دکتر سید محمدرضا موسوی فرد

International crises and the resulting crimes often raise questions about the underlying causes that threaten regional peace and security. Understanding these root causes is crucial for both strategically preventing future conflicts and managing current tensions. Theories, when applied to specific events, provide a valuable framework for analyzing complex realities and developing more effective interventions. The ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, deeply rooted in ideological and identity-based differences, exemplifies this need for in-depth analysis. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing documentary and library methods, aims to address the following question: What are the criminological and political roots of the persistent instability and recurrent crises in the Middle East, with a particular focus on the Israeli-Palestinian crisis? The historical and strategic depth of the conflicts in the Middle East, often intertwined with issues of identity, contribute to its perpetual state of conflict and crisis. This volatile environment also facilitates the commission of other international crimes in the region. Research findings indicate that to prevent future international crimes in the Middle East, this study identifies three critical strategies: bolstering the integrity of international organizations by ensuring their neutrality, promoting regional political and religious discourse without external influence, and facilitating the recognition of the State of Palestine through peaceful, politically-negotiated in accordance with international legal frameworks.

The development of communication technologies and the rise of platforms like Instagram have created unprecedented opportunities for social interaction and the shaping of public culture. However, the lack of high-quality content production in traditional media has transformed these platforms into spaces where vulnerable individuals are exploited. This study examines the misuse of naive individuals and mentally impaired persons in the production of undignified comedic content, analyzing its cultural, social, and legal consequences from a critical criminological perspective. The research also proposes solutions to address these challenges.

This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting data through a systematic review of scientific articles, legal texts, and media reports. Qualitative analysis is employed to explore the relationship between the production of undignified comedy, social media algorithms, and cultural policymaking.

The lack of high-quality content in traditional media has accelerated user migration to social networks, leading to the proliferation of unethical content. Vulnerable individuals, particularly those who are naive or mentally impaired, are systematically exploited as “media victims.” Social media algorithms, which prioritize user engagement, amplify such unethical content. Additionally, insufficient protective legislation and weaknesses in cultural policies perpetuate this issue. This process not only undermines human dignity but also imposes significant social and psychological consequences on victims and their families.From a critical criminological perspective, the exploitation of vulnerable individuals in digital spaces reflects broader power dynamics and societal inequalities. Structural weaknesses in cultural and legal frameworks exacerbate the problem. In Iranian society, the lack of focus on producing high-quality comedy and the neglect of cultural needs have driven users toward undignified content on social networks. This trend reinforces unethical behaviors, reduces the cultural value of media content, and erodes public trust in both traditional and digital media.Social media algorithms play a pivotal role in propagating this trend. By prioritizing content that generates high engagement, these algorithms often disregard the moral and cultural implications of the material. This creates a feedback loop where unethical content is not only tolerated but encouraged, as it attracts more viewers and followers. Consequently, the dignity of vulnerable individuals is compromised, and societal norms are eroded.This study identifies several key areas for reform to address these challenges:Strengthening Traditional Media:Enhancing the capacity of traditional media to produce culturally relevant and ethically sound comedic content is crucial. Traditional media should receive the necessary support and resources to compete with digital platforms and offer alternatives that respect cultural values.Legislative Reforms:Clear guidelines for ethical social media usage must be established, with penalties imposed on those who exploit vulnerable individuals for entertainment.Public Awareness Campaigns:Raising awareness about ethical social media usage and promoting responsible online behavior can reshape public attitudes.Independent Monitoring Bodies:Establishing independent bodies to oversee content production on social media platforms is essential. These bodies would identify unethical practices, ensure accountability, and uphold the dignity of individuals featured in media content.The findings of this research highlight the interconnectedness of cultural policy, media practices, and societal values. Addressing the root causes of exploitation requires a collaborative approach involving policymakers, media professionals, and the public. Solutions must prioritize cultural integrity, human dignity, and social cohesion.Furthermore, cultural education and media literacy programs should play a significant role in fostering a more informed and responsible society. By teaching individuals to critically analyze content and understand the ethical implications of their online interactions, these programs can empower users to make informed choices about the content they consume and share. This shift in public behavior would compel social media platforms and content creators to prioritize ethical considerations in their work.In conclusion, the exploitation of vulnerable individuals in the context of undignified comedic content production is a complex issue that reflects broader societal and cultural challenges. This phenomenon underscores the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates cultural, legal, and technological solutions. By enhancing the role of traditional media, reforming social media algorithms, enacting protective legislation, and fostering public awareness, it is possible to address this issue effectively. The study calls for collective efforts to promote ethical media practices and protect the dignity of all individuals, particularly those who are most vulnerable. Through these measures, society can move toward a more just and respectful digital culture, where entertainment does not come at the cost of human dignity.

