مقالات رزومه دکتر وحید علی آبادی

An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a self-organized, adaptive, geographically limited community composed of complex agents operating at multiple and cumulative levels whose non-linear interactions lead to patterns of activities through which new ventures emerge. The present research aims to explain the factors that influence the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in less privileged rural areas of Asad Abad in Hamedan province, Iran using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. Out of the rural entrepreneurship experts and scholars, 15 people were selected purposefully for a semi-structured interview. Based on the content analysis using the ISM technique, the factors underpinning the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in the less privileged areas were determined and leveled. Based on the results, the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged areas requires the availability and implementation of macro-governance factors, individual-behavioral factors, supportive factors, sociocultural factors, financing, human capital, market, and regional capacity. The results reveal that the macro-governance factors are the most important and effective factors in developing entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged regions. Financing and regional capacity are the second-most important factors involved in creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem (as a representative of society) in less privileged areas.

Rural women are more likely than men to poverty and gender discrimination and most of them are marginalized and controlled by men. The involvement of rural women in home-based economic activities can be an important contribution to rural development. Furthermore, personality type of rural women can be effective relationship in establishment of home-based economic activities successfully or unsuccessfully. Accordingly, this study aimed to understand the personality type of rural women in home-based economic activities using behavioral model of DISK. 1542 participated rural women in home-based economic activities of Kermanshah Province were considered as research population. The research sample was estimated by multi-stage random cluster sampling approach (n = 325). Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The results showed that most successful and unsuccessful women have influence and steadiness personality types, respectively. Also, the results of logistic regression revealed that the extent of experience, assigned time to activities, income and the use of social networks can explain 28% of success of rural women in home-based economic activities. The present study can better understand the behavioral model of disk and develop theoretical foundations of rural entrepreneurship. Also, the results of the research can be used to recognize rural women's personality in formulating educational-extension programs and public policy in order to stimulate rural women for development of home-based economic activities.

The role of rural women in the process of economic development has been a growing concern of economists, planners, and the governments. The potentials of rural women as economic actors are not yet fully analyzed and yet there has not been adequate attention to the way gender affects rural women’s participation in economic development. Many projects for productivity increase in agriculture and rural development could not be realized or the outcome might have been different, if women had been involved in the process. Projects for family planning, the spread of literacy and basic health care cannot be achieved without recognition of the importance of the role of women. In the rural areas many poor families depend upon the income of women, who contribute significant amount of cash income to the subsistence level of economy. Always, indoor jobs are one way to achieve sustainable development in rural communities and rural women have a main role in the household economyy. The aim of this descriptive-survey research was to find out discrimination level of rural women participation in the indoor Jobs creation based on socio-economic aspects. Existing structures of decision-making in most developing countries cannot adequately represent women’s issues; their work and potentials for development have been neglected. The situation calls for structural change. Women’s full involvement in the formulation of programs would affect their lives. Access to and control of development resources need to be supported by organizations of the rural women themselves. Participation through local level organizations are critical for an empowering process, and which can provide access to resources for self-sustained development.
This research is a quantitative study, non-experimental type and, an applied research, in terms of nature, the extent of controlling variables, and objective. Survey design was applied to achieve research objectives. The research population were included rural women of Fash district, Kangavar County, Kermanshah province that had to take out a loan for indoor job (N= 168). In this study census method was used. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Five-point Likert-type response scale (from very low= 1 to very high= 5) was used to measure research variables. Questionnaires’ face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Pilot test was performed to evaluate its reliability that Cronbach's alpha was between 0.81-0.86. Analyzing data was done by SPSS23 and R tools.
The analysis of rural women’s demographic characteristics showed that most rural women were between the ages of 20 and 35 years. 23% of women were bachelor or higher. Thus, 52 percent of literate women were literate or illiterate. 33 percent of women were active in home businesses and marketed their products. In contrast, 67 percent of women did not participate in indoor jobs. To investigate the research hypotheses, women's participation score was divided into two levels named participation and non-participation based on the mean of the sample. Ordinal logistic regression was used for data processing using R software. Finding indicated that among the variables of the social and economic aspects, social status and income levels were highly discriminating the participation of rural women in indoor Jobs.
It can concluded that promoting women's participation in social, economic and planning activities in order to expand their participation, especially in the economic field, is a prerequisite for sustainable development. This is particularly needed in rural areas where women have long been traditionally involved in family economic affairs. Also, it can concluded that various factors influence the participation level of rural women in the indoor jobs creation. In other words, interaction among socio-economic components can determine participation level of rural women. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that if the conditions and demands of rural women are provided, family businesses in rural areas can be organized as cooperatives. In order to familiarize and encourage rural women to participate in indoor business, targeted training programs to improve rural women's businesses should be provided to familiarize them with markets. In addition, the support provided by officials by providing the facilities needed to set up home businesses such as loans and banking facilities can help develop the industry in rural areas. Finally, development of entrepreneurial and self-employment culture in rural society by empowering entrepreneurs can impact the social status of rural women and promote home businesses.

