دکتر محمدتقی درزی

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers application on quantity and quality essential oil of coriander.

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications in Tehran of Iran in 2019. The treatments were 1- vermicompost (10 t/ha), 2- nitroxin, 3- bio-superphosphate, 4- biosulfur, 5- vermicompost + nitroxin, 6- vermicompost + bio-superphosphate, 7- vermicompost + biosulfur, 8- nitroxin + bio-superphosphate, 9- nitroxin + biosulfur, 10- bio-superphosphate + biosulfur, 11- chemical fertilizer and 12- control (without fertilizer).

The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest herb dry yield (3833.3 kg.ha-1) in integrated treatment of 10 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin, the highest seed yield (1297.5 kg.ha-1) and linalool content in essential oil (89.53%) in integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate and the highest essential oil content (0.32%) and essential oil yield (2.89 kg.ha-1) in treatment of nitroxin were obtained. Also, the highest gamma terpinene content in essential oil (5.29%) in treatment of bio-superphosphate and the highest geranyl acetate content (8.69%) and dodecenal content (4.94%) in essential oil in treatment of chemical fertilizer were obtained.

In general, results of this study showed, bio and organic fertilizers application had a considerable role in increasing of yield and quantity and quality essential oil of coriander.

Organic fertilizers such as compost and vermicompost improve soil's physical and chemical properties that enhance beneficial microbe's activity in soil and nutrient availability by plants. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter and Azospirillum as biofertilizers also have the ability of nitrogen-fixing and release phytohormones which could stimulate plant growth, absorption of nutrients, and the photosynthesis process. Production of medicinal plants with using from biofertilizers leads to an increase of the quantity and quality of active substances such as essential oil. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial herb that grows wild and is cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and America. The essential oil of hyssop is widely used as a traditional drug in some the parts of Asia and Europe to treat respiratory diseases. Hyssop is also used in food, pharmaceutical, flavor, and cosmetic industries throughout the world. The main constituents of hyssop essential oil have been reported as pinocamphone, pinocarvone, and phellandrene. 

In order to study the effects of compost, vermicompost, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria as sustainable nutrient management on the essential oil composition of Hyssopus officinalis, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications at the research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkooh of Iran during 2012. The treatments were 20 t.ha-1 compost, 12 t.ha-1 vermicompost, biofertilizer (inoculated seeds with Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum), 10 t.ha-1 compost  + 6 t.ha-1 vermicompost,  20 t.ha-1 compost + biofertilizer, 12 t.ha-1 vermicompost  + biofertilizer, 10 t.ha-1 compost + 6 t.ha-1 vermicompost + biofertilizer and control (without fertilizer). Studied traits were contained herb yield and percent, yield, and composition of essential oil. The essential oil extraction was done by the hydro-distillation method in Clevenger’s apparatus, and essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis of variance was conducted by SAS software, and the means were compared by the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% probability level.

Results showed that the highest herb yield (2601.6 kg.ha-1), essential oil percent (0.20%), and essential oil yield (5.21 kg.ha-1) were obtained in integrated application of 12 t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)(2 lit/ha). The maximum cis Pinocamphone percent (63.56%) and beta Phellandrene percentage (9.71%) and the minimum trans Pinocamphone percent (2.50%) in an essential oil by integrated using of 10 t.ha-1 compost, six t.ha-1 vermicomposts, and biofertilizer and the highest Valerianol percentage (5.36%) and Phytol percentage (2.19%) in essential oil with the application of  20 t.ha-1 compost were obtained.   Integrated application of vermicompost and biofertilizer through the high ability for absorption of mineral nutrients like N, P, and K by plants and then increase of biomass amount has a positive effect on essential oil content. Increased essential oil yield in treatment of the integrated application of vermicompost (12 t.ha-1) and biofertilizer can be owing to the improvement of yield attributes such as; essential oil percentage and herb yield. Some studies have reported that the application of bio and organic fertilizers can increase the content and yield of essential oil in a few medicinal plants such as basil, chamomile, and coriander. Integrated application of bio and organic fertilizers through the improvement of biological activities of soil and nutrient elements absorption such as nitrogen and phosphorus, caused more growth and biomass production, which leads to improvement of the essential oil quality. Several studies have shown a beneficial effect on the essential oil composition of medicinal plants by the integrated application of bio and organic fertilizers.  