Undoubtedly today the Middle East region is witnessing a series of conflicts of opinion which kind of ideological approaches play a very colorful role in these conflicts of course this tension has many causes and variables one of them is the presence of great powers in the region the US military presence in order to realize the strategy and national interests of that country in the form of hegemony in some regions including the Middle East has caused direct and indirect conflicts with countries that are not aligned with it in the region the direct confrontation is drawn into proxy wars that ISIS terrorism and the like believe many experts and undeniable reasons in the The national interest of the United States is to justify its presence in the region and to gain benefits in this regard. Therefore, some countries, including Iran, also provide material and spiritual counseling to their allies to defend their regional interests in the form of a resistance axis; as a result, a kind of proxy confrontation has been formed, as a result of the US reaction in the region has killed Iranian counselors in the allies of Iran. In this article, we're going to take a descriptive and analytical look at the documentation method and... How to take legal responsibility of real and legal supporters of terrorist groups for the dead of the Iranian advisor (martyr defender of the Haram of ) in international law and domestic law, emphasize the Iranian courts and the enforcement guarantees of its possible provisions.

Today, it can be argued that most thinkers agree on the principle that the humanities are relative and can theorize from different levels of analysis and intellectual coefficients on it, while analyzing human and social affairs. One of the complete analytical levels that can provide comprehensive theories about man according to its origin is ideological and religious approaches in the field of social humanities and criminology. In this article, with an analytical descriptive look and using the documentary and library method, we seek the answer to this question: in the third millennium, do the teachings of scientific and modern criminology recognize a tendency called religious criminology? The answer could seem to be positive looking at the teachings of the religions of Christianity and Judaism, we come to the streaks of criminology of religious origin. With such a hypothesis, the research findings guide us in this direction, which can be claimed in the general Islamic criminology, some of the commands (in the book and tradition) have criminological readings that can be fruitful at least in order to prevent criminalized sins and be a good complement to scientific criminology. Therefore, taking this assumption into account, there is Islamic criminology (like the criminology of Christianity and the criminology of Judaism), and one of the most endorsed trends in the field of scientific that criminology can be called in its own right.

Examining the existential philosophy of governments reveals that the fundamental purpose of governmental emergence, from the perspective of nations, is to facilitate affairs and advance social life towards development and progress within the framework of a social contract. However, in certain underdeveloped countries, governments not only fail to fulfill their roles effectively but also exacerbate social issues through inefficient governance. This study aims to analyze this phenomenon from the perspective of the Broken Windows Theory within criminology. Adopting an analytical-descriptive yet adaptive approach, utilizing documentary and library research methods, this study seeks to depict the image of inefficient governance.By examining the doctrines of the Broken Windows Theory, it becomes evident that the inefficiency of political governance, according to this theory, directly impacts crime rates. Consequently, it can be argued that, based on this theory, social divides, political suffocation, widespread corruption in all its dimensions, failure to prevent crime, and similar issues constitute the minimal damage resulting from politically inefficient governance.

