کتایون شمشادی

The supply chain starts at the production of primary products and ends with the consumption of final product. This chain includes all the economic activities taken place within the various stages of input, production, processing, distribution, wholesale and retail. Regarding the supply chain of agricultural products, timely and sufficient supply of scarce, high-quality inputs at reasonable prices, facilitating the farmer's access to production inputs, reducing the risk of production, increasing the capacity of warehousing and storing products, improving the transportation system and appropriate distribution, internal and external marketing and export of agricultural products can lead to timely meeting the needs of consumers, reducing exchange costs and waste, increasing the income and profitability of producers, creating employment and improving food security.

This study aimed at investigating the links of the egg value chain components in descriptive methods.

The study results indicated that the major challenges from production to egg supply included exhaustion of buildings and equipment of laying hens, import dependency on inputs, increased exchange rate, lack of liquidity, price fluctuation and government interventions (especially the export ban).

Conclusion and Suggestions: 

Based on the study findings, in order to solve the existing challenges, it is suggested that production planning be based on the discovery and stabilization of export markets. In addition, facilitating exports and preventing inappropriate interventions by the government, granting bank facilities to support the development of poultry feed factories, especially mechanized factories for the production of feed for laying hens, and increasing public awareness about egg consumption through educational, promotional and cultural programs as well as supporting consumers in the first five income deciles are other important issues that can lead to the prosperity of the chicken and egg industry in Iran.

During the last decade, due to the increase in food prices, the cost of a healthy diet in Iran has greatly increased. Although the government's support policies have aimed at improving the living conditions of households, but the cost and income information of the Iranian Statistics Center shows that due to inflationary conditions and its impact on real income and purchasing power of consumers, these programs have not had the necessary effect in reducing poverty and food insecurity. Reducing poverty and increasing the food security index is a requirement for independent countries like Iran. In this regard, knowing the current situation of poverty, food insecurity and factors influencing it, is not only the main condition for preparing future plans, but is necessary to continue this work with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the results of implemented plans and actions.

In the present study, the spatial distribution of poverty and food insecurity in the urban areas of Iran in 1401 has been investigated and then the factors affecting food insecurity have been identified. In order to achieve these goals, the nutritional performance matrix was drawn and calculated per capita calories in 1401 using the household income-expenditure information of Iran Statistics Center. The Aggregate Household Food Security Index (AHFSI) and the Foster, Greere and Thorbeke (FGT) poverty index were calculated and based on these indices, the spatial distribution of poverty and food insecurity in urban areas of Iran was analyzed. Finally, the impact of economic and demographic variables on food insecurity was analyzed in the framework of the logit model.

According to the results, the urban areas of the country are in low food security conditions; so that, only 45% of people have food security and about 55% of the residents of urban areas are either facing food insecurity or are on the border of food insecurity. On the other hand, the per capita calorie intake in the urban areas of the country is 2540 kcal, and generally these calories are supplied from cereals. In addition, there is inequality in the intake of calories in different provinces of the country, and the average intake of calories varies between 1988-3196 kcal among the provinces. Examining the status of food poverty indicators also shows that the average head count, gap and intensity of poverty in urban areas are 55.1%, 15.2% and 6% respectively. Based on these indicators, it can be said that 55.1% of the population of the urban areas of the country had food poverty in 1401 and the calorie intake of the poor households in these areas was 15.2% less than the minimum required daily calories; therefore, to eliminate poverty, the caloric intake of poor households should be increased by 15.2%. Finally, the results of the logit model estimation showed that the variables of age, employment status, working hours of the head of the household, subsidy, income and food diversity have a positive and significant effect on the food security of the households, but the Family size has a negative effect on the food security. In addition, the two variables gender and literacy of the head of the household did not have a significant effect on the food security in urban areas of Iran.

In this regard, although the long-term solution is to increase household purchasing power, stabilize and reduce commodity prices through strengthening production and supply, but in the short-term, increasing salaries and wages in line with the inflation rate and increasing social support programs for the low income deciels and weak society should be taken into consideration. In other words, income policies that can directly or indirectly increase the level of income and thus the purchasing power of the household, can be considered as a scientific and effective solution for food security. Moreover, the social support and poverty alleviation programs should be targeted and applied according to the needs and deficiencies in different geographical, demographic and income conditions. Finally, it should be acknowledged that improving the nutritional literacy of households can increase the nutritional knowledge and awareness of households, and therefore, by improving the variety and quality of the food they consume, it can lead to an increase in food security in urban areas of Iran.

In order to economical assessment of transplanting compared with direct (conventional) cultivation of rapeseed (Ahmadi variety) as check in different sowing dates, this research carried out in farm of Kermanshah agriculture and natural resources research and education center and Seed and plant improvement institute in Karaj during 2018 and 2019. Treatments of this experiment included rapeseed cultivation in 7 October as control, transplanting in two and four leaf stage on 17 October, 1 November and 11 November. In this study, for getting to economic target used Partial Budgeting Technique and Benefit cost ratio. According to the results, in Alborz and Kermanshah provinces, the mean of grain yield of rapeseed in seed cultivation in 7 October was 3495 and 4857 kg.ha-1, respectively. In Kermanshah province to Alborz province, the mean of grain yield and net income of check treatment during experimental years was increased 39 and 72.2 percent, respevtively and Net present value check treatment with discount rate 20% was increased 78.9 percent. Comparing trnsplanting treatments in target regions, transplanting planting in Alborz province to Kermanshah was more profitable. Thus,in terms of crops and economic preference, rapeseed cultivation in 7 October treatment as check treatment was selected as the best treatments in target provinces.