Generally, the highest essential oil quantity with the integrated application of 12 t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer and the highest essential oil quality with the integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 compost, six t.ha-1 vermicomposts and biofertilizer were obtained.

In order to study the effect of vermicompost and biological nitrogen fertilizer on essential oil and quality of summer savory, an experiment was conducted at Firouzkuh in 2015. The experimental was as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was nitrogen biofertilizer at three levels (non-inoculation, seed inoculation with Nitroxin, and seed inoculation with Supernitroplus) and the second factor was vermicompost at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1). The results showed that the highest essential oil content and alpha-terpinene obtained by 10 and 15 ton vermocompost per hectare, respectively, and the highest content of para-cymene, and gamma-terpinene were obtained by using 5 ton vermicompost per hectare. Supernitroplus had positive effects on the essential oil, alpha-terpinene and gamma-terpinene, while the maximum para-cymene obtained by using Nitroxine. The highest carvacrol content was obtained by using 10 ton vermicompost per hectare integrated with Supernitroplus and the maximum alpha thujene content was observed by using 5 ton vermicompost per hectare and non-using n-biofertilizers. The results showed that vermicompost and biological nitrogen fertilizer could have an effective role in sustainable production systems.

In order to study the effects of integrated application of organic and bio-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2013. The treatments were 4 t/ha vermicompost, 8 t/ha vermicompost, nitroxin biofertilizer, integrated application of 4 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin, integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin and control (without fertilizer). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest dry weight of plant (109 g/p), dried yield of flower (720 kg/ha), essential oil content (0.4%), essential oil yield (2.9 kg/ha) and chamazulene percent in essential oil (24.7%) in treatment of integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained. Also, the highest bisabolol A percent in essential oil (44.4%) in treatment of application of 4 t/ha vermicompost and the highest bisabolol B percent in essential oil (12.4%) in treatment of application of nitroxin were obtained. Generally, the highest yield and quantity and quality of essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 8 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained.

In order to study the effects of manure and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil quality of dragonhead, an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment contain manure (0, 10 and 20 ton/ha) and biosuperphosphat biofertilizer (non-inoculated and inoculated seeds), in the base of randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2015. The results showed that the highest flowering shoot no./plant in application of 10 t/ha manure and the highest dry weight of plant and essential oil yield in applying 20 ton/ha manure were obtained. Biosuperphosphat biofertilizer showed significant effects on studied traits, as the highest flowering shoot no./plant, dry weight of plant, essential oil yield and geraniol percent and linalool percent in treatment of application of biosuperphosphat (inoculated seeds) were obtained. Also, the intractions effect of factors on yield of flowering shoot, essential oil content and geranyl acetate percent in essential oil were significant, as the highest yield of flowering shoot in treatment of 20 t/ha manure and without application of biosuperphosphat and the maximum essential oil content in treatment of 10 t/ha manure and application of biosuperphosphat and the highest geranyl acetate percent in essential oil in treatment of 20 t/ha manure and application of biosuperphosphat were obtained.

In order to study effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on dry matter yield and quantity and quality of essential oil of green basil, an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete block design. First factor contained three levels 0, 5 and 10 ton/ha vermicompost and second factor contained two cases inoculated seeds and non-inoculated seeds with Nitroxin biofertilizer. Results showed that the highest shoot dry yield were obtained with application of 5 t/ha vermicompost while the highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were in applying 10 ton/ha vermicompost. Nitroxin biofertilizer showed significant effects on shoot dry yield, geranial percentage and Caryophyllene oxide percentage in essential oil, as the highest geranial percentage and caryophyllene oxide percentage in treatment of application of Nitroxin (inoculated seeds) were obtained. Also, the intractions effect of factors on shoot dry yield, geranial, caryophyllene oxide and trans alpha bergamotene in essential oil were significant. Generally, the highest shoot and essential oil yields were obtained with application of vermicompost and the highest essential oil compositions with Nitroxin application.