Paying attention to defense infrastructure and combat power is one of the important requirements for long-term planning in the field of defense-security challenges. Now the question is, defense-security challenges and environmental conditions of future wars in the international system will be affected by what parameters? It seems that the environmental conditions and characteristics of future wars, due to the growth of emerging technologies and the undeniable influence on defense-security challenges, the atmosphere of wars will move towards hybrid, intelligent and fluid wars (question and hypothesis). The above research is of the future research type with a qualitative-interpretive method and a descriptive-analytical approach and through the available (library) data, defense challenges and possible wars in the next two decades in the international environment and their impact on the defense-security environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. has analyzed (type, method and purpose of research). Although Esana will play the main role in the future, factors such as changes in the composition of actors, war environment and attention to intelligent systems will also affect the conditions of wars. The stunning growth of technology and communication, which we call the information revolution, is a powerful wave that will completely change the nature and characteristics of war and conflict (research findings and innovation).

The subject of this article is the sociological analysis of the relationship between social capital and suicide. At first glance, the phenomenon of suicide seems to be an individual matter, but in the opinion of many social science experts, it is a social matter, and in order to examine the factors related to it, other social factors such as social capital should be referred to. The question of the current research is: What was the relationship between social capital and suicide in the provinces of Iran in the years (2007-2017)? In the light of Durkheim, Fukuyama's theory, this research has studied the relationship between social capital and suicide among the provinces of the country. The present research method is quantitative and using the secondary analysis technique. In this research, 31 provinces of Iran and in the time periods of 2007, 2014 and 2017 formed the unit of analysis of this research, the unit of observation of statistical documents is valid. The empirical findings of this text indicate that micro social capital has a significant relationship with suicide and explained 8 percent of the changes related to suicide, medium and macro social capital also had a significant relationship with suicide and each accounted for 12 and 13 percent respectively. They have explained the changes related to suicide. Also, total social capital explained 34% of the changes in the suicide rate

The purpose of this research is to provide a partial epistemology of the effects of social networks on divergence of people's tolerance threshold in the atmosphere of anti-security disturbances. Through the present research paper, we try to explain the subject with a descriptive and analytical approach by analyzing data through documentary and library research methodology. Through this research we will be searching for a logical answer to these questions: what are the effective factors in the emergence of the situation of divergence of the social and political tolerance threshold of the people? and, how their actions could be addressed in the form of crimes against public security could be discussed and explained? In explaining the answer, the research findings guide us as follows: Based on the approaches of criminal psychology and the important principles of general criminal law, there should be a difference between emotional protesters and organized and purposeful opponents of governments with a correct understanding of the crisis and its management. In this state of social turmoil, the role of the media as doubling factors in aggravating the social crises and crimes against public security, as the enemy's executive arm, is truly undeniable. As a result, it is necessary to employ a cultural approach in dealing with the ordinary protesters while considering them as reformers and sympathizers and differentiating them with the organized agents and also to take into consideration a third, and of course the main, factor which account for the main part and liability of such turbulences who have to be held liable proportionate to their share before the judicial system.

Classical international law provided most of the interests of governments, including large ones. This has led powerful governments to violate the rights of weak governments or other members of the international community.With this interpretation, some gross violations and international crimes and insisting on them cause legal action by the United Nations(such as the expulsion of a member of the United Nations Charter Article 6) is necessary and necessary at the same time demanding the public opinion of the world.in this article, we take a descriptive and analytical look and use the documentary and library method to provide a clear picture of the causes of legal and political obstacles to the non-expulsion of some actors from the United Nations in the role of gross crimes against international peace and security.The obvious suggestion that can be made is this. It's the use of alternative approaches like economic sanctions, diplomatic sanctions, military sanctions and so on...) May be considered a suitable alternative to Article (6) of the United Nations Charter, which can actually be claimed to be abandoned, provided that in the same process the alternative is also political issues and in addition the approaches and requirements of the great powers on legal issues such as gross violation of international rules and insistence on it and the priority is to maintain international peace and security.

