مقالات رزومه دکتر پارسا بامشادی

The use of local languages and dialects in local programs of provincial television networks is an important issue that plays an important role in preserving the native language and culture. The present research examines the use of Kurdish language in Kermanshah and Kurdistan provincial TV programs.

The research data were collected by non-participatory observation method. The statistical population includes all the programs broadcast in the two provincial television networks of Kermanshah and Kurdistan, in which Kurdish language is used. From this statistical population, the programs aired in April and May 2019 were selected for the research sample.

The findings of the research show that the programs of the Kurdistan provincial network are better and more acceptable than the programs of Kermanshah, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and they have a positive effects on the language attitude of their Kurdish-speaking audience, or at least they do not have a negative effect; While the programs of Kermanshah Provincial TV not only don’t have positive effects on the language attitude of their Kurdish-speaking audience, but also have strong negative effects.

The most important disadvantages of using Kurdish in Kermanshah TV programs are: the short duration of local programs compared to Persian-language programs; lack of a special program for children and adolescents in Kurdish; lack of attention to dialect diversity at the province level; lack of local TV series; Using presenters who speak non-authentic Kurdish mixed with excessive Persian loanwords; lack of attention to Kurdish writing system and not using it in local programs.

The present paper has been written with the aim of analyzing and reviewing the Persian translation of ‘An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics’ by Jahanshah Mirzabeigi (2018). Analyzing the English version of the book revealed that, although it is one of the main and well-known textbooks in the field, it has some deficiencies among which we can mention insufficient attention to the basic principles and assumptions of cognitive linguistics, language universals and linguistic diversity from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, embodiment and the embodied basis of language and cognition. Also, although some issues in cognitive semantics, such as metaphor, metonymy, image schemas, and conceptual blending, are well addressed in the book, some other issues such as force dynamics are neglected. Analyzing the Persian translation of the book showed that there are some deficiencies and drawbacks, the most important of which are: inappropriate equivalents for certain technical and non-technical terms, relatively considerable errors in translation of words, expressions, and sentences, and numerous errors in intra- and extra-textual references. In this regard, it is suggested that the book should be revised in terms of spelling, eloquence, and translation accuracy.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate three Persian derivational suffixes ‘-zɑr’, ‘-kæde’ and ‘-estɑn’ from a construction-based perspective and to analyze their various formal and semantic aspects. The study applies the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2018) to address the word-formation patterns based on the notions of ‘construction’ and ‘constructional schema’ and explain their polysemy using the notion of ‘constructional subschema’. The research data are adapted from author’s own morphological corpus (including more than 12000 Persian compound and affixed words), Farhang-e Emlaee Khatt-e Farsi (Sadeghi & Zandi-Moghadam, 2012) and Farhang-e Zānsoo (Reverse Dictionary, Keshani 1993) which include 187 derivative words with the three aforementioned suffixes. The results reveal that in order to explain the polysemy of word-formation patterns of these suffixes, we need to adopt the idea of hierarchical lexicon and the notion of constructional subschemas so that we can consider distinct meanings as different subschemas. These subschemas are at different levels of abstraction and are related to a more abstract, high-order schema. This is called constructional polysemy, a kind of polysemy explained not at the level of concrete words, but rather at the level of abstract constructional schemas.

The present study explores the metaphorical source domains in football media discourse. To this end, the news headlines for eight Iranian sport newspapers including Hadaf, Khabar Varzeshi, Iran Varzeshi, Abrar Varzeshi, Gol, Pirouzi, Shoot and Esteghlal were selected in a three-month period from September 2009 to the end of November 2010. The data were analyzed by conceptual metaphor framework (Lakoff, 1993; Lakoff  &  Johnson, 1980, 1999), and examined based on Kövecses’s view on metaphorical origin (Kuchsh, 2010). The results show that the most important sources of metaphorical domains are war, path, metaphysics, natural phenomena, animals, machines, games and sports, buildings, health and disease, art, light and darkness, school, power and politics, cooking and food, sea and marine activities, and plants. In general, metaphors in football news headlines have three major functions: a) getting the attention of the audience and encouraging them to read and follow it; b) facilitating the expression of complex and abstract concepts of football in an artistic and engaging manner by the media; c) helping the audience understand these concepts. These functions ultimately facilitate and reinforce the relationship between the media and the audience, and confirm Kövecses’s (2014) view that in addition to its cognitive function, metaphor has an important communicative role in discourse.