In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers application on flower yield, yield components and essential oil quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at Sohanak in Tehran of Iran in 2014. The treatments were 6 t/ha vermicompost, 12 t/ha vermicompost, 18 t/ha vermicompost, 6 t/ha vermicompost nitroxin, 12 t/ha vermicompost nitroxin and 18 t/ha vermicompost nitroxin. The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits (except essential oil content), as the highest flower no./plant, dry weight of flower, dried yield of flower, essential oil yield and α-cadinol percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 6 t/ha vermicompost and the highest gamma cadinene percent and muurolene in essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 6 t/ha vermicompost and nitroxin were obtained. Also, the highest dry weight of plant and viridiflorene percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and the highest cadinene percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 18 t/ha vermicompost were obtained. Generally, the highest flower and essential oil yields and α-cadinol percent in essential oil with application of 6 t/ha vermicompost were obtained.

IntroductionSummer Savory (Satureia hortensis L.) is the representative plants of Lamiaceae family, which has high significant nutritional and taste values. Its pharmacopoeial raw material is herb (Satureiae herba), which contains many different biologically active compounds beside essential oil and minerals like calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Sustainable agricultural systems has became an important issue throughout the world. It is obvious that intensive cultivation has led to a rapid decline in organic matter and nutrient levels as well as affecting the physical soil properties . The biofertilizers practice (such as vermicompost and biological nitrogen fixing bacteria) has been recognized for a long time as an effective means of improving the structure and fertility of the soil, increasing the microbial diversity, activity and population, improving the water storage capacity of soils and crop yield.
Materials and MethodsThis investigation was conducted at agricultural research fields of RAN Company at Firouzkuh, Iran in 2015. Factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with two factors and three replications were chosen as an experimental design. The factors were biological nitrogen fertilizer at three levels of Control, Nitroxine and Supernitroplus, and vermicompost at four levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 ton per hectare. Measured traits consisted of fresh and dry plant weight, flowering shoot yield, essential oil content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentage in aboveground shoots. All data were subjected to statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) using SAS software. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% probability level were performed to calculate means of comparison. Data were transformed when necessary before analysis to satisfy the assumptions of normality.
Results and DiscussionResults showed that the highest fresh and dry plant weight (41.10 and 12.93g/plant, respectively) and essential oil content (2.01%) were obtained by using 10 ton per hectare of vermicompost. Applying 15 ton per hectare of vermicompost caused maximum flowering shoot yield (2237.82kg/ha), nitrogen (2.21%) and phosphorus (0.52%) content in the aboveground shoot. Mean comparison indicated that seed inoculation with Supernitroplus had significant effects on all measured traits except for nitrogen content in aboveground shoot. The maximum fresh and dry plant weight (40.21 and 14.42g/plant), flowering shoot yield (2406.21kg/ha), essential oil (2.05%), phosphorus (0.49%) and potassium (1.34%) were obtained by applying Supernitroplus. The maximum nitrogen content (2.23%) was obtained by using Nitroxine. Results of interaction effects showed that using supernitroplus and 15 ton per hectare of vermicompost caused maximum potassium content (1.50%) in Savory shoots.
Several types of studies have shown a beneficial effect on crop plants by inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum and Azotobacter strains. Inoculation of plants with Azospirillum and Azotobacter can results in significant changes in various plant growth parameters. Positive effects of inoculation have been demonstrated on including increase in root length and nutrition (NO3- , NH4, P042- , K , Rb and Fe) uptake. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the two major plant nutrients and combined inoculation of nitrogen fixers and PSM may benefit the plants better than either group of organisms alone. Interaction studies have been done both in vitro and in vivo. Nitrogen fixers and PSM when inoculated together colonized the rhizosphere and enhanced the growth of crops by providing it with nitrogen and phosphate, respectively. Vermicompost contains most of the plant nutrients such as nitrate, phosphates, exchangeable calcium and soluble potassium, and microelements which result in improved plant growth and development and is responsible for increased qualitative and quantitative yield of many crops.
ConclusionThe results of current experiment showed that vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria have stimulatory effects on the yield, essential oil and mineral elements (N, P and K) uptake by summer Savory and have thus considerable potential for providing nutritional elements in Savory production, especially for the sustainable production systems.

To study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at Agricultural research field of the Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2015. The treatments were 20 t/ha manure, 10 t/ha vermicompost, biofertilizer (Nitroxin Bio-superphosphat), 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost, 20 t/ha manure biofertilizer, 10 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer, 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (NPK: 80, 70 and 80 kg/ha). The present results have shown that the highest essential oil content, geraniol percent and linalool percent in essential oil in treatment of application of 10 t/ha vermicompost and the maximum geranial percent, neral percent and neryl acetate percent in essential oil in treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer were obtained. Also, the highest geranyl acetate percent in essential oil in treatment of chemical fertilizer application (control) were obtained. Conclusively, organic and bio-fertilizers application in a sustainable agriculture system be caused in improvement of quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead.