Considering the widespread and cross-cultural effects of climate with different sectors of production, environment and human communities, climate change is considered as one of the most important environmental challenges. The main aim of this study was to prioritize climate change coping strategies among fisheries sector. The research was carried out using a survey and multi-criteria decision making. In this study, the research population was the fish breeders in the form of nonagricultural businesses in Khorramabad city (N = 295). The research sample was selected using Paten table. 125 individuals were selected by stratified random sampling method with appropriate assignment. In the second part, 10 experts from the field of fisheries were selected through snowball sampling. The main instrument of the study was a questionnaire whose reliability was calculated by ordinal teta coefficient. Ranking of strategies using the virock technique and the value of Q showed that among the economic strategies, the guarantee of purchasing by the government had the highest rank in terms of importance and sustainability. Turning assets into cash among fisheners is the first and fastest way to deal with droughts. The social strategies, promote the drought-resistant varieties have been more important. Breeding quantitative and qualitative of varieties among the technical strategies was of first rank in term of importance; but the combined cultivation of products in fish farming ponds was placed in the first rank in terms of achieving sustainability and feasibility.

Therefore, changing the approach of universities from educational and research planning to approach Creating a university entrepreneurial ecosystem has attracted the attention of the world's leading universities. Due to the lack of experience in the agricultural sector, the ecosystems of the fledgling agricultural business system should be identified using the teachings of pioneering entrepreneurship departments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological model of university entrepreneurship system based on Eisenberg model and with emphasis on higher education in the country from the perspective of experts in start-ups, which was practical in terms of purpose and was implemented using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included 1550 graduate students from five universities of, using the Bartlett table, 315 of them were performed by cluster method with appropriate proportion and sampling. To measure the validity of the research instrument, a diagnostic validity method was used, the value of which was higher than AVE≥0.5 for acceptable structures. In order to determine the reliability, a composite reliability method was used, the value of which was higher than CR≥0.6 for the studied structures and was acceptable. The value of the sequential theta coefficient was also calculated for structures higher than θ≥0.7 In order to process the data, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

Today, the economies of developed countries are based on the small and medium enterprises. An important condition for sustained success in the current economy is the expansion of small enterprises. They play an important role in consolidating incomes, economic growth and community employment. In this regard, the present study was conducted to design the model of the cooperative-oriented entrepreneurship ecosystem in rural home-based entreprises. The present study is an applied and descriptive-survey research. In this study, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was used. In-depth study of theoretical sources was conducted to identify the dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystem in cooperative rural businesses. The research population was 25 experts in the field of rural entrepreneurship who participated for prioritizing and measuring relative importance of themes and sub-themes. 30 sub-themes were extracted, which were placed in six main themes. The Holsty formula was used to confirm the reliability, which was 0.088. The findings showed that the political dimension (explicit support of cooperative-oriented entrepreneurship in the country), socio-cultural (building self-confidence in local investors), financing (financial support and facility support from cooperative-oriented entreprises) and the market (creating entrepreneurship networks and international cooperation) were of greater importance in a cooperative-oriented entreprises ecosystem in home-based entreprises.

