دکتر محمود گودرزی

 Infertility is one of the major reproductive problems and is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of sexual intercourse without using any method of pregnancy prevention. The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of designing a cognitive-behavioral coping training package for infertile women, specifically focusing on the impact of infertility stress on distress tolerance and cognitive regulation of emotion.

This was a quasi-experimental design that involved a pre-test, a post-test, and a two-month follow-up. The participants were infertile women who were referred to infertility centers and the offices of gynecologists for infertility treatment in Kermanshah city in 2021. Sixty people were selected as a sample using the purposeful sampling method based on informed consent and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group), and each experimental group trained in 12 sessions using a cognitive-behavioral coping training package with Ghobadi infertility stress. Data collection forms included Perceived Infertility Stress (PIS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CER). The statistical tests consisted of chi-square and repeated measure ANOVA, which were analyzed by SPSS V.24, and the level of significance was considered less than 0.05.

There is a difference between the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up in the Distress Tolerance scale (P<0.001) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation’s scores (P<0.001). Also, these differences were significant between groups during the follow-up stage (P<0.001).

The cognitive-behavioral coping training package with infertility stress can be effective in decreasing the distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation of infertile women's emotions.

Marriage is one of the basic foundations of human life. Relationships between husband and wife are increasingly crucial in promoting mental wellbeing. Various factors can affect mental wellbeing. One of these components is the health of the main family. Another factor that affects the mental wellbeing of couples is communication. One of the factors that married couples are dealing with is alexithymia. The factor of forgiveness is one of the variables that has drawn the attention of researchers in the field of couple conflicts. Despite the critical role of forgiveness in marital satisfaction and adjustment, little research has investigated the mediating role of this variable in the relationship between the communication patterns of the health of the main family and alexithymia with the mental wellbeing of couples. Therefore, the present study aims to model the structural relationships between the health of the original family and alexithymia, and communication beliefs with the mental wellbeing of couples were conducted with the mediating role of forgiveness.

The research method was correlational analysis with structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all married couples seeking counseling at counseling centers in the city of Javanrud, Iran. According to Kline's rule (2023) and considering the sample size criteria, 200 couples were initially considered, but 22 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete responses. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age range of 20–55 years, minimum education of high school, at least one year of cohabitation, informed consent to participate in research, and completing questionnaires. The exclusion criterion was the failure to complete the questionnaires. The data collection tools consisted of the Subjective Wellbeing in Couple Relationship Scale (Urbano–Contreras et al., 2018), the Family–of–Origin Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994), the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire (Romans & DeBord, 1995), and the Family Forgiveness Scale (Pollard & Anderson, 1998). To analyze the collected data, the statistical method of structural equation modeling by partial least square method was used in Smart PLS version 3 software.

The effect coefficient of health in the main family on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.41, p˂0.001), communicative beliefs on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.213, p˂0.001), health in the family on the level of forgiveness (β=0.303, p˂0.001), communication beliefs on forgiveness (β=0.273, p˂0.001), and forgiveness on mental wellbeing in couples' relationships (β=0.252, p=0.002) was positive and significant and the effect coefficient of alexithymia on forgiveness was negative and significant (β=–0.481, p˂0.001). Also, the mediating effect of forgiveness in relation to health in the main family on mental wellbeing in couple relationships was positive and significant (β=0.076, p=0.018), the indirect effect of alexithymia through forgiveness on mental wellbeing in couple relationships was negative and significant (β=–0.121, p=0.002), and the mediating effect of forgiveness in relation to communicative beliefs on subjective wellbeing in couples' relationships was not confirmed (β=0.069, p=0.007).

According to the research findings, forgiveness plays a mediating role in the relationship between the health of the main family and alexithymia and communicative beliefs related to the mental wellbeing of couples.

Satisfying psychological needs during pregnancy is defined as a feeling of satisfaction, increased independence, improved interaction between others and the environment, and spontaneous increase of mental energy to achieve successful pregnancy and delivery. The present study was conducted with aim to create and validate the pregnancy psychological needs questionnaire.