In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characters of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications. The study was conducted in the Research Field Station of Ran Agricultural Company in Firouzkuh, 2015. The treatments were 20 t/ha manure, 10 t/ha vermicompost, biofertilizer (Nitroxin Bio Super Phosphat), 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost, 20 t/ha manure biofertilizer, 10 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer, 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (NPK: 80, 70 and 80 kg/ha). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on the traits studied except plant height, so that the highest flowering shoot no./plant, flower dry weight, plant dry weight and dry flowering yield were obtained with integrated application of 10 t/ha manure and 5 t/ha vermicompost. In addition, the highest essential oil content and geraniol in the essential oil were obtained in the treatment of application of 10 t/ha vermicompost.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a perennial herb which is cultivated in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and America. The essential oil of hyssop is widely used as traditional drug in some of the parts of Asia and Europe to treat respiratory diseases. Hyssop is also used in food, pharmaceutical, flavor and cosmetic industries throughout the world. It is mainly used for antispasmodic, stomachic, antifungal, relax spasm and cough treatment. Applying organic fertilizers and biofertilizers such as compost, vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria contain Azotobacter and Azospirillum has led to a decrease in chemical fertilizers consumption and has provided high quality agricultural products. Several studies have shown that organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria can increase essential oil content of medicinal plants of dill, basil and fennel.The main object of this work was to record the best suitable treatment of organic and biological fertilizer to obtain highest yield of Hyssop.
A field experiment, arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at research field of the Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran during the growing season of 2012. The treatments were (1) 20 t/ha compost, (2) 12 t/ha vermicompost, (3) biofertilizer [inoculated seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum], (4) 10 t/ha compost 6 t/ha vermicompost, (5) 20 t/ha compost biofertilizer, (6) 12 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer, (7) 10 t/ha compost 6 t/ha vermicompost biofertilizer and (8) control [without fertilizer application]. Inoculation was carried out by immersing the hyssop seeds in the cells suspension of 108 CFU/ml for 15 min. The required quantities of compost and vermicompost were applied and incorporated to the top 5 cm layer of soil in the experimental beds before planting of hyssop seeds. Each experimental plot was 3 m long by 2.28 m wide with the spacing of 15 cm between the plants and 38 cm between the rows. There was a space of one meter between the plots and 2 meters between replications. Hyssop seeds were directly sown by hand. There was no incidence of pest or disease on hyssop during the experiment. Weeding was done manually and the plots were irrigated weekly (as trickle irrigation system). All necessary cultural practices and plant protection measures were followed uniformly for all the plots during the entire period of experiment. In this study, some morphological traits and yield hyssop including plant height, branch no./plant, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, herb fresh yield, herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were evaluated. In order to determine herb fresh yield and herb dry yield, 1 m-2 plants were used at the harvest time (full blooming). For determine the essential oil content (%), About 100 g dried herb of hyssop (dried in shadow) as sample from the each plot were selected and then were subjected to hydro-distillation (Clevenger type apparatus) for 3 hours. Essential oil yield also was calculated by using essential oil content and herb dried yield. Analysis of variance by using SAS software and mean comparisons by Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) (at the 5% probability level) was done.
The present results have shown that the highest plant height and branch no/plant in treatment of integrated application of 20 t/ha compost,biofertilizer,the maximum fresh weight of plant and herb fresh yield in treatment of application of 20 t/ha compost were obtained. Also, the highest dry weight of plant in treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and the highest herb dried yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer were obtained. Vermicompost application through high ability for absorption of mineral nutrients like N, P and K by plants and then increase of biomass amount has a positive effect on secondary metabolites concentration such as essential oil and subsequently the enhanced essential oil content. Increased essential oil yield in treatment of 12 tonnes vermicompost per hectare and biofertilizer can be owing to the improvement of yield attributes such as herb dry yield and essential oil content.
Integrated application of organic manures and biofertilizer positively influenced morphological traits and yield of hyssop, as the highest herb dry yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield were obtained in treatment of integrated application of 12 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer and treatment of integrated application of 10 t/ha compost, 6 t/ha vermicompost and biofertilizer. On the base of research results, organic amendments and biofertilizer application can be caused in improvement of morphological characters and yield of hyssop.