Support for the agricultural sector is an integral part of the agricultural economy and Iran's climate conditions, along with price fluctuations in the production market and exchange rates, have doubled the importance of this support for this sector. In this study, in order to estimate the level of support for producers and consumers of agricultural products in Iran, the indicators of Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) were used and due to the variety of agricultural products, the amount of support for 12 crops, 7 horticultural products and 4 livestock products from 2001 to 2019 was estimated. Following this, the pathology and restructuring of the support sector was discussed based on the opinions of experts. The estimation of the amount of support agricultural production was provided with indicated that producers had paid an average of 162280 billion rials to the indirect tax community, and therefore support for production within this sector was negative. On the other hand, there was considerable consumer support through price suppression and an average of 9090 billion rials was supported by consumers within the agricultural sector. Also, in recent years, due to sanctions, support for the General Services Sector fell to a fixed price in 2011. Furthermore, in some product groups, the existence of high and unfair price margins has affected both consumption and production sectors and the support for both groups has been negative. Expert analysis also reveals the need to reform and change policymaking and the paradigm used in this sector. This study proposes the abolishment of cheap food policies while increasing consumer purchasing power through compensation and direct payments. Support for young farmers can also bring significant prosperity to the agricultural sector.

For a long time, the main feature of Iran's economy has been its dependence on oil revenues and a single-product economy. Developments in the 1990s in Western countries' policies against Iran and the imposed sanctions have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to reducing dependence on oil revenues and developing non-oil exports. Meanwhile, the export of food industry products is one of the pillars of non-oil exports due to the existing potentials in the country and certain advantages such as higher added value and job creation. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the export of Iran's food industry to the target countries using the panel data method and the gravity model during 2001-2018. The results showed that the variables of per capita income of the target countries and Iran, population of the target countries and Iran and export price index of Iran had positive effects and the variable of distance had a negative effect on the export value of Iran's food industry. The variable of real exchange rate also had a positive effect though not statistically significant on the export of Iran's food industry to the target countries. Finally, according to the study results on the development of target markets and focus on the countries of the region, given that these countries have high per capita incomes, it might be recommended to strengthen economic diplomacy and develop transport infrastructure to reduce transportation costs.

Agricultural sector will be most affected by climate change due to its extensive interaction with the environment. and as a result of changing production conditions، community welfare is changed. This study attempted at understanding the welfare effects of changes in climate parameters on the wheat product. Therefore، the yield functions were initially estimated. Supply، demand and import functions were secondly estimated by Simultaneous equations system. Finally، to study the welfare effects resulting from changes in temperature and precipitation، a price-endogenous mathematical programming model in three different scenarios of climate was used. The results showed that in the case of reducing precipitation with increasing temperature، consumer surplus، producer surplus and therefore society surplus will be reduced. Loss of welfare for consumers are higher than what is for producers.

Agriculture is an important part of the economy having a significant role in exports of any country. On the other hand, the economic integration leads to the increase of trading and income of member states. In this paper, the factors affecting agricultural exports in ECO countries will be studied by using Panel Approach during 1992-2010. The findings present that Export Price Index, GDP and exchange rates have a positive effect and exchange rate fluctuations and population have a negative effect on agricultural exports. So, it is recommended that, for improving agricultural exports, GDP and exchange rate should be increased. In addition, by decreasing the fluctuation in exchange rate, the negative effects will be controlled.

The paper aims to examine the place of Iran in the export of fennel among ten major exporting countries. For this purpose, RCA, RSCA, MI, X2, CTB indices were calculated. Needed information for calculating indices was gathered from FAO sources. Afghanistan, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Germany, India, Iran, Singapore, Turkey and Syria were selected for comparison. Based on RCA and RSCA indices, Iran stands in the seventh and sixth position in the export of fennel respectively. On the whole, the results of the other indices showed that Iran had comparative advantage in the export of fennel. But due to existence of variation in these indices, it`s possible to improve present situation by persuading appropriate policies. Thus it is recommended to recognize and introduce target markets for fennel at international level and support production, processing, marketing and export of fennel

The goal of the present study is to survey the Effect of Government Subsidizing Policy on Wheat Production. In addition, with utilization of economic methods and utilizing serial andperiodical data belonging to 1984-2006 years concerning inputs of chemical fertilizers, seeds, toxins, work power and water supplies, at first wheat production function was estimated with ARDL approach and then farmers sensitivity to price changes of these inputs were specified after having production attraction of the inputs calculated simultaneously with estimation of cost dependents and supply of production dependents applying ISUR method. Results obtained from analysis of State Subsidy Policy showed that granting subsidy to toxins has caused irrational supply of the inputs and decrease of theproduction of the wheat as much as 3.133% as a result of flexibility of supply of this input in proportion with price. In addition, granting subsidy to fertilizers and seeds have had trivial impact on production of wheat because of low attraction of demand of these inputs in a way that wheat production rate increased 0.306 percent with fertilizerssubsidy and 0.2 percent with seed subsidy.