This descriptive-analytical study The purpose of pathological evaluation of Porter value chain From the perspective of rural cooperative activists in Kermanshah province, using fuzzy TOPSIS technique. The statistical population of the study consisted of 145 top activists (Administration Cooperatives, Work and Social Welfare  Kermanshah Province and Industry, Mine & Trade office) and Provincial Co-operative formed.Data were analyzed using fuzzy TOPSIS technique.The ranking results showed that out of the five categories of barriers to the value of rural cooperative businesses,, the Lack of proper financing mechanism  in the field of rural cooperative businesses is the most important challenge of this chain. According to the results of the Spider Diagram, entrepreneurs in the service activists lacked entrepreneurial skills training, livestock sector activists lack of policy making and lack of proper government support and agricultural entrepreneurs lacked specialized counseling and lack of specialized consultants in the field. Proper financing mechanism  in  identified as the most important barriers to value chain development in rural cooperative businesses.

Entrepreneurship is a multi-faceted phenomenon, which, on the one hand, is affected by all economic, social, cultural and political dimensions and, on the other hand, affects these dimensions. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurship depends on the different aspects of the angles and the various aspects that necessitate the application of the ecosystem approach. This research was essentially aimed at examining the existing and desired status of the components of the ecosystem of entrepreneurship in knowledge companies. The statistical population of the research consisted of the members of knowledge societies in Kermanshah and Hamedan provinces. Using the Pontoon chart, 335 of them were selected through a sampling procedure. The main tool of the research was questionnaire, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by sequential alpha coefficient (88% -86% = α). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the greatest gap between the existing and the optimal level of the dimensions of the business ecosystem in the knowledge-based companies, in terms of support, financially, is visible and the smallest gap in the human resources, as well as the components related to the market and financial dimensions according to the amount z have the most difference

The purpose of this research was to explaining the level of entrepreneurship alertness based on the components of social capital and entrepreneurial ideal identity (Case study: members of rural production cooperatives in Kermanshah Province). This research in terms of purpose was applied research and in terms of data collection method, was a descriptive-correlative research type. The statistical population of this research were 3851 members of rural cooperative companies operating in Kermanshah Province. According to the Bartlett Table, 351 of them were selected through a proportional allocation sampling method. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data. Validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using formal, diagnostic and convergent validity by the method of determining the mean value of the extracted variance. In order to determine the reliability of the research tool, the combination reliability method was used. Its values ​​for the main sections of the questionnaire were at the appropriate level (range from 0.82 to 0.90). To analyze the data and examine the hypotheses, Structural Equation Modeling was applied using partial least squares method. For this purpose, Smart PLS software was used. Finally, the findings indicated that all the research hypotheses were confirmed, so that the positive effect of social capital on entrepreneurial consciousness as well as the positive effect of enthusiasm on entrepreneurial consciousness was confirmed. Meanwhile, the role of mediator of entrepreneurial passion in the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship alertness was confirmed.

Today, one of the main indicators in the assessment of development in countries is their share in producing knowledge .Thus, performance evaluation of educational units, which in turn leads to efficiency enhancement, has gained significant importance. Because the success of each faculty requires performance measurement and planning to improve it, Performance Appraisal of Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Departments Agricultural Extension and Education in Entrepreneurship Sciences production using Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) his descriptive analytical study was done in 2016. A researcher-designed form was used for datacollection Departments Agricultural Extension and Education In this research, the aim of measuring the relative efficiency and rankings of the Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Training Group, which consists of 12 groups, is using the applied analytical research method and the data envelopment analysis method, including BCC and CCR multiples models, and Gray Relationship Analysis with WinQSB software. And Deap 2.1 have been used to determine the relative efficiency coefficient of the output-driven axis, and for comparing and ranking the effective education and training group, Gray relationship analysis has been used. The results showed that 34% of the education and training education group under the CCR model, and 48% based on the BCC model, have the ability to generate knowledge of entrepreneurship and the educational groups, have a relative efficiency in the production of knowledge of entrepreneurship. Based on the analysis of Gray's relationship, the promotion and education groups of the universities of Gorgan, Razi, Ahvaz, Zanjan and Tehran are effective in producing knowledge of entrepreneurs.