The present research is a corpus-based one that aims to analyze conceptualization of ‘space’ in Persian within the framework of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). NSM researchers have identified eight semantic primes for the concept of ‘space’ (including WHERE~PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR, NEAR, SIDE, INSIDE) that is believed to be lexicalized in all languages. The research is restricted only to NEAR prime in order to analyze representation of the concept of ‘space’ in terms of this prime using corpus and real data. The data are drawn from Hamshahri corpus . The results show that NEAR prime has thirteen exponents in Persian including Nazdik, Kenār, Pish, Nazd, Janb, Baghal, Pahlu, Dam, Lab, Havāli, Javār, Mojāver, Dar Mojāverat-e) each of which has its own conceptual scope and functional range and there are differences in this respect among them.

Affixation is one of the two main word-formation processes in Persian. The suffix ‘-ɑr’ is a nominal (or adjectival) suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subject/agent (like xæridɑr ‘buyer’), object/patient (like gereftɑr ‘captive’) or infinitive (like ræftar ‘behavior’) meaning. In Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 2008, 2009) and Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2016) word-formation patterns are considered to be constructional schemas, i.e. schematic representations of morphological constructions. Constructions are pairings of form and meaning. The form pole of a construction includes morpho−syntactic and phonological properties. The meaning pole of a construction comprises semantic properties (conceptual structure), pragmatic properties and discourse properties. Cognitive Grammar posits that an expression invokes a set of cognitive domains as the basis for its meaning, i.e. as the content to be construed. Therefore, the meaning of a linguistic expression depends on two key notions of ‘cognitive domain’ and ‘construal’. A cognitive domain is a coherent area of conceptualization which provides the conceptual base for the meaning of a linguistic expression. The term construal refers to human manifest ability to conceive and express the same situation or event in alternate ways.

The present research aims to explore the suffix ‘-ɑr’ within the framework of Cognitive Grammar and Construction Morphology and tries to identify its various constructional schemas and subschemas. Furthermore, it attempts to investigate cognitive domains that underlie the meaning of each subschemas and to analyze the role of construal in formation of each subschemas.
Study questions: the study questions are: (1) what are constructional schemas and subschemas of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ and how is hierarchical relationships among them?(2) What cognitive domain(s) underlie the meaning of each subschema?(3) Which cognitive processes do play determinant role in formation of these (sub) schemas?

Empirically, the paper adopts corpus-based method and theoretically, it adopts cognitive and construction-based approach. The data include a corpus of 38 derivational words having the suffix ‘-ɑr’ extracted from the authors own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 complex words) and Farhang-e Zansoo (Keshani, 1993).Analysis: Analysis of research data showed that derivatives of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ belong to different constructional schemas. The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ is represented in Figure 1. As is shown in the figure, ‘-ɑr’ appears in six different subschemas, in five of which the base of derivation is past stem of a verb while in the other the base is a noun. The conceptual base of the five subschemas that have a verb stem as their base is the cognitive domain of ‘processes. The difference among these subschemas is that each subschema profiles a different aspect of the conceptual base. In other words, the difference among them is due to the key notion of ‘profiling’. In the subschema with a noun as the base of derivation, the conceptual base is the cognitive domain of ‘relation’.Figure 1: The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ in Persian

Results of the study show that the suffix ‘-ɑr’, which is added to past stems of verbs or nouns, can appear in six different constructional subschemas to indicate the cognitive domains of process, agenthood, aspect and relation. These subschemas are:1) <[[x](Vpast)i -ɑr]Nj ↔ [The human agent who perform the process of SEMi]j> 2) <[[x](Vpast)i -ɑr]Nj ↔ [The non-human agent (or instrument) which perform the process of SEMi]j>3) <[[x](Vpast)i -ɑr]Nj ↔ [The act of doing the process of SEMi]j>4) <[[x](Vpast)i -ɑr]Nj ↔ [The result of the process of SEMi]j>5) <[[x](Vpast)i -ɑr]Aj ↔ [The property of being affected by the process of SEMi]j>6) <[[x]Ni -ɑr]Nj ↔ [The thing closely related to SEMi]j>The findings reveal that the cognitive process of ‘construal’ and especially its two aspects of ‘profiling’ and ‘specification’ have a determinant role in the formation of these constructional subschemas.

