مقالات رزومه دکتر آرام تیرگر

One way to improve the social participation of the elderly is to pay attention to environmental adaptation, and ensure safety and independence of them in places they use. Due to the rapid growth of the aging population in Iran and considering the important role of mosques as one of the main religious-spiritual places for the elderly, conducting studies to determine the structural suitability components of the mosques in terms of geriatrics and ergonomics are necessary. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the structural suitability components of elderly-friendly mosques in Iran.

Methods & Materials:

 This is a qualitative study using the content analysis method conducted in 2020. Participants were 18 eligible older adults (13 women and 5 men) aged 61-72 years (Mean±SD age=66.33±2.99) attended the mosques of Babol city who had the ability to communicate effectively and the willingness to participate in the study. The mosques were selected based on the geographical distribution (in north, south, east, and west). The data collection method was in-depth and semi-structured interviews, which continued until data saturation. Each interview was transcribed and analyzed step by step according to Kvale’s method.

The extracted data were divided into 5 main categories and 18 subcategories as the structural suitability components of elderly-friendly mosques. Extracted main categories included: Outdoor Environment, Indoor Environment, Equipment, Basic Welfare Amenities, and Internal Facilities.

The identified components can help find and prioritize the needs and select the type of interventions to be conducted in the mosque according to the characteristics of the elderly.

Aging population in the world raises the need of education to prepare people for old age. Considering the decisive role of school textbooks on students' beliefs and behaviors about the elderly, the aim of this study was to investigate the status of education in terms of images and phrases related to aging in school textbooks.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using citation analysis method. The study population was all elementary and first high school textbooks on aging issue. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.

The results showed that there were images of the elderly in almost all grades and levels of education. The most number of images of the elderly were in the third-grade textbooks of the first high school (141 cases) and the lowest one was in the second grade textbooks of the elementary school. Review of textbooks in terms of using words such as aged, old, elderly, oldest old and similar words indicated that in all grades and levels of education, related and evocative words with this age group were used. The second grade of first high school textbooks had the most number (256 items) and the highest proportion of these words.

Given the number and proportion of using images and words related to aging in textbooks, a relatively good amount of dealing with the subject was observed in elementary and first high school grades. Therefore, as the aging population grows, reforming the amount and content of educational materials in schools is essential.

Students studying medicine are forced to present or get some of their education and services during night time as long shift work. Shift wok can be harm to human health. The aims of this study determine the relation between shiftwork and medical student's life style as cohorts study.

This cohort study was conducted among medical students of Babol University of medical science. Medical students, who entered in 2012, completed Life Style Questionnaire (LSQ). This Questionnaire has 10 domains and is matching the Iranian culture. Sampling was performed by census. At first 92 students passing their last year of externship filled in the research questionnaire. Then after nine months (six months after internship) they were given the same questionnaire again. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25 software.

The mean of age student was 23 ±11.14 years. Of the 92 students, 61 (67%) were girls and 31 (33%) were boys and 21 percent of students were married. The results of the study showed that shift work reduced the overall lifestyle score of medical interns of 12 point (p< 0.001). The major reduction was for physical health (p<0/001). Internship was led the reduction of sport activity, attention to the good health (p<0/001), attention to good nourishing, controlling the weight (p=0/003), and reduction of attention to prevention of disease (p<0/001) meaningfully. It was worth noting that the shift work reduced the psychological, moral and social health of the interns meaningfully (p=0/004, p=0/003, p<0/018 respectively). Also medical students have been led to use drugs (p=0/035), and intern’s attention to environmental health have been reduced meaningfully (p<0/001); but it can’t lead to increase rate of events among interns (p=0/314). In his study we weren’t found any meaningful relation between demographic variables and life style.

Shift works in medical interns associated with the reduction of mean of lifestyle scores. Therefore improving life style and teaching the medical students about effects and ways of confront shift work problems in comparing with performing true schedule of shift work pattern is recommended.

Lack of comprehensive theses databases in various fields can be a reason for research problems in every field. In Iran, I has been several decades that due to scientific and cultural developments of work, the necessity to train Occupational Safety and Health experts is perceived and for this reason, we have witnessed the increasing development of graduates in this field, especially in graduate courses. However, despite various research activities as theses, no study has been conducted on thematic fields of interest, population under study, and similar cases and these constitute the concerns of experts and policymaking in this field.According to lack of access to accurate information about theses in the field of Occupational Safety and Health in Iran, this descriptive study aimed to analyze the content of MSc and PhD theses in Occupational Safety and Health in 2017 in a cross-sectional study for a 10-year period from 2007 to 2016 through investigating theses in universities of medical sciences in Tehran to draw the status quo and investigate advantages and disadvantages of studies and research gaps.