A considerable growth in employed women is an undeniable fact of the Iranian society. However, social experience shows that a few numbers of these women are entrepreneur. In order to create an entrepreneurial activity both social statuses and cultural conditions need to be prepared. The aim of this paper was to present a conceptual model of entrepreneurship competencies needed for rural women, through a summarized content analysis. This study used a qualitative paradigm and summarized content analysis method of data analysis. Data gathering method was done by searching, taking notes and coding on written texts from scientific and significant papers. During content analysis process, first different codes were verified then grouped into sub-themes and finally merged into main themes so that 52 sub-themes merged into seven main themes. In this study to determine the reliability of data Holsty's reliability formula was used and it was 0.86. Based on the findings, The main themes which were extracted in this study were personal competence, psychological, communication abilities, mental, conceptual merit, competence, leadership and organization, competence, Commitment competency and strategic competency.

Principally different cultures and societies, in terms of characteristics, uniqueness and areas of development programs vary. Also in this context, they are of great diversity because development is included in many cases, even on habits, customs and beliefs of the people. The main problem issues discussed in this article are factors in the culture of the peasant community in addition to the correlations of these factors. One of the important and basic theories in Rogers's modernization theory is on the peasant culture. The definition should be noting that differences in culture and special features of each culture and subculture called cultural theory. According to Rodgers, in case the social changes program does not being built on the society values, the local farmer’s motivation will be banished as a consequence. The operators of rural development programs should carefully consider cultural characteristics of the population. He is pointing to peasant culture characteristics such as these: lack of trust in personal relations, lack of innovation, fatalism, low aspirations and desires, not to ignore the immediate interests for the sake of future benefits, less the factor of time, family-oriented, dependence on government power, localism and lack of empathy. In the third-world and developing countries like Iran, when speaking of the development, it means that characteristics and human factors, population distribution and the rural texture are of great importance. Such communities that face multiple problems of backwardness and underdevelopment, are trying to reduce the ravages caused and to improve the living conditions of people by implementation of various development programs. A large number of experts in rural development literature, particularly the theories of school modernization, are considered as rural development social and cultural barriers. In recent decades, scientists from different fields of sociology, especially in the areas of economic development, cited a wide variety of theories in search of reasons for the difference in the economic development of various countries. Among these factors, the set of theory, based on economic variables such as consumption, savings and investment, infrastructure and physical infrastructure and natural resources, geographical and other groups of theory, along with economic factors related to human resources and social institutions, and finally, the issue of the impact of beliefs and customs in the society is taken into consideration. The present study aimed to assess the impact of rural texture on the physical, social capital, entrepreneurial activities and Rogers's subculture with comparative approach between 4 villages of Kangavar city. This study is applied and cross-correlation survey has been held. The population of the study, was 389 people in four villages of Kangavar city that 185 people was selected as sample based on Morgan table and randomly sampling. The main instrument of data collection method in survey was questionnaires. In order to ensure the content validity of the questionnaire, some of the leaders of agricultural organizations and faculty members of Kermanshah province, evaluate the questions and questionnaire items deeply and gave corrective feedbacks that authors reformed questionnaire after interviews and discussed about the subjects. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate reliability. The rate of this index in principle, determines the degree of reliability for different parts of the questionnaire, varies respectively from 0.86, 0.88 and 0.85. In order to analyze the data the SPSS20 software was used. To investigate the opinions of the villagers in different villages that are different in rural texture with respect to the components of social capital, Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Also, the combined regression model showed the positive and significant effects of social capital indicators on entrepreneurial activities. Finally, according to the findings of the research, practical suggestions were presented, including: Enhancing empathy, networks among rural people for further development and reduction of migration to the city in the country's villages.

Considering the importance of SMEs in economic development many of developed and developing countries prioritize the establishment and supporting of them. For emerging entrepreneurial activities the related competencies are necessity. Purpose of this study is predicting variables affecting to students’ tendency to SMEs startup with focusing the required Competencies. Statistical population the study consisted of 198 Agricultural extension and education student at Bu Ali Sina University. According to the Patton’s table, a sample size of 164 was selected using a Quota sampling method. The questionnaires were used to collect the data. Questionnaire’s reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha formula and its coefficient is (α=0.88).Data were analyzed by ordinal regression equation with SPSS software. Using logistic regression, it was found that 26% of changes in the tendency to launch small and medium businesses are the most important influential variable on the tendency of students to set up small and medium enterprises, are strategic competencies. Results of U test (Mann Whitney test) showed that there are significant differences between girls and boys students in opportunity, communicative and mental competenciesOnly 17 percent of high-end students are in the of attitude small businesses.