The purpose of the present study is to apply the concept of ‘second order schemas’ within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2018) for analyzing some morphological structures in Persian in order to explain how these structures are formed. Second order schemas, which are defined as sets of two or more paradigmatically related constructional schemas, are employed in the present research as an analytical tool for explaining three morphological patterns that predominantly are related to scientific disciplines, branches and technologies. These patterns include: (1) nouns with the structure [N-ʃenɑs-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives; (2) nouns with the structure [N-negɑr-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives; (3) nouns with the structure [N-kɑv-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives.In the first derivative structure, a noun is combined with the present stem of ‘ʃenɑs’ (‘know’) and the suffix ‘i’. The output of this schema is a noun denoting a scientific discipline or branch, as represented below:[[x]Ni -ʃenɑs]N –i]Nj ó [a scientific discipline/branch for studying SEMi]jThe above schema has two corresponding relational adjectives, as illustrated below:Noun Relational adjective 1Relational adjective 2zabɑn-ʃenɑs-i (‘linguistics’) zabɑn-ʃenɑxt-i (‘linguistic’) zabɑn-ʃenɑs-ɑne (‘linguistic’)ravɑn-ʃenɑs-i (‘psychology’) ravɑn-ʃenɑxt-i (‘psychologyical’)ravɑn-ʃenɑs-ɑne (‘psychologyical’)These two patterns can be accounted for by the following second order schemas in whichthere is a paradigmatic relationship between the verb stems or the affixes in the two constructional schemas.<[[x]Ni -ʃenɑs-i]Nj ó SEMj> ≈ <[[x]Ni -ʃenɑxt-i]Ak ó [Related to/based on SEMj]k><[[x]Ni -ʃenɑs-i]Nj ó SEMj> ≈ <[[x]Ni -ʃenɑs-ɑne]Ak ó [Related to/based on SEMj]k>In the second derivative structure, a noun is combined with the verb stem ‘negɑr’ (‘graph’) and the suffix ‘i’ to form a noun denoting a scientific method or technology.<[[x]Ni -negɑr-i]Nj ó [a scientific method/technology for studying/analyzing SEMi]j>The paradigmatic relationship between this schema and its two adjectival schemas can be expressed by the following second order schemas:<[[x]Ni -negɑr-i]Nj ó SEMj> ≈ <[[x]Ni -negɑʃt-i]Ak ó [Related to/based on SEMj]k><[[x]Ni -negɑr-i]Nj ó SEMj> ≈ <[[x]Ni -negɑr-ɑne]Ak ó [Related to/based on SEMj]k>Here is an example of the above two second order schemas:Noun Relational adjective 1 Relational adjective 2qowm-negɑr-i (‘ethnography’) qowm-negʃt-i (‘ethnographic’) qowm-negɑr-ɑne (‘ethnographic’)In the third derivative structure, a noun is combined with the verb stem ‘kɑv’ (‘analyze’) and the suffix ‘i’ to form a noun denoting a scientific discipline, approach or method.<[[x]Ni -kɑv-i]Nj ó [a scientific discipline/approach/method for studying/analyzing SEMi]j>An example of this schema and its two relational adjectives is as follow:Noun Relational adjective 1 Relational adjective 2ravɑn-kɑv-i (‘psychoanalysis’)ravɑn-kɑft-i (‘Psychoanalytic’) ravɑn-kav-ɑne (‘Psychoanalytic’)The following second order schemas show the morphological patterns of the corresponding relational adjective:<[[x]Ni -kɑv-i]Nj ó SEMj> ≈ <[[x]Ni -kɑv-ane]Ak ó [Related to/based on SEMj]j><[[x]N –kɑv-i]Ni ó SEMi> ≈ <[[x]N –kɑft-i]Aj ó [Related to/based on SEMi]j>The results show that ‘second order schemas’ are useful analytical tools for explaining the way in which the aforementioned structures are formed. These results also suggest that the constructional approach, unlike the derivational approach, can promisingly explain the way in which such problematic structures are formed.