The effects of organic and biological inputs application on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), examined by randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2015. The treatments were 20 t.ha-1 manure, 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost, biofertilizer (Nitroxin Bio Super Phosphat), 10 t.ha-1 manure 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost, 20 t.ha-1 manure biofertilizer, 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost biofertilizer, 10 t.ha-1 manure 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (NPK: 80, 70 and 80 kg.ha-1). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits (except K concentration), as the highest N and P concentration in flowering shoot and herbage yield were obtained with integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and biofertilizr, application of 20 t.ha-1 manure and integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 manure and 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost respectively. The highest essential oil content and yield were obtained with 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost application. It seems that organic and bio-fertilizers can consider as a replacement for chemical fertilizers in dragonhead plant production in organic cultivation.

Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is an annual herbaceous aromatic plant and belongs to Lamiaceae family. It is native to south of Siberia and Himalayan hillsides. The essential oil content shows great variation due to plant origin. The main constituents of dragonhead essential oil have been reported as geranial, geranyl acetate, neral and geraniol. Using organic manures and biofertilizers such as vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria contain azotobacter and azospirillum has led to a decrease in the application of chemical fertilizers and has provided high quality agricultural products. Several studies have shown that organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and Nitroxin can increase quantity and quality of essential oil of medicinal plants of dragonhead, anise and thyme (Darzi et al., 2013; Mafakheri et al., 2012; Mohammadpour Vashvaei et al., 2015). Therefore, the main objective of the present field experiment was to investigate the effects of vermicompst and Nitroxin biofertilizer on quantity and quality of essential oil of dragonhead.
An experiment was conducted as afactorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2013. The factors were Vermicompost in three levels (0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1) and Nitroxinbiofertilizer (inoculated seeds and non-inoculated). Inoculation was carried out by immersing the dragonhead seeds in the cells suspension of 108 CFU/ml for 15 min. The required quantities of vermicompost were applied and incorporated to the top 5 cm layer of soil in the experimental beds before planting of dragonhead seeds. Each experimental plot was 3 m long and 2.28 m wide with the spacing of 10 cm between the plants and 38 cm between the rows. There was a space of one meter between the plots and 2 meters between replications. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits of dragonhead essential oil content, granial percent, granyl acetate percent, neral percent, graniol percent and neryl acetate percent in essential oil were evaluated. For determine the essential oil content (%), about 100 g dried herb of dragonhead (dried in shadow) as sample from the each plot were selected and then were subjected to hydro-distillation (Clevenger type apparatus) for 2 till 3 hours. For identifying the essential oil components, essential oil fraction was collected and subjected to GC and GC/MS (gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. Analysis of variance by using SAS software and mean comparisons by Duncan’s multiple range test (at the 5% probability level) was done.
The present resultsshow that the highest essential oil content in applying 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and the maximum geranyl acetate in essential oil in applying 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost were obtained. Nitroxin biofertilizer showed significant effects on geranyl acetate in essential oil only, as the highest geranyl acetate were obtained by using the Nitroxin (inoculated seeds). Also, the intractions effect of factors on essential oil content, geranyl acetate, graniol and neryl acetate in essential oil were significant, as the highest essential oil content and neryl acetate percent at treatment of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and without application of Nitroxin and the maximum geranyl acetate and the lowest geraniol in essential oil at treatment of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and application of Nitroxin were obtained. According to the results of this study, the maximum essential oil quantity at treatment of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and without application of Nitroxin and the highest essential oil quality at treatment of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and application of Nitroxin were obtained.
Vermicompost application positively influenced on quantity and quality of essential oil dragonhead, as the highest essential oil content in treatment of application of 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost and the highest essential oil quality in treatment of integrated application of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and Nitroxin were obtained. On the base of research results, organic and bio-fertilizers application such as vermicompost and Nitroxin in a sustainable agriculture system can be caused in improvement of qualitative characters of dragonhead.

