nature, the possibility of misusing exists. Therefore, the ethical rules for synthesizing and the possible side effects of their production in the laboratory and industrial settings should be formulated. Furthermore, the proper and safe usage of these materials in human life, and natural environment should be highlighted. The implementation of strict rules may prevent from the occurrence of disasters that can be more dangerous than the discovery of radioactive ingredients of heavy elements and their connection with the formation of carcinoma cells.