Today the UN general assembly plays the role of a tribune to achieve general diplomatic goals, and the leaders of nations take full advantages of this opportunity to communicate with the international media and to negotiate with the officials of other countries. The present research attempts to analyze President Rouhani’s speech at the UN General Assembly in 2017 based on James Paul Gee’s (2014, 2018) discourse analysis approach. The results show that Rouhani has focused on eight central issues in his discourse: (1) Democracy and human rights; (2) Moderation; (3) Cultural and religious diversity; (4) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and response to violation of it; (5) Interaction and negotiation; (6) Iran missile power; (7) Terrorism support by USA; and (8) Iran economical capacity. The main reason to foreground these issues is the current debates in the world and intertextuality with president Trump’s UN speech. These findings also reveal that the most prominent identities in Rouhani’s speech are Iran and Iranian nation and the most important connection is between peace and security on one hand and development and progress of nations on the other. Also, the legal system can be considered as the dominant sign system and knowledge in Rouhani’s speech.

During the last three decades, code-switching has been one of the most interesting issues in the field of sociolinguistics. Code-switching is a language contact phenomenon which can be seen in many bi/multilingual societies. Various definitions are suggested for code-switching that one cannot easily find a common point among them. Therefore, it is necessary to try to find a practical and comprehensive definition or a systematic classification of the existing definitions. The relationship between code-switching and other language contact phenomena is important as well. In the present study, we deal with the issue of code-switching and its various definitions, its previous studies, its relationship to other language contact phenomena (such as bi/multilingualism, linguistic borrowing, code-mixing, interference and mixed language), its functions as well as the advantages of studying it. This research is a part of a wider research project dealing with various aspects of code-switching which its other parts will be presented in the near future.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper aims to explore ditransitive constructions in Persian within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) and to analyze their syntactic and semantic structures. It also examines these constructions within Haspelmath’s (2015) typological approach. on the basis of Van Valin’s (2007) approach, the findings of the research show that most ditransitive constructions in Persian follow the universal Actor-Undergoer hierarchy and therefore the Theme argument of these constructions (the last argument in the logical structure) receive the macrorole of Undergoer which results in a prepositional dative construction. On the other hand, within Haspelmath’s (2015) typological approach, results reveal that Persian is among the languages that have indirective alignment in which the object of the monotransitive constructions is coded in the same way as the Theme of the ditransitive constructions.

The suffix ‘-gɑr’ is a nominal and adjectival suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subjective (agentive) meaning. The purpose of the present research is to explore this suffix within the framework of two theories of Construction Morphology and Cognitive Grammar in order to provide a cognitive and constructional account of the formation of words with this suffix. Empirically, the paper adopts a corpus-based method and theoretically, it adopts a cognitive and constructional approach. The data include a corpus of 29 derivational words having the suffix ‘-gɑr’ extracted from the authors’ own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 complex words) and Farhang-e Zansoo (Reverse Dictionary, Keshani 1993). The results of the research reveal that the suffix ‘-gɑr’ can appear in six different constructional subschemas to express the cognitive domains of agenthood, voice and relation. The results also show that the two cognitive process of construal and categorization have crucial roles in the formation of these constructional subschemas and the semantic category of the suffix ‘-gɑr’.

The aim of the present study is to investigate ‘20:30 (Bisto-Si) News’ headlines as one of the most watched news programs in IRIB television. This corpus-based, quantitative- and qualitative-based study analyzed the news headlines collected within one month from the 2nd December, 2015, to the 1st January, 2016. The corpus consisted of 186 news headlines in various national and international issues. This study aimed to find out what linguistic properties in the headlines make the 20:30 news the most watched TV news program. The findings of the research show that the linguistic properties of these headlines can be described into three categories: 1) Semantic properties like metaphor, metonymy, idiom, proverb and synesthesia as well as a reference to famous poems or quotes; 2) Lexical properties such as associative collocations, lexical repetitions and versification; 3) syntactic properties such as verbless sentences and nominalization. Moreover, the results show that although the three categories play an important role in making the news program attractive, the semantic property was found to be the most influential linguistic properties of the 20:30 News headlines.