Content analysis is a standard method to study and identify the features of registered information in various documents such as theses and the variables of this study included university, gender and grade of the writer, field, location, city, methodology, data collection tool or method, population, and sample.From 2009 to 2010, we saw the integration of University of Tehran and Iran University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, about theses in this interval, theses that were available in the libraries of these centers were included in the lists of the related university. Sampling was carried out according to census and through investigating all theses that existed in these universities. In order to collect data, the conventional method in the field of scientometrics was used as one of the most common assessment methods for scientific activities and development quantification. Data were collected by direct reference to the theses and entering the information in the pre-prepared list consistent with the objectives and variables of interests and previous studies. It should be noted that in the absence of the main file of the end of the letter in the library , an abstract of the text or full electronic text in the library site of the relevant university was used . the collected data were analyzed using spss software and excel version .This study was conducted on Occupational Safety and Heath theses in universities of medical sciences in Tehran. The sample included MSc and PhD theses in Occupational Safety and Health available in the libraries of Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Iran University of Medical Sciences.

According to investigating Occupational Safety and Health theses in universities in Tehran city, of 350 published theses in the information database of the libraries of these universities, 336 theses (96.57%) were available and most of them during 2007-2016 were related to the University of Tehran with 134 theses (39.64%). Moreover, frequency distribution of theses according to the publication year indicates that the majority of Master’s and Ph.D. theses with 21 theses (6.21%) belong to 2014 in the University of Tehran. To conduct the study, university and industry or university and hospital as well as industry and hospital were used and the numbers are separately stated in the related section. Different types of studies in the health field studies are divided into descriptive and analytic types. Analytic studies include interventional or observational studies and descriptive studies report the case or are ecological. Here, analytic observational studies had the most uses in all four universities.Among different topics, chemical and physical factors, safety as well as ergonomics, toxicology, and biological factors and among cities, Tehran and Mahshahr Petrochemical Industry were selected. Industries ranked first as the project site and SPSS showed the highest application. Ignoring the MSc and PhD graduates in Occupational Safety and Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences showed the highest number. The ratio of female students, except Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was higher than males. Among various studies on health sciences, analytical observational study was the most used study among all four universities.

The findings of this study showed that ignoring the graduates of Occupational Safety and Health in country’s universities, Tehran University of Medical Sciences had the highest ratio. The ratio of female students, except Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was more than males. About this aspect, it should be noted that although Occupational Safety and Health needs physical capabilities to be present in various occupational environments, the existing condition for student admission needs more investigation and this should be investigated and analyzed more carefully. However, for graduate courses, the issue of presence in industry can be considered marginally and instead, other aspects such as attracting the graduates in educational centers and universities can be taken into consideration. In this condition, gender inequality and relative and high presence of females can be more justifiable. According to the importance of Occupational Safety and Health presence in large and small industries, the presence of students in industries and conducting studies required by industries are growing in this context. Nevertheless, for several reasons, Tehran may be selected as the research location but health issues of the workforce in other parts of the country should not be ignored. Although questionnaire and interview have been used as data collection tools in many theses, the share of laboratory tools has been higher. The objectives of Occupational Safety and Health include identification, assessment, and control of the existing harmful factors in the workplace with a series of healthcare services in order to make the workplace healthy and maintain the health of the workforce. Among different data analysis software, SPSS with modified versions is the applied software in this field that seems instruction of this software as an academic course has to be taken into consideration. Allocation of sufficient budget to prepare required equipment for sampling and updating them seems necessary.The results of this study indicated a positive growth in student recruitment in postgraduate studies in Occupational Safety and Health but the dispersal of the recruited students, subjects, and location as well as samples, tools, and statistical methods address the need for references to announce research needs to universities. Keywords: Content analysis, thesis, occupational health, Iran

Holding classes based on a university-set date is a form of discipline and compliance with educational regulations. But what we currently observe is one or more weeks of delay in starting the semester. This study aimed to determine the causes of irregularities at the beginning of each semester in medical universities from the viewpoint of faculty members.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2016, using the available sampling method on 59 faculty members of three Universities of Medical Sciences (Babol, Shahid Beheshti and Iran). The research tool was a 22-item questionnaire consisting of four sections on factors affecting irregularities. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by six faculty members and its reliability was confirmed by the test-retest method (r = 0.82).

The majority of faculty members participating in the study were male (34 people), most of them were assistant professors (23 people) with the average work experience of 15.24±8.6 years. Asking them about the reasons for the students' absence showed that they believed the most important reason was their friends persuading them not to attend the first classes of each semester (4.29±0.773) and the lack of facilities such as dormitory and dining room at the beginning of the semester (3.74±1.28).

According to the findings, the occurrence of irregularities at the beginning of university semesters is influenced by various factors, especially encouraging classmates not to attend the classes, but the teachers can prevent it with their desired influence.

Holding the classes in the first weeks of the official semester is one of the main problems for the university education system. This study aimed to determine assessing the causes of students' irregularities in class formation at the beginning of each semester in medical sciences universities.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at three universities of Babol, Shahid Beheshti and Iran University of Medical Sciences, on two groups of students, those who attended the first classes of semester and those who missed the classes; available sampling method was used to select participants. The researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data, including students' personal and educational information, students' viewpoints on the reasons for absenteeism during the first classes of the semester, questions about their familiarity with absenteeism codes and regulations, and their viewpoints on canceling classes at the first days of semester.