Crime prevention includes all activities that help stop or reduce crime as a social phenomenon. These activities are carried out by all actors who are likely to play a preventive role. Effective prevention requires the cooperation of actors in the judicial system with other sectors to address the root causes of disputes and prevent crime (by observing Sharia، legal، and human rights standards). With this premise، it can be said that the role of the police in preventive crime policy as an executive arm is undeniable، and based on proven scientific research، success in this process is conditional on the inclusive participation of the people. In this review، with a descriptive، analytical approach and the use of documentary and library methods، we seek to answer this question: Is the principle of preventive criminal policy based on people-centeredness effective when implemented by law enforcement officers، including the police? According to the scientific studies conducted in this regard، it can be said: preventive criminal policy without people's participation in every stage، even the implementation stage، is doomed to practical failure. It is possible to escape from this inevitable failure by strengthening the local police and non-governmental organizations.

Nowadays the cyberspace acts as a double-edged sword in all social realities and, therefore, it can be regarded either as an opportunity or as a threat. If the government does not follow a clear plan, it can easily distort its healthy and competitive environment in some special events such as elections. In this research we aim to take a documented and substantiated look at the issue with the purpose of helping in preventions of election crimes and damages. With a descriptive and analytical approach and through the documentary methodology by using library and internet data, in this article we seek to find an answer to the question of what is the role of cyberspace in the indirect management of elections and that how the election crimes and violations caused by the same could be countered with. According to the authors, the role of cyberspace in the hidden management with destructive approaches of election violations and crimes is undeniable and that the solutions such as: defining the cultural code of professional ethics of election campaigns in cyberspace, considering the time of the election as an aggravating factor of electoral crimes in cyberspace and, finally, the comprehensive election law and its consolidation for more accurate monitoring etc. are among the solutions to reduce such threats.

Justice and fairness are the two main components accepted by intellectuals as well as civilized nations to limit the power and behavior of rulers and executives with the people. In this article, we seek to answer this question with a descriptive, analytical, yet practical approach: can justice and fairness play an effective role in the performance and missions of the police as the general officer of the criminal justice system? In response, it should be said: by avoiding the "effective" variable, it seems that it can play a "determining" role in increasing work efficiency. The research findings show that: the police, with community-oriented approaches, should in some way be in the field of their legal missions. In addition to the fact that people are involved in these activities, its work efficiency is more man-centered with the increase in security, and finally, another result is that it makes them act with more justice and fairness as bailiffs in treating people. Justice and vice versa, people will have a fairer judgment about the performance of the police

From the point of view of the theoretical teachings of positivism and legal realism, we seek to find out whether idealistic political systems influence the enactment of criminal penal laws. It seems that according to these teachings, legal realism, like legal positivism, is based on the premise that law should be known as it is and not as it should be, this is where we enter the common realm of politics and law; Law and politics as social phenomena are both dual manifestations of a single entity (perception of a single ontology); Loses and achieves two main results, including: the adoption of populist laws with more political to legal function, the development of expedient laws in the criminal field, which in itself creates effects such as criminal inflation, political, cross-sectional and criminal law response Among its consequences are various challenges, including political, legal, moral, religious and human rights challenges, which in general will lead to the adoption of criminal laws.

Destructionism or vandalism means the uncontrolled destruction of valuable cultural objects and artifacts or public property, which is considered a social anomaly. With the current approaches of criminal law in Iran, this social anomaly has not been criminalized in all its cases. In this article, we seek to answer the question that vandalism can be criminalized based on the criminal jurisprudential capacities in the Constitution and the Islamic Penal Code. Descriptive-analytical method should be specified; According to Articles 677 and 588 of the Penal Code of the Islamic Penal Code 92, the perpetrators can not be considered a criminal offense. The principle of necessity of observing individual rights in criminal law in jurisprudential criminalizations, the principle of necessity of public order and maintenance of public property treasury, resolving conflicts of jurisprudential criminalization with the principle of legality of crime based on rational and legal approaches based on jurisprudential and legal capacities for crime Some jurisprudential instances of jurisprudence have taken steps.