The purpose of the present research is to analyze the Persian suffix ‘- ɑne’ and to examine its various structural and semantic/functional aspects. The study adopts a construction-based approach and uses the framework of Construction Morphology theory which tries to explain the word formation patterns using the notions of “construction” and “constructional schemas” and to shows hierarchical relations among constructional schemas and subschemas in a systematic manner. The data includes 944 derivative words with the suffix ‘-ɑne’ which are adapted from author’s own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 Persian compound and affixed words), Farhang-e Zānsoo (Reverse Dictionary, Keshani 1993) and Farhang-e Pasvand dar Zabān-e Fārsi (The Dictionary of Persian Suffixes, Ravaghi 2009). The findings of the research show that the suffix “-ɑne” has a remarkable semantic diversity and can appears in 12 constructional subschemas to form new nouns, adjectives or adverbs. This polysemy is not explainable at the level of concrete words but at the level of abstract constructional schemas, and therefore is called “constructional polysemy”.

The purpose of the present research is to analyze one of the most frequently used derivational suffixes in Persian, namely “-i“, and to examine its various structural and semantic/functional aspects. The study adopts a construction-based approach and, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the word formation patterns using the notions of “construction” and “constructional schemas” within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2015). It then represents the hierarchical and network relationships among constructional schemas and subschemas in a systematic way. The data under study are extracted from the authors own morphological corpus which includes more than 8000 derivational and compound words as well as Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan (The Great Sokhan Dictionary) (Anvari, 2002). The findings of the research show that “-i” has 38 different meanings/functions and thus we can consider this affix an extremely polysemous one which is always susceptible to new meanings/functions. This polysemy is not explainable at the level of words but at the level of abstract schemas, and therefore is called “constructional polysemy”. In other words, Construction Morphology theory brings us to a new conception of polysemy: a hierarchical and multi-level polysemy at the level of abstract constructions of language.

The present research explores the semantics of two prepositions in Gurani Kurdish, i.e. “læ” and “wæ”. Our approach is cognitive semantics and we particularly use the principled polysemy model (Tyler and Evans, 2001, 2003; Evans and Tyler, 2004a, 2004b; Evans, 2004, 2005, 2006) that suggests clear criteria for determining both distinct senses and primary (or prototype) sense of spatial prepositions. The findings of the research show that the primary sense of læ is “beginning, source or origin” while that of wæ is “receiver or target”. The semantic network of læ has three clusters of senses – i.e. metaphorical, inclusion and comparison- with sixteen distinct senses. The semantic network of wæ includes five distinct senses without any cluster. The findings also confirm the efficiency of this model’s criteria for determining and classifying the distinct and primary senses of prepositions.

Possessive construction is one of the interesting constructions which has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of linguistic typology and its various properties in various languages have been studied. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the possessive construction in Kurdish (Gurani dialect) from a typological point of view. We aim to find the linguistic type of Gurani Kurdish on the basis of the order of elements in possessive construction (i.e. possessor and possessum), the linking strategy and the degree of their fusion, and the distinction between alienable and inalienable possession. The findings of the study suggest that Gurani dialect uses two simple strategies for possessive construction on the phrase level: 1) juxtaposition strategy with NG order and independent elements; 2) Affixation strategy with NG order and linked elements. On the sentence level, it uses 'have'- construction and 'belong'-construction with differences between them in terms of the element order, definiteness vs. indefiniteness of possessor and possessum, and alienability vs. inalienability.

News texts, and specially news headlines, must be interesting and persuasive so that they can draw the addressee's attention and encourage him/her to study and follow the news. One way to achieve this goal is to use metaphor and metonymy in the language of media. Metaphor and metonymy, as two cognitive conceptual processes, have their root in thinking and conceptualization processes and are the integral parts of the human cognitive system. The present research explores the function and importance of metaphor and metonymy in Persian economic media discourse and tries to identify and explain the fundamental metaphors and metonymys in this field. Besides, possible hierarchical relations between them will be taken into consideration. The data include 700 headlines taken from: economic news headlines of “Donya-ye Eghtesad” newspaper in all its issue numbers in Azar 1394 A.P., economic news headlines of “Young Journalists Club” news agency and “Emruz Online” news portal in Azar 1394 A.P. The results indicate that the main conceptual metaphors in the economic discourse include: “Economy is a living being”, “Economy is human”, “Economy is a route”, “Economy is a space/container”, “Economy is a natural phenomenon”, “Economy is a car”, and “Economy is substance/thing”. Moreover, some of the directional metaphors are significantly present in the language of economy.