In terms of applied purpose, the current research is qualitative and quantitative combined data (mixed) and in terms of study method is foundational data. The statistical population included women referred to specialized women's clinics and midwifery centers in Kermanshah city in 2022-2023, and 40 people were selected through purposeful sampling with the inclusion criteria up to theoretical saturation and were subjected to in-depth interviews. After the analysis of the interviews, a tool suitable for the Iranian context was prepared to measure the psychological needs of pregnancy. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part of content analysis and in the quantitative part of exploratory factor analysis, first and second order factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure its reliability.

Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, six factors were extracted and the fit of the six-dimensional model of psychological needs of pregnancy was confirmed based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis. Considering the theoretical foundations and the content of the questions, these factors were named (supportiveness, affection, motivation and hope, emotional understanding, empathy and sexual need). Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was reported as 0.89.

The results of the present study showed that the pregnancy psychological needs questionnaire has the necessary validity and reliability, and it is possible to measure the psychological needs of pregnant women through this tool.

Behavioral activation therapy is one of the effective treatment methods for people who have some kind of mental deterioration. The effect of behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery on the level of temptation, perceived stress, and positive-negative emotional cognitive regulation of substance-dependent adolescents has not been investigated in the history of this field.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of behavioral activator therapy with guided mental imagery on resilience, temptation, perceived stress and positive and negative cognitive emotional regulation of substance-dependent adolescents.

The research method was quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test design with equal control group). The sample consisted of 30 drug-dependent adolescents who were selected by convenience sampling. Then, from the research sample, 15 substance-dependent adolescents were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 substance-dependent adolescents to the control group. Research instruments included Temptation Questionnaire (Salehi Fadardi et al., 2011), Stress Questionnaire (Cohen et al., 2012) and Adjustment Questionnaire and Emotional Questionnaire (Garnfsky et al., 2002). Multivariate analysis of Mancova and Ankova multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis.

The results of data analysis showed that behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery increases resilience and positive cognitive emotional regulation and reduces temptation, perceived stress and negative emotional cognitive regulation in adolescents addicted to experimental group compared to control group.

Considering the effect of behavioral activator treatment with guided mental imagery on positive cognitive emotional regulation and reducing the amount of temptation, perceived stress, and negative cognitive emotional regulation of adolescents, this treatment method should be considered and used in addiction treatment centers.

Thepurpose of the current research was to provide a model of empowering life skills for children under the supervision of 24-hour well-being care centers. The research is applied in terms of purpose, qualitative and quantitative (mixed) in terms of data, and phenomenological in terms of study method. The statistical population included specialists in the field of child psychology who had work experience and familiarity with children, the well-being and injuries of these children, who were selected through targeted sampling in the form of snowball until theoretical saturation. First, by using in-depth interviews, the components of empowering life skills were identified and the training protocol was extracted, and then the tool was designed to measure the effectiveness of the model. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis was used in the qualitative part, and exploratory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used in the quantitative part.The data was analyzed through SPSS, MAXQDA and smart-pls software. The results showed that the life skills empowerment model includes 6 components (friendship, kindness, participation and cooperation skills, creative thinking skills, sense of responsibility and self-confidence) and 36 indicators, and the resulting model has convergent and divergent validity. was also accepted. Also, the obtained questionnaire had good validity and reliability.

The purpose of this research was to construct and validate the family intelligence questionnaire. This research was practical and tool development type. The statistical population for the preparation of the tool includes parents and students of the fifth grade of elementary school in Kermanshah who were studying in 1400-1401 and their number was reported 1000 according to the report of the Education Organization, which was a targeted sampling with inclusion criteria. (Families that scored high in the research tool including Epstein Family Function and the age of entering the research is 12 to 65 years old) 40 people were selected until theoretical saturation and were subjected to in-depth interviews, and in the second part of the statistical population to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, including professors of psychology and counseling 15 people were selected with the entry criteria of having a doctorate degree and having at least 5 years of family-related work experience up to theoretical saturation. To determine the face validity of the tool, it was first examined among 30 families of the community, then exploratory factor analysis, first and second order factor analysis was used to confirm the research data, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure its reliability. The findings showed that in terms of the factor structure of the 30 items of the questionnaire, it can be reduced to the components of communication skills, common goals and strategies, cohesion, spirit of effort and foresight, ability to solve problems and desire for group knowledge, as well as the results of confirmatory factor analysis. It showed that the six-dimensional model of family intelligence has a good fit and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported as 0.972. The coefficients in all components are higher than 0.7, so it can be said that the questionnaire has good reliability.