The viewpoints of two groups of present and absent students (218 and 130 students, respectively) at classes on the first week of the semester, were analyzed using scores 1-5 in the Likert scale, and indicated that the main reason for the students attending at their first classes of the semester was the importance of specialized courses (4.16±0.94) and teachers’ emphasis (4.13±0.96). The most important factors for the students' absence were their experience of canceling first classes of previous semester (3.51±0.95) and students not paying attention to timely attend the first sessions (3.22±1.01). T-test showed that there was a significant direct relationship between students' age and their timely attendance at the beginning of the semester (p=0.035).

The presence or absence of students at classes on first days of new semester is influenced by various factors and actions taken by influential individuals such as educational staff and faculty members.

The rapid decline in the fertility rate has placed Iran among the countries with “below replacement fertility”, which represents a single-child behavior. Social networks (as one of the components of social capital) have been considered in recent years to understand fertility behaviors and changes in the levels of fertility. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between social capital and single-child behavior in Iranian women workers.

In a cross-sectional study, 600 female workers were recruited by stratified sampling in health care settings in Babol, a city in northern Iran, in 2018. Data collection tools consisted of a questionnaire for demographic characteristics, fertility behavior, and social capital. Data analysis was performed by SPSS-21 software using Poisson regression and logistic regression at a significance level of 0.05.

In this study, 45% of women were single-child and 54.5% did not intend to be pregnant again. There was a significant relationship between the number of pregnancies and social capital (P = 0.039). Similarly, in women with low social capital, the odds of single-child behavior increased although it was not significant (95% CI: 0.899 - 2.220, OR = 1.41).

The results of this study showed that increased social capital was associated with an increase in the number of pregnancies. Attention to social capital should be taken into account in population planning and policy-making.

 Since hospitals are one of the most prolific and vital areas for the elderly, and the evaluation of the present situation is one of the first steps to create an appropriate environment, this study was aimed at determing effective factors in an assessing tool for evaluating the structural characteristics of age- friendly hospitals.

In this methodological research, a list of items was provided based on existing components for other age-friendly environments such as city, park, sanatorium and home. Then, the content validity was determined using a panel of experts including civil engineers, architects, ergonomists, and gerontologists, and the determination of face validity with a team of evaluators including MSC Gerontology, occupational health, environmental health and ergonomics.

With the help of the research team, 194 primary items in 20 domains were reduced to 100 in 19 domains. Content validity and face validity processes reduced the number of items to 72 items and 17 domains, respectively.

Findings of this research by determining the present conditon and identifing suitable ergonomics interventions could be effective to promote comfort, safety, and independency of aged pepople in hospitals.

dentists are exposed to mercury vapor due to occupational exposure to amalgam Which can endanger their health. the aim of this study was to measure the concentration of urinary mercury in dental students and the restorative specialists one of the dental schools in Iran in order to determine the effect of mercury vapor on them.

The study population Including 40 dental students and 10 restoration specialists. Sample urine at the end of work time was collected, and the concentration of mercury in urine was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was completed to determine the effects of some personal and environmental factors on the amount of urinary mercury. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software.

The mean concentration of urinary mercury in dental students was 15.18±4.34μg/L and the restoration specialists were 4.11±1.05μg/l. In addition, there was a significant difference between the concentrations of urinary mercury in the two groups (P <0.001). At specialist professors There was a negative correlation between urinary mercury and working hours per day (r=-0.78, p=0.007). Also, in this study, there was a significant relationship between urine mercury and sex, age, type of amalgam consumed, consumption of smoking and the number of amalgam restorations.

Although the level of urine mercury in all samples was lower The recommended amount of ACGIH .Finally, the study is recommended mercury level monitoring for regularly evaluation of the workplace.

 Activities aimed at achieving the goals of the resistive economy by students who are influential groups of the country will lead to the development of society in various aspects such as socio-economic, cultural and even religious. The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' knowledge and practice in relation to resistive economics.

This descriptive study conducted among 691 students of medical, dentistry and paramedical schools in five consecutive periods from 2013 to 2016. Samples were collected in simple method. The data were collected by a researcher-made form, comprised of two sections of personal data and questions about resistive economics. Data processing was performed using descriptive statistics.

Students' awareness of resistive economy over time increased from 42.4% in the second half of 2013 to 93.4% in the first half of the 2016. Students' performance on the resistive economy showed that their performance fluctuated over time, but changed over the course of 5 consecutive periods from 8.8 to 8.4%. The question about the person responsible for the issue of resistive economy indicated that most students considered the responsibility of the people and governmental authorities.

Although the results indicate an improvement in students' awareness and about resistive economy, their performance status does not seem satisfactory. Therefore, it is imperative that universities apply specific programs for greater participation and improvement of students' performance in national and social issues.