The present research explores the “wæl”, “tɑ” and “ærɑ” prepositions in Gurani Kurdish within the framework of cognitive semantics. One of the recent models in semantic analysis of prepositions is Principled polysemy model (Tyler & Evans, 2001, 2003; Evans & Tyler, 2004a, 2004b; Evans, 2004, 2005, 2006) that suggests explicit and applicable criteria for determining the distinct senses as well as the primary sense of prepositions. We aim to analyze the semantics of three mentioned prepositions, to determine their distinct senses and primary sense, and to represent their semantic networks. The results suggest that the primary sense of “wæl” is “companionship” and its semantic network contains 9 distinct senses and 2 clusters of senses. The primary sense of “tɑ” is “ending” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses. The primary sense of “ærɑ” is “for and sake” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses.

Linguistic Typology is one of the most rapidly expanding fields in linguistics that concerns to describe and explain similarities and differences among languages of the world. It also aims to find cross-linguistic generalizations and language universals and classify languages according to their structural and functional features. To date, many studies have been done on linguistic typology and many books have been written. One of the most recent books in this field is “Introducing Language Typology” by Edith Moravcsik (2013). The purpose of the present review is to introduce and evaluate the main strong and weak points of the book.

The definition and typological description of the category of voice can be provided in two ways: i) at the level of semantic arguments (or semantic roles), ii) at the level of grammatical relations (or syntactic functions). The most important theoretical concept that is determined in terms of these two levels of representations and enables one to capture the rich variety of voices is that of diathesis. Diathesis is defined as a pattern of mappingsemantic arguments onto syntactic functions. In the present research, we explore the typology of diathesis and voice in Kurdish language on the basis of Kulikov’s work (2011). The results of the research show that Kurdish has these diatheses: passive (agentless, absolute and impersonal), conversive, 2/3 permutation, causative (transitive and intransitive), antipassive, reflexive, reciprocal, and anticausative. Of these, only passive, causative and conversive have morphological realization on the verb. Therefore, based on this analysis, one can say that Kurdish has only three voices: passive, causative and conversive.

Cognitive linguistics is one the most common approaches to study of language that gives a central place to the meaning. The most recent semantic theory in this line is “Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models theory (LCCM) that has been proposed by Evans (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b, 2013, 2015). This theory suggests a novel framework for understanding the process of meaning-construction and semantic representation. In the present research, we explore this theory and its fundamental concepts and analyze their various aspects. We also discuss some applications of this theory for explaining problems popular in cognitive linguistics (e.g. metaphor, metonymy, and polysemy). Finally, we discuss some criticisms of the theory.

In the present research، after analyzing inflectional structure of more than two hundred verbs in Gurani Kurdish dialect، a comparative analysis of inflectional suffixes and prefixes of verbs in Gurani Kurdish and standard Persian was carried out. The method of this study was descriptive، analytical and comparative. The results are classified into two main groups: verb suffixes and verb prefixes. Verb suffixes in Gurani include 1) agreement suffixes، 2) stem-builder suffixes، 3) aspect-builder suffixes، and 4) subjunctive mood suffix. Stem-builder suffixes include suffixes for the past stem، present stem، passive stem، and causative stem. Aspect-builder suffixes in turn include suffixes for past perfect، past continuous، past perfect continuous، present perfect and present perfect continuous. Finally، verb prefixes are: 1) negative prefixes، 2) imperative prefix، 3) negative imperative prefix، and 4) subjunctive mood prefix.

Corpus linguistics is a new approach in linguistics which despite its short life, has achieved an outstanding position in Linguistic research. This achievement is above all due to the rapid development in information technology and computational tools. Considering the important role of corpora in contemporary linguistics and the novelty of corpus linguistics in Iran, it is an undeniable need for researchers to be introduced to various applications of corpora in different fields of linguistics. Therefore, the present research aims to study the applications and advantages of corpora in four fields of linguistics: lexicon, grammar, pragmatics and translation studies. The results show that language corpora have such an essential role in these research fields that is reminiscent of Tognini Bonelli (2010) and Hanks (2012) who used the term“Corpus Revolution”.