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of life skills empowerment training on increasing self-esteem and solving social problems in children under the supervision of daycare centers (age range 6 to 12 years) in Kermanshah city in 2023. The study method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all children 6 to 12 years old under welfare coverage, 20 people, and using community census sampling. The children were randomly assigned to two groups of 10 people, the test and the control. The tools included Cooper Smith's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEI) and Long and Cassidy's Social Problem Solving (PSS). 14 two-hour sessions were held for the intervention group. Then a post-test was performed on both groups. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance test in SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the life skills empowerment model was effective in self-esteem and problem-solving in children. There was a significant difference between the scores of the intervention and control groups (P<0001). Therefore, we conclude that the model of empowering life skills on self-esteem and problem-solving in children under the supervision of daycare centers is effective. Therefore, it is useful to develop codified training programs of the life skills empowerment model and include them in these children's educational programs to increase self-esteem and solve social problems.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the development of a causal model of exam anxiety based on family communication patterns and parental perfectionism with the mediation of learning styles and its effectiveness on students' exam anxiety. The statistical population was 9th grade male students of Kermanshah city in the academic year of 1400-1401 (6578 people), of which 338 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method and random method. And in the second study, 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) were selected using the staged cluster sampling method. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any training. The measurement tools were Ahvaz Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAI), Koerner and Fitner Patrick Family Communication Patterns (RFCP), Ahvaz Perfectionism (APS) and Kolb's Learning Styles (LSI). The findings showed that family communication patterns and parents' perfectionism and learning styles have a significant causal relationship with exam anxiety. And finally, the results determined the mediating role of learning styles in the relationship between the mentioned variables, and it was also found that the educational program developed based on the extracted model was effective in reducing exam anxiety. Based on the findings, it is suggested to use the program of teaching family communication patterns, parental perfectionism and learning styles to reduce students' exam anxiety.

Dissatisfaction with sex can lead to serious relationship problems. As marital commitment increases, spouses' lives become more flexible, and couples have more peace and mental health. Intimacy is one of the basic needs in a couple’s relationship, and at the same time, it brings happiness to every spouse. For the first time, Wincze et al. introduced evidence–based comprehensive treatment approach called sexual problem–solving therapy. The Islamic approach to this treatment method seeks to create a positive attitude about sexual behavior, a sense of satisfaction, pleasure, physical, and psychological vitality more than the relationship between husband and wife. The strengthening of this attitude prevents many sexual problems in couples. So, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness and durability of problem–oriented couple therapy based on an Islamic approach to sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment in couples referring to counseling centers in Sanandaj City, Iran.

The present research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included couples referring to Sanandaj counseling centers from September 2018 to September 2019. Among them, 32 volunteered men and women were included in the study by purposive sampling. After homogenization based on demographic variables, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (each consisting of 16 couples). The sample size was estimated based on previous studies and considering the maximum standard deviation of 10, α=0.05, and 95% test power. The inclusion criteria were as follows: couples who did not suffer from chronic psycho–personality disorders and did not participate in psychological and psychiatric interventions simultaneously, had lived together for at least one year, missed more than two sessions in treatment sessions, and experienced stress. Major events due to unforeseen events, such as the death of a first–degree relative or divorce, were also considered as criteria for excluding participants from the study. Assessment tools included Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (Snell et al., 1993), Marital Commitment Questionnaire (Adams & Jones, 1997), and Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (Thompson & Walker, 1983). The sexual problem–solving couple therapy protocol based on the Islamic approach was performed by a trained instructor for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive training in this area. This Islamic approach was administered in eight 90–minute sessions once a week for two months based on the training package of Ahmadian et al. (2018). To describe the data, tables, central indices, and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were calculated. The variance analysis method with repeated measurement and Bonferroni post hoc test were employed for data analysis using SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

According to the significance of the group effect, the results indicated that the trend of the average score changes from pretest to posttest and follow–up in the experimental group was significantly different from the control group (p<0.05). Regarding the variables of sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment, the differences between the pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001) and between the pretest and follow–up stages (p<0.001) were significant. Also, the effectiveness of the intervention in the follow–up phase was permanent for the variables of sexual issues (p=0.560) and marital intimacy (p=0.018). Still, for the marital commitment variable, it did not last (p<0.001).

