دکتر محمدعلی جعفری

Considering the importance of language and different varieties as the heritage of humanity for the interaction of information, it seems necessary to preserve this heritage. The present study attempts to provide a holistic view of the continuous state of the dialects of the language varieties of the centeral, north, northwest, and southwest regions of Kerman province (Northern- Kerman variety) within the framework of one of the new methods, dialectometry, in the field of dialectology. Dialectometry is the method that uses statistical methods to measure dialect distances and to determine language boundaries. Based on the authors’ review, dialectometric methods have been used in limited studies to investigate Iranian dialects, and the representation of various linguistic varieties of Kerman province have often been summarized in traditional ways and based on the predecessors’ opinion. The present work is new in this respect.

In the current research, male and female speakers with an average age of 60 years and a literacy level of primary education, who live in the targeted region, were interviewed. A total of 54 dialect samples were prepared from 54 sites. The data of the study were extracted from the questionnaires of “Iran’s national language atlas project” and “Morris Swadesh basic list words”. The validity of the mentioned questionnaires was 0.96 based on Cronbach’s alpha test. In doing so, 205 words and 10 basic sentences extracted from the mentioned questionnaires. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the dialectometric and mapping software RuG/L04 package. Dialectometric methods adopted in this research include linguistic distance index, clustering and multidimensional scaling.The background of this research is divided into two categories. The first category is the studies related to the linguistic varieties of Northern-Kerman language, which have been conducted using traditional dialectology methods such as; Sotudeh (1335), Baghai (1342), Karbasi Ravari (1365), Babak (1375), Aieene Negini (1381), Anjom Shoae (1381). Hoseini Musa (1384), Farhadi Rad (1382), Ruholaamini (1384), Naghavi (1385), Mowlaei Kuhbanani (1390), Altaha (1394) and Larimer and Golabzade (1395).The second category is the studies which use Dialectometric methods include; Asadpur (1391), Rostambeik Tafreshi (1393), Mollaei Pashaei (1393), Sanayi (1395), Heidari Zadeh (1398) and Ghemat Pur (1399).The purpose of this research is to analyze the cluster of geographical distribution of linguistic variables, and more specifically, the main dialect clusters of Northern- Kerman variety are identified by certain dialectometric methods and their linguistic distance are measured to compare the results with the findings of traditional studies of Northern- Kerman varieties.

Discussion and review:

The findings of the clustering of language varieties based on linguistic distance index (chart 1) and multidimensional scaling (chart 2) showed that six dialect clusters can be distinguished in the geographical scope of the research, which will be used as letters ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’. Cluster ‘A’ has the highest dialectal difference with a language distance index 0.34. Other dialect clusters have the least difference with a minimal distance. According to the distance index matrix and the two-dimensional scaling map, it can be concluded that only cluster ‘A’ is a dialect and the other clusters should be considered accents.Dialect cluster ‘A’ is distinguished from other clusters due to some distinctive features including  the use of some Baluchi words, /Iə/ and /ʊə/ diphthongs, the trill phoneme of /r/, consonance cluster //  of Ancient Iranian, the plural suffix /-on/, the continuous prefix / ʔæ-/, the noun-forming and adjective-forming suffixes (/-æ/, /-æg/, /-æk/ ), debuccalization process and ergative construction.Cluster ‘B’ is different from other clusters due to the high frequency of the vowel lengthening process of the first syllable.Cluster ‘C’ is different from other dialect clusters due to the insertion of the glide /j/ at the end of words ending in a vowel, but it is similar to clusters ‘D’ and ‘E’ in two syntactic features; the first person singular pronoun /-om/and the first person singular pronoun as /mo/. The cluster ‘D’ is similar to the cluster ‘E’ in the vowel lengthening of the negative prefix /næː-/ in the simple past tense and the negative imperative.The cluster ‘E’ is different from other clusters in the elimination of the consonant phoneme /m/ and, of course, the lengthening of the preceding syllable, but it is common with ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’ clusters in the application of the process of changing obstruent, such as the conversion of /q/ to /ɤ / in the vowel environment or the beginning and end of the syllable. Cluster ‘F’ is similar to clusters ‘B’, ‘D’ and ‘E’ in the degemination process.Finally, in the analysis of dialect clusters’ data, it was found that the dialect clusters ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’ and ’F’ are common in the application of the compensatory lengthening process.