Looking at the philosophy of law, one of the main functions of law is to regulate social relations at every level, which individuals must harmonize with the laws and regulations of the subject. Therefore, those who violate these basic legal rules in any way must be held accountable at every level. In addition to this issue, we come to two-dimensional responsibility, that one dimension of which is the aspect of civil liability of some legal entities (such as governments) in the second place; Sometimes we have to obtain criminal enforcement guarantees for individuals (involved in the case); Why one of the basic principles of criminal law, whether domestic or international, is the need to be accountable for actions and behavior. In this research, according to the description presented with a descriptive-analytical approach, we are looking for a convincing answer to the question that some interactions formed contrary to the rules and order and international peace, which seriously endangers it, should not have reached a level in the world today that reached a level where it can hold such individuals, both real and legal, accountable for their actions, regardless of political issues, by identifying legal responsibilities be questioned?

The phenomenon of prostitution is one of the issues that, despite a history as old as humanity, is still raised as one of the problems of human societies at the level of the international system, and Iran is not an exception to this general rule. According to the ideological approach of the governing and political system in Iran, this social harm is in the center of attention and is considered an anti-value matter and therefore against the law. The spread of criminological and sociological harms such as the brokering phenomenon called "Khaleh" and the inverted presentation of the Sharia laws of "temporary concubine" in the direction of economic and financial exchange as a Sharia and legal cover for the non-codified industry of prostitution formed in Iran in the form of cyberspace and Some other injuries are the bad effects of this case In this article, we are looking for the question that what are the most important sociological and criminological factors that cause the spread of the sinister phenomenon of prostitution in societies? With a descriptive and at the same time analytical approach, using the method of collecting information in the form of documents, we are seeking to find a suitable answer for this question. The findings show that the phenomenon of prostitution, which is equivalent to the rule of "famous adultery" from the point of view of religious teachings and Islamic criminology, especially in Iran, is getting closer to the border of pandemic.

Undoubtedly, some of the problems that we see in society today and are plaguing the people depends on several factors that mismanagement can play a very key and strategic role in creating the status quo. Managers who have no expertise and plan the necessary details are taken up by various sensitive positions, which sometimes make decisions whose costs and harmful effects go directly to the people for years, and have a direct impact on people's lives. Looking at the model of government in the Islamic system and even new models that go back to development such as good governance, some governing administrations do not read any of these features of the Islamic and Western model because such people after their current term of office to be accountable for their performance at any level, in this article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, we find the appropriate answer to the question that there is a possibility of criminalization (civil liability of the managers) after verifying negligence and fault by taking advantage of the guarantee of criminal execution embedded in the law of strategic action, is there a cancellation of sanctions or not?

Given the sensitivities that exist regarding (even) the definition of political crime and its separation from other security crimes, in practice, determining the instances of political crime, etc., has been one of the topics that has long been the subject of theoretical controversy. According to the hermeneutic approaches defined in the humanities; In some cases, we have to refer the reader to his reading and understanding and even separation, this can practically lead us to this point; Defining precise rules, clear cases and even a special procedure for this type of perpetrators of these crimes by observing issues such as the presence of a jury and the like is necessary and consequently causes The criminal justice system should be more consistent in the judicial investigation of these crimes based on the main legal criteria such as (justice, fairness, judicial conscience, principles of fair trial, etc).Criminal, hermeneutics, laws, political

Today, one of the basic challenges in the discussion of laws is excessive resorting to the guarantee of criminal execution and subsequently limiting the freedoms of individuals, imposing exorbitant costs on the government and also interrupting the functioning of the judicial system. Considering the effectiveness of resorting to other measures In order to deal with the criminal phenomenon in order to reform and rehabilitate criminals and prevent re-commitment of crimes and reduce the inflation of the criminal population, the legislative criminal policy of most countries, including Iran, has moved towards the idea of limiting the scope of the intervention of the criminal system. The legislator of Iran, with the help of human rights doctrines and the latest findings of criminology in order to reduce the burden of the criminal system and by predicting mechanisms such as postponing the issuance of the sentence and suspension of the execution of the sentence, parole, alternative punishments of imprisonment, etc. It has adopted the approach of decriminalization as a way in the policy of retreating the criminal system.