Based on the study finding, sexual problem–oriented couple therapy based on an Islamic approach is effective in improving sexual issues, marital intimacy, and marital commitment in couples, and this effectiveness in sexual issues and marital intimacy is permanent (after three months).

Pregnancy causes several physical and psychological changes. Therefore, pregnant women may face with numerous issues and problems including stress and marital dissatisfaction. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two cognitive-behavioral and emotion-oriented couple therapy training methods on perceived stress and marital satisfaction in primiparous women.

In a semi-experimental design using a pre-test and post-test with the control group plan, 60 pregnant women were chosen by considering the inclusion criteria, and then they randomly divided into three 20-subject groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The Experimental groups were trained on cognitive-behavioral and emotionally focused in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training during this time. The tools which are used to collect data were the Perceived Stress Scale of Cohen and Enrich Marital Satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using mean, multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.

Findings showed that both cognitive-behavioral and emotionally focused approaches are practical on perceived stress, marital satisfaction (and its subscales) (p<0.05). Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (17.6±2.99) was more effective than emotionally focused therapy (24.8±4.74) on perceived stress (p<0.05). On the other hand, emotionally focused couple therapy (158.7±6.64) was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy (144.9±4.9) on marital satisfaction and some of its components including personality issues and marital relationship.

Due to the greater effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on perceived stress and also the greater effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on marital satisfaction, they reduce stress and improve marital satisfaction and then can be used as effective methods during pregnancy

Marital forgiveness is one of the factors related to intimacy, commitment and reduction of marital conflicts and in general is one of the most important effective factors in marital satisfaction; the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the protocol extracted from the causal model of marital forgiveness on marital intimacy, marital commitment and marital conflicts.

The present research is experimental of pre-test and post-test type with a control group, which 40 people were selected by the available sampling method, based on the research entry criteria, from among all the women who referred to the counseling centers of Hamedan city in 1400. who were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (20 people in each group) and the experimental group received the designed forgiveness intervention extracted from the causal model in a group manner in 8 sessions of 120 minutes. Collected data through Asoudeh and Timuri's Perceived Intimacy Questionnaires (1387), Sanai Zakir and Barati's Marital Conflict Questionnaire (2008), Adams and Jones's Marital Commitment (1997), the research units before and after the intervention using SPSS22 statistical software was analyzed.

The findings showed that the protocol derived from the causal model of forgiveness was effective on increasing women's commitment and intimacy in life by (0.18, 0.16) and reducing marital conflicts (0.56).

According to the obtained results, it can be said that the forgiveness protocol group training approach has been effective in reducing marital conflicts and increasing the commitment and intimacy of women in life.

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a native treatment model and evaluating its effectiveness on the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The current research population includes all the women and men who survived the Kermanshah earthquake in the cities of Salas Babajani and Sarpol-Zahab, and after obtaining the codes and compiling and implementing the local treatment model, two experimental and proof groups, 10 people each, a total of 20 people by sampling method were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire was used for the implementation of the present study. The treatment model consists of 15 sessions that were taught to the clients during fifteen weeks. Each training session of the indigenous treatment model (researcher-made) lasted about 100 minutes.

The findings showed that re-experience symptoms (P=0.001, F=12.15), avoidance symptoms (P=0.001, F=17.65), and arousal symptoms (P=0.001, F=11.18) were significant at the level of 0.01. In the experimental group, the mean scores of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder decreased in post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group. The mean difference between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in post-test and follow-up stages was 0.05. This finding shows that changes in the mean scores of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder remained paparaja after the end of the treatment period.

It can be concluded that this method of treatment is effective for people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.