Application of organic fertilizers increases quality and yields in the sustainable crop production and considerably replaces or reduces chemical fertilizers. In order to study the effects of different manure and vermicompost rates on yield and essential oil contents of dragonhead, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications in the field of Pakdasht city in 2012. The treatments were 10 and 20 t/ha manure, 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost, 5 t/ha manure 2.5 t/ha vermicompost, 10 t/ha manure 5 t/ha vermicompost, chemical fertilizer (70 kg/ha nitrogen) and control (without fertilizer). The results showed that the highest herbage yield, essential oil contents and yield, geranyl acetate percentage and geraniol percentage in essential oil were obtained by using 10 t/ha manure, 5 t/ha vermicompost and integrated application of 10 t/ha manure and 5 t/ha vermicompost, respectively. The highest geranial percentage, neral percentage and neryl acetate percentage in essential oil were obtained by using 10 t/ha vermicompost application. Generally, the highest herbage and essential oil yields were obtained by using 10 t/ha manure application and the highest essential oil contents with vermicompost application.

This research was aimed to study the effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The traits including 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were measured in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications. The study was conducted at the research field of Agriculture Company of Ran, Firouzkuh, Iran in 2011. The factors were nitroxin biofertilizer at four levels (non-inoculated, inoculated seeds, spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage and inoculated seeds늚�⧠ on the plant at stem elongation stage) and plant density at three levels (12.5, 16.7 and 25 plants m-2). Results showed that the highest 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were obtained from nitroxin inoculation with seeds together spraying on the plant at stem elongation stage. Plant density also showed significant effects on the mentioned traits, as the highest biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained in a density of 25 plants m-2 and the maximum essential oil content was recorded in a density of 16.7 plants m-2. According to the results of this study, two- time consumption of nitroxin biofertilizer and a density of 25 plants m-2 were identified as the most suitable treatment.

In an attempt to investigate the impact of the integrated management of nitrogen fertilizer and cattle manure and their interaction effectson tuber yield and dry and fresh weight of the leaves, stems, and shoots in potato (Solanumtuberosum L.), a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in April 2008 in the research field of the Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch (located inKoliac region).The treatments includedthe nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (50, 100, and 150 Kg h-1) and the cattle manure at four levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 ton h-1). The results indicated that the separate application of the nitrogen fertilizer and cattle manure, in all of the sampling times, significantly impacted the (dry and fresh) weight of the leaves, the stems, and the shoots. Additionally, in most of the sampling times, the interaction effects of the integrated use of these two types of fertilizers significantly affected most of the aforementioned qualities. The separate use of the cattle manure and the nitrogen fertilizer along with their interaction effects also left a very significant impact on the tuber yield. The maximum tuber yield in this experiment (36.8 tons ha-1) was obtained by combining 20 tons of cattle manure with 150 kg of the nitrogen fertilizer per hectare.

In order to evaluate the performance of biological phosphorus fertilizer and plant density on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum L.)، this research was performed as a two factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in spring 2010. The treatments consisted of four levels of the phosphorus bio-fertilizer (Control (non-inoculated) seed soaked with liquid fertilizer، soluble fertilizer to the plants and seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants) and three levels of density (250000، 125000، 83000 plants per hectare). The studied characteristics included essential oil percentage، oil yield، percentage of thymol، terpinolene and p-cymene were in volatil oils. Results showed that the effect of bio-fertilizer phosphorus on the studied characteristics were significant at 1%، so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4. 34%) and oil yield (143. 12 kg per hectare) were obtained in double inoculation treatment (seed soaked with liquid fertilizer & soluble fertilizer to the plants). In addition، the highest percentages of thymol (33. 9%)، terpinolene (41. 5%)، and p-cymene (23. 3%) were obtained in the treatments of seed soaked with liquid fertilizer، double inoculation treatment، and soluble fertilizer، respectively. The effect of plant density on the studied characteristics was significant at 1% level of significance، so that the highest amounts of oil percentage (4. 1%)، oil yield (104. 07 kg ha-1)، thymol (37. 4%)، terpinolene (44. 5%) and p-cymene (23. 9%) were obtained in plant density treatments of 83000، 250000، 125000، and 83000 plants per hectare، respectively. However، significant interaction effects were also observed on oil percentage (5. 37%)، oil yield (149. 5 kg per hectare)، percentage of thymol (40%)، percentage of terpinolene (49. 1%) and percentage of para-cymene (25. 6%).