The diversity of criminal responses is part of the meaningful and wise diversity of criminal policy in Islam. Among the manifestations and symbols of this penal legislative wisdom is the legislation of fixed and certain punishments (limits) and indefinite and flexible punishments (tazirat). The correct interpretation of the Shari'i arguments and in accordance with the goals of the Islamic religion and the philosophy of punishments in the Islamic criminal policy requires that the limits and punishments are two types of criminal responses to two categories of crimes, one definite and definite, which is applied to serious and unforgivable crimes. and the other is indeterminate and indeterminate, the limits of which are determined and the amount depends on the discretion of the judge. However, the existence of strong differences of jurisprudential opinions regarding the aspects of different punishments, especially punishments, shows the ignorance of the true nature of punishment in Iranian jurisprudence and law. This lack of jurisprudence has caused the positive results expected from this variety of penal instruments to be obtained in the legislative and judicial criminal policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and there are differences in these two criminal responses. In this regard, the author explains the place of punishment in Iranian jurisprudence and criminal law by using descriptive and analytical method.

Preventive teachings on the criminality of leaving alimony towards the wife in family crimes as a virgin field of study in the form of preventive and applied criminology with "emphasis on family education and teachings" can be called that which has been neglected until now and despite the existence of legal duties in the judiciary. No special attention has been paid to it. Due to the high rate of divorce in Iran, this lack of attention in this specific criminal title has led to the filing of many judicial cases on a daily basis and consequently the increase in the number of convicts, both legal and criminal, which is considered here as the criminal population, has significantly increased. In this research article, from the perspective of a descriptive, analytical and practical method, we are looking for a suitable answer to this question, based on the existing laws, can scientific and practical solutions in the form of practical prevention criminology be used to prevent the non-criminality of couples and reduce the criminal population of prisons in this specific criminal category. presented? In response, it should be said: solutions such as: paying alimony to the wife's card number, accessing the wife's bank account if necessary, using the family card plan in peacetime, paying to the justice deposit fund by sending a statement, obtaining invoices for purchases under Alimony, the traditional way of taking a witness in the payment of alimony, court-friendly reasons, in the general and specific disobedience of the wife, can be considered among the reliable preventive solutions in the absence of the husband's guilt in these cases.

By developing the concept of victim; Divides victimology into a criminal case that only considers victims of criminal offenses and general victimology that deals with all victims (victims) such as victims of accidents, victims of society, victims of government and related institutions. Here, in line with this division, we seek to discuss the political and social victims of the political decisions of political rulers. And the documents are: based on the capacity to address the current situation, the socio-political crime resulting from the decisions of political leaders from the jurisprudential point of view and the teachings of restorative justice can be observed and compensated or not? It seems that with regard to issues such as "the existence of a conflict of interest in philosophy, the emergence of real victims, immediate and sometimes unsystematic political decisions, the lack of real meritocracy in some political leaders, the need to reconsider some corrupt rails, Expert and intellectual theories due to political bias, lack of good governance components of political managers, etc.

Today, we are witnessing a series of political and media games by the Western World that seek to undermine the principle of Islamic law. One of these challenges is the issue of corporal punishment in the field of criminal law, to which there is a relatively high sensitivity. The main reason for these sensitivities is that some of these punishments are rooted in jurisprudence or Sharia, so they find an opportunity to attack the principle of religion under the pretext of human rights debates for the non-convergence of these punishments with international documents. The present study aims at exploring the possibility of converging the system of criminal law in the area of corporal punishment in order to comply with the provisions of international law based on the rule of jurisprudential expediency. It seems that through the knowledge that has been obtained from the intentions of some opponents and that human rights debates and international documents are a means not to defend real human rights but a double standard for achieving behind-the-scenes goals, it is expedient to know the exact time and position and to jurisprudentially reconsider some corporal punishments with religious roots and arrangements such as temporary closure. This way, such dissidents would be theoretically disarmed.