Adopting a computational linguistic approach, the current research has been analyzed the linguistic variables in the Northern- Kerman language varieties. According to the findings of the language clustering of language varieties (chart 1) and two-dimensional scaling (chart 2) in the geographical scope of the research, six major dialect clusters are distinguished from each other. Each of the dialect clusters has distinct phonetic, phonological, morphological and syntactic features that distinguish it from other clusters. Based on the statistical analysis of the data, among the six dialect clusters, only cluster ‘A’ is a dialect, and the rest of the clusters have no dialect characteristics and are considered accents.For example, cluster ‘A’ is different from other clusters due to its features such as special words in the Baluchi language, /Iə/ and /ʊə/ diphthongs, the trill phoneme of /r/, consonance cluster // of Ancient Iranian, debuccalization process and the usage of ergative construction. Other clusters differ from each other due to limited differences such as the use of vowel lengthening in the first syllable like cluster ‘B’, the insertion of the glide /j/ at the end of words ending in a vowel like cluster ‘C’, the elimination of the consonant phoneme /m/ and, of course, the lengthening of the preceding syllable like cluster ‘E’, but they are similar in the compensatory lengthening process.

The essay is focused on analyzing the text of the Amin Allah ziyarah on the basis of Searle's speech act theory through descriptive-analytical approach. The purpose of this research is to study Amin Allah ziyarah and Imam Reza’s ziyarah (p.b.u.h) from the textual point of view and to analyze the speech acts of the them, in terms of type and number, and finally to consider the reason for the universality of the Amin Allah ziyarah in holy shrines. The study shows a difference between the number of expressive and declaraسtive acts in the Amin Allah ziyarah which is at the lowest level compared to the mentioned acts in the Imam Reza’s (p.b.u.h). There is also a similarity between the number of directive acts of both, and the number of assertive acts in the Amin Allah ziyarah is almost more. In the Amin Allah ziyarah, two commissive and declarative acts have not been clearly observed. The results of the analysis of the Imam Reza’s ziyarah (p.b.u.h) indicate the extensive use of emotional acts in order to express feelings and moods of the pilgrim's heart and to create a stronger connection. But in the Amin Allah ziyarah, it forms the expression of feelings with assertive and directive acts in order to reach both the primary goal of the ziyarah, which is the soul of the ziyarah, and the ultimate goal, in which (s)he expresses the secrets feelings in a more general way which includes all the Imams (p.b.u.t).

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of five approaches of Optimality theory, including the following subsections "Feature alignment", "Feature linking with span", "Local agreement", "Span theory" and " Agreement-by-correspondence (ABC)" in analyzing the phenomenon of rounding harmony within Iranian (Razan and Tabriz) varieties of Turkish, as well as examining the difference in language class in the presence of a typological variety, and finally evaluating the effectiveness of each approach in the event of differences. The results indicated that with the exception of Local agreement and Feature alignment approaches, the other three approaches were very effective in explaining the phenomenon of rounding harmony between the two varieties under consideration, and the ability to explain the phenomenon of rounding harmony had the same inclusion in all three approaches. Moreover, despite the similarity of both varieties in the fields of syntax, morphology, etc., they were different in terms of typology; it means that each of them was categorized in a separate hypothetical language class A, B; which can be well proved in optimality analytical tableaux. The results indicated that in addition to the two approaches introduced by Sasa (2009), the Span theory was also quite successful in explaining the phenomenon of rounding harmony. This confirmed the innovation of the present study.

The present research is focused on the assessment of the efficiency of Optimality theory within Iranian (Razan and Tabriz) and Istanbul varieties of Turkish. The main research questions are as followed: 1. How much can the Optimality theory be effective in exploring the Turkish varieties? 2. Are there any typological differences in categorizing the varieties under consideration? If yes, how are they? The research results demonstrate that The Optimality theory in exploring rounding harmony in the varieties under consideration is very effective. For instance, it can realize the optimal form among the similar forms which are used in them by substituting restrictions. Despite the similarities observed within the syntactic, morphological, and other areas of the three varieties, within their typological area differences are detected, according to which the three systems can be classified in triple hypothetical categories of A, B, and C which can be proved within the tableaux of Optimality analysis.

The present research is focused on investigating the coverage of categories of Korn's typology as well as the existing symmetry or asymmetry in rounding harmony within Iranian (Razan and Tabriz) and Istanbuli varieties of Turkish. The main research questions are as followed: 1. Can the Turkish varieties be classified within Korn's categories or additional categories are to be added therein? 2. Is there a symmetrical system in rounding harmony in the varieties under consideration? The research results demonstrate that in spite of the similarities observed within the syntactic, morphological and … areas of the three varieties, within their photological areas differences are detected, according to which the three systems can be classified in triple hypothetical categories of A, B and C. Among which only the Razan variety illustrates a total symmetry in front and back vowels in transmitting roundness.