Population growth and pollution resulting from their activities and climate changes of the last century, has increased concerns about preserving the environment for future generation so that nowadays environmental knowledge and attitude improvement is one of the major intellectual trends and political strategies in most countries of the world. Development of this critical thinking has the first rank in NGOs such as the knowledge-based companies. The main objective of this study was to assess the environmental knowledge and attitude of staffs in agricultural knowledge-based companies and its relation with socio- political factors.This research is a descriptive- correlational one and it’s a quantitative research in terms of its nature. The statistical population were Kermanshah and Hamadan knowledge-based companies staffs and managers. According to latest statistics of growth centers the number of people was 175 in Kermanshah and Hamadan. The census method was used for determining the sample size in this study, 175 people participated in the study. In a survey, instrument of the research was a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained three parts: the first part were staffs demographic questions, Part II was an scale formed for measuring the knowledge of staffs and managers and Part III was related to their environmental attitude.The related indicators and categories for assessing the environmental attitude from NEP scale were selected as the basis of the project. After the process of data processing, statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) using the SPSS15, Amos22 softwares was done. The results show that government policy makings, family commitment to protecting the environment, media, being a member of the NGO, education and training lead to changes in people's attitude to the environment.

Rural tourism is considered as an employment factor and income generator that can be an important solution for social and economic development of rural communities as well as protecting the rural culture and environment. The first step in the development of rural tourism is to identify its barriers and challenges. This study will analyze the barriers and challenges of rural tourism, through a qualitative paradigm and a grounded theory, also analysis of variance (ANOVA) was explored in the case study, the village of Fash from Kangavar. Data collection was conducted through, in-depth interviews, direct observations and desk research. The validity of this research was confirmed by experts and specialists such as university professors, experts and managers in Iranin Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHTO). By using MaxQDA, as a valuable qualitative analyzing software, themes, percentage and frequency of codes were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the main barriers of rural tourism development are: economic problems, socio-cultural problems, managerial-infrastructural problems and informational and publicity problems. Analyze of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests revealed that, from villagers’ point of view, the managerial-infrastructural problem has a higher impact whereas experts considered the same range of impact for informational and publicity problems as a barrier for rural tourism development.

To achieve sustainable agriculture and appropriate, should be between socio-economic factors and environmental factors, individual, personal and spiritual balance This study aims to distinguish knowledge of wheat farmers in sustainable agriculture was based on socio-economic variables. 8532 is the population size. According to Cochran formula, the sample size of 130 was determined and the data were collected from them.this study was causal-way communication to field conducted by way of a questionnaire survey and the validity of professors of agricultural extension and education at Tarbiat Modarres University confirmed And alpha coefficient was calculated by using the R software and its value is equal to (89 = α) was confirmed was confirmed. Data analysis in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics(Regression) were performed using SPSS software SPSS19. Results showed that the More of farmers in the area of sustainable agriculture farmers 'medium' Of socio-economic variables (age, yield the amount of land irrigated farming, the number of the company's promotional periods) high power levels24 based on environmental concerns are rural