The satisfaction that couples experience in sexual relations is one of the most important and vital aspects of married life. Since sexual behavior is largely acquired and learning-based, it requires special education. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of sex-centered couple therapy based on the Islamic approach and metacognitive- meta emotional combined couple therapy on sexual issues in couples referring to counseling centers in Sanandaj. The method of the present research is quasi-experimental and its design is pre-test-post-test with a control group and in terms of purpose, it is part of applied research. Due to the nature of the study population, the available sampling method was used to select the sample of this study and the MSQ (1993) Multidimensional Sexual Questionnaire was administered to them. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for statistical analysis of data. The results showed that the difference between the mean scores of sexual issues in pre-test and post-test was significant. The difference between the means of sexual problem-oriented couple therapy based on the sexual problem-oriented approach with metacognitive- meta emotional combined couple therapy at the level (P <0.05) and between the combination of metacognitive- meta emotional couple and control at the level (P <0.01) was significant. However, the difference between the means of the sex-centered couple therapy group based on the sex-centered approach and control was not significant (P <0.05). In general, there is a difference between the groups, but this difference is not statistically significant. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that among the effective therapeutic approaches to help couples who suffer from incompatibility in relationships and emotion regulation, there are two problem-based couple therapy approaches based on the Islamic approach and metacognitive cross-cognitive couple therapy that can be These approaches were used as a therapeutic model as well as an educational model in order to prevent the deepening of conflicts and also to improve couples' relationships in the form of couple therapies or workshops.

The issue of conflicts and differences between children and parents is a major problem that some families cope with it, and this causes problems for all parties in the conflict if they are not resolved in an appropriate manner. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on Michael Ferry Method to reduce parent-child conflicts among 94 female students in Sanandaj city .The pattern of the study was semi-experimental with a pre-post-test design with a control group. The study population included all guidance school students of Sanandaj city that had conflict with their parents in the academic year of 1393- 1394.By using available sampling; 28 girls competing in both experimental and control groups were selected. The tool used in this research, was conflict tactics scale (CT). In order to analyze the data ANCOVA test was used. The results showed that Michael Frey’s method of cognitive therapy was significantly able to reduce the overall score of parent-child conflict (01 / 0≥p). According to the incidence of negative emotions at the time of the creation of parent-child conflict and the role of this factor in the escalation of conflict, the helpfulness of Michael Frey’s method of cognitive therapy in the proper discharge of emotions, negative thoughts with reform can be mentioned.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program related to successful marriage over marital conflicts based on indigenous qualitative research. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, design. By using convenience sampling and Selected as 30 Couple sample in two experimental(15 Couple) and control (15 Couple) groups, the statistical population of the study were all conflicting couples referred to Gorgan city counseling centers in 2019. Then, the marital conflict questionnaire (Sanaei, 2008) was performed on them. Once in a week for two months, eight (90 minute) individual sessions of training based on indigenous qualitative research related to successful marriage were held, and no training was performed for the control group. Then, the post-test was performed on both groups. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) between these two groups in the marital conflict variable and the Mean in the experimental group was lower than the control group. In this way, the compiled educational program related to successful marriage based on indigenous qualitative research can be effective in reducing marital conflicts between couples who go to the counseling centers.

Introductoin:

 This study aims to compare personality traits and attitudes toward choosing a spouse with and without a relationship before marriage.

The current research was descriptive and comparative. The research population included all married students between 20-40 years old in the year (2018-2019) at Kermanshah Azad University.  A total of 80 students (40 having a relationship and 40 not having a premarital relationship) were selected as the research sample using the purposive sampling method. Neo's (1992) Personality Questionnaire and Larson's (1993) Attitude Towards Choice Questionnaire were used to collect data. Research hypotheses were analyzed based on multivariate analysis of variance by spss24 software.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the subscales of personality traits, new experiences, and conscientiousness, as well as experience-oriented factors and good faith as the way of looking for a spouse in married couples with and without a relationship before marriage (P≥0.05). In fact, people who do not have a relationship before marriage consider marriage, not a sexual relationship and producing children, but also to creating a perfectionist life with love and empathy.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that psychologists and counselors in premarital counseling processes should pay attention to the personality traits of people and their attitudes toward marriage.

Couples' relationships are the most important factor in maintaining a family. The presence of any psychological damage in the couple's relationship increases the likelihood of separation. The aim of this study was to determine the tendency to divorce among women referring to counseling centers in Tehran based on irrational communication beliefs and individual differentiation with the mediating role of sexual function and marital frustration in 2019.

This descriptive-analytic study was conducted with participation of 240 married women who were referred to Tehran counseling centers. The sample size was 240 women who were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires of Eidelson and Epstein's communication beliefs, individual differentiation, Rosen's sexual performance, Niehuis and Bartell's marital frustration, and Roswelt, Jonson, and Moro's divorce tendency questionnaires. Data were analyzed using pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests by using SPSS software version 24.

There was a weak direct relationship between irrational communication beliefs and women's divorce tendency (r=0.21). Increased score of women's irrational communication beliefs with a mean (SD) of 150.8 (19.7) was positively associated with divorce tendency score with a mean (SD) 51.0 (10.6), P<0.001. There was a weak indirect relationship between individual differentiation and women's divorce tendency (r= -0.17). Decreased individual differentiation score with a mean (SD) of 198.5 (35.1) was associated with divorce tendency score, P<0.01. There was a weak indirect relationship between sexual performance and women's divorce tendency (r=-0.23). Decreased sexual performance score with a mean (SD) of 71.7 (20.1) was associated with higher divorce tendency, P<0.001. There was a strong direct relationship between marital frustration with divorce tendency (r=0.73). Increased marital frustration score with a mean (SD) of 57.7 (12.2), was associated with increased divorce tendency, P<0.001. Hence, irrational communication beliefs and individual differentiation with the mediating role of sexual performance and marital frustration may predict 59% of women's divorce tendency.

The study showed that the tendency to divorce increased with increasing irrational communication beliefs and decreasing individual differentiation. In addition, the tendency to divorce increased with decreasing sexual function and increasing marital frustration.

Educational systems are based on the education and training of the future generation of the society, and students have a central role in this system, and the existence of social support from families, the government, the education system, and organizations. And other inputs are required for their growth. In this regard, psychologists and teachers consider motivation as one of the key concepts used to explain different levels of performance. The main cause of behavior is motivation and it can be defined as the driving force of human activities and the factor of his learning. Also, this concept can be used to explain the difference between students who have the same aptitude for learning, but their academic progress is different. From the point of view of psychologists, motivation is an internal process that activates, directs and maintains behavior over time, and motivation has been divided into two categories: "internal" and "external". The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between success factors and student achievement motivation.

This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the present study included all 11th grade female students in Kermanshah in the academic year 2018-19. From this population, 400 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were the Student's Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Jink and Morgan (1999), Waz & Isaacson (2008), Schumer's Epistemological Beliefs (1990), The Basic Psychological Needs of the Guardian et al. (2000), and Progress Motivation. Were Hermans (1987). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling statistical method in SPSS24 and Amos24 software.

The results showed that the fit of the measurement model and the structural model of the research were confirmed. The results showed that epistemological beliefs, successful academic identity and basic psychological needs had a direct and significant effect on academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation and academic self-efficacy on achievement motivation. Finally, basic needs have a positive effect on successful academic identity and significance of 95% confidence level (P <0.05).

Based on the results of the study, students who have suffered from academic failure and their motivation for progress and success has a declining trend can be used by using psychological counseling to improve academic identity, epistemological beliefs and basic psychological needs. He intervened and provided the ground for their academic progress. The results of this research can also lead to proper planning in order to adopt appropriate school strategies to increase the motivation of students' progress and consequently reduce academic decline and reluctance.

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the psychological consequences of social distancing are among the most important social events of the 21st century that have made nurses' families face their related psychological consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of family-centered problem-solving training on the negative effects of social distancing caused by COVID-19 in the families of nurses at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

The present quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population (n=380) included the families of married nurses working in the COVID-19 ward of public hospitals in Kermanshah, 2020-2021. The sample consisted of the families of nurses who obtained a high score in the social distance measurement tool; accordingly, 100 people were included in the study and assigned to two groups of intervention and control (n=50 each). For the intervention group, 10 two-hour virtual sessions of training family-centered problem-solving protocols were held. Post-test was performed on both groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) using frequency, mean and standard deviation, and analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that family-centered problem-solving training was effective on marital conflict, anxiety, and fear in nurses, and a significant difference was observed between the control and intervention groups (P<0.001).

Family-centered problem-solving training was effective on the negative effects of social distancing caused by COVID-19 in nurses' families.

this study was prepared to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy training and EIS model on Marital Satisfaction in pregnant women

To achieve that, in a semi-experimental study with plan pre-test, post-test with the control group, 60 people among the statistical population were chosen by considering the criteria which is available in sampling method, and they randomly divided into three groups of 20 (two experimental groups and one control group). The Experimental participants were trained on cognitive-behavioral and EIS model in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training during this time. The tool which is used to collect data in pre-test, post-test were, Enrich Marital Satisfaction .Data were analyzed by using mean, multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that both cognitive-behavioral and EIS model approaches on Marital Satisfaction and Its subscales are effective and there is a difference between the effectiveness of these two approaches on mentioned variable. The EIS model had a greater effect on Marital Satisfaction and subscales Personality Issues, marital relationship, Sexual Relationship, Religious Orientation than the cognitive-behavioral approach, But in the financial management subscale, the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach was greater

Therefore, it can be concluded that despite the differences between these two approaches, both are useful in term of Marital Satisfaction and Its subscales. However, due to the greater effectiveness of the EIS model in marital satisfaction and most of its subscales, it can be used during pregnancy besides the other cares.

Having an exceptional child in the family often causes irreparable damage. The vulnerability of the family to this injury is sometimes so great that the family is severely damaged in terms of mental health. Quality of life is a broad concept that encompasses all aspects of life, including health. The term, which is also used in a variety of political, social, and economic contexts, is often used in medical research and is considered by most experts to have different dimensions: physiological, social, physical, and even spiritual. Acceptance and practice therapy has six central processes that lead to psychological flexibility. These six processes are: acceptance, failure, self as context, present communication, recognition of values and action, acceptance and practice therapy Its purpose is not to make a direct change in the client, but to help the client to relate to his or her experiences in different ways and to be able to fully engage in meaningful and value-based loss that seems to be able to help mothers of exceptional children. ; However, and in general, according to the presented principles, mothers with mentally retarded children have many challenges in quality of life and mood that these factors may affect the family structure as well as family relationships and marital issues. Cause problems for them in these areas. Therefore, appropriate solutions to improve the perception of quality of life and mood of mothers with mentally retarded children can improve the family environment. However, considering the research gap in the effectiveness of the acceptance and practice approach based on early maladaptive schemas on the quality of women with exceptional children, this study seeks to determine whether the causal model of acceptance and practice based on primary maladaptive schemas with a mediating role Does the difficulty in regulating emotion improve the quality of life of mothers of exceptional children fit the experimental model?

This research is both an experimental-field research that was performed by pre-test and post-test with the control group and also by correlation-modeling method. The statistical population includes all mothers with children with mental and physical disabilities in Kermanshah. 30 sample males were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Admission-based treatment interventions were performed on the experimental group in one of the exceptional children's schools twice a week in 90-minute sessions for eight sessions. Data collection tools included Weir et al.'s (1996) Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Hertzgertz and Roemer (2004) Difficulty in Emotional Adjustment Questionnaire, the Young (2005) Adaptive Schema Scale (2005), and the Bond et al. (2017) Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. In this study, covariance in SPSS software and structural equations in PLS software were used to analyze the data.

The results show that the condition of non-alignment is met. The second criterion for evaluating the internal model is the path coefficients, which in order to examine their significance, the self-management procedure has been used. The results indicate that disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion  regulation; Impaired self-control has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Listening has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of regulating emotion; Impaired limitation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Impaired self-government has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Listening has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Impaired constraints have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance, and the difficulty of regulating emotion has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance. Also, based on the obtained results, the indirect effect of disconnection and rejection on action and acceptance is significant with the role of a difficult mediator in emotion regulation; The indirect effect of impaired self-regulation on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of direction on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of listening is significant on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation, and another indirect effect of impaired constraint on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation is significant. Also, the interaction between the group and the quality of life test is not significant. In other words, the data support the hypothesis of homogeneity of regression slopes (p = 0.188 and F = 1.830). Also, after adjusting the quality of life test pretest scores, there was no significant difference between the effects of the experimental and control groups (sig = .001 and. Therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups is rejected and it is concluded that the education program based on the causal model of action and acceptance has been effective on the quality of life of mothers with exceptional children.

The goal of acceptance and practice therapy is to create more psychological flexibility. Psychological resilience refers to the ability to change or perpetuate behavioral classes of action that contribute to valuable goals. Because it is not possible to eliminate or displace the language processes that cause human problems, the goal is to bring these processes into contextual control. These processes are related to the change of central language processes that interfere with psychological flexibility. Acceptance and practice treatment interventions can be performed through any of these processes. In acceptance and practice therapy, no action is taken to reduce, change, avoid, suppress or control private experiences (thoughts and feelings). Rather, clients learn to reduce the impact of unwanted thoughts and feelings through the effective use of pervasive consciousness.