Women are involved in various production activities and play an important role in family and the national-level economic. One of the important aspects of women's economic activity is domestic occupations. Domestic occupation is an occupation that launching with family members in the residential space. It is defined as an important strategy for creating jobs and incomes especially for women, around the world.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: This research draws women participation in domestic occupations according to Sherry Ernestine ladder. In this research, the levels of participation is categorized based on the Sherry Ernestine ladder then past studies and structural equation model has been paid to study the factors affecting women's participation in domestic occupations. According to the Sherry Ernestine ladder of participation, there are eight types of partnership or 8 steps; each step shows the strength of people in decision making. The first step of participation ladder is "Manipulation" and the second step is "Therapy". These two-steps actually represents the lack of participation in decision making The third step of participation ladder is "Informing" and fourth step is called "Consultation" and the fifth step of participation ladder is called "Placation". Step 6 of participation ladder is called "partnership" the participants to be able to negotiate a deal with the government agencies. The seventh step is "Delegated power" and the eighth step is called "control".
This research is a quantitative and applied. In this research, descriptive-correlation method was used. The population was formed of rural women around the Kangavar city who used the self-employed loans to set up a domestic occupation. Census method was used based on a sample size. The main tool for research in the field was questionnaire that was made based on theoretical basis. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate reliability. The rate of this index was 0.82 – 0.93, that shows we have a reliable questionnaire. A total of 168 questionnaires were filled out perfect. After completing the operation coding data, information extraction and transfer it was done on a computer. Statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) was performed, after the data processing, by using SPSS and AMOS software.
Ranking of the respondents was performed based on the Friedman test. Finding indicated that therapy, Informing and manipulation were in better condition among the other rural women participation components, while other elements of participation among rural women is declining and risky and women can be vulnerable in this area. The results showed rural women’s views and significant positive relationship between the external components like: socio-cultural, professional individual, institutional management, and economic participation of women in domestic occupations. The independent variables effects indicated that socio-cultural factors have the greatest positive effect in women participation (0.44) and economic factors have the least effect (0.14) on the dependent variable. Moreover, other relationship assessment show that economic and socio-cultural variables with the value of 0.45, have the greatest variance. This indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between the economic power of a person and his attention to social and cultural issues. In addition to the direct effects, the results indicate that socio-cultural and economic factors have a direct impact on the apparent participation rate and institutional - management has the greatest indirect effect (0.41). So, that in total variables involved in the model explained 76% of the participation variance.
Based on the findings, the current plan is top-down decision without considering the real needs of rural women. Therapy is the first priority. There was a positive significant relationship among independent variables and participation and path analyses results show that economic, socio - cultural, professional and institutional - management components explain a total 76 percent of the women participation in domestic occupations. According to the results some recommendations presented: 1. Based on the findings, authorities and practitioners in the field of agricultural development and rural planners should be pushed to reduce this problem with the right planning and need assessment.
2. Promotion of society culture towards acceptance and expansion of women's participation in the development process of rural economic activities, especially domestic occupations planning, development projects and programs of rural development in the economic sector based on the rural women needs and priorities and encouraging them to participate in economic projects and reduce legal and institutional obstacles for them and legislation supported laws about women's participation in rural economic processes.
3. recommended to understand the real needs of rural women in the field of economics and management and engage them to participate in these programs by purposively needs assessment through focus groups.
4. According to the participation in partnership step, recommended to launch domestic occupations associations in rural communities to produce programs in mass media, particularly for women, in order to meet their technical and technological needs.

In the recent years, agricultural cooperatives have played an important role in rural development through the development of agriculture. The main purpose of this study is to measure social capital and identify effective factors in the creation and maintenance of social capital among members of agricultural cooperatives in Zanjan. The research method was survey. The statistical population of this study consisted members of agricultural cooperatives in Zanjan (N= 180), 123 of whom were selected by random sampling method (Krejcie and Morgan’s table). The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. In this study, data analysis was done using SSPS22 software. The face validity of instrument was determined by investigating views of faculty members atZanjanUniversity and experts of Office of Cooperatives. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using pilot test and Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The results showed that tax breaks, the position and social standing of individuals, and training courses before the establishment of the cooperative had the highest priority. The factor analysis classified the creation and maintenance of social capital variables into 9 factors: supportive and social, discipline, job, organizational and management, media-social, flexible rules, elimination of bureaucracy, accountability and information technologies. In total, nine factors could explain 69.6 percent of the total variance of creating and maintaining social capital in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, removing the administrative bureaucracy and cumbersome rules can increase the process of in-group and out-group transactions. Also, attention to discipline and employment components played a key role in the creation and maintenance process of social capital by training. According to results, some recommendations have been presented at the end of the article.

The causal-comparative study to assess the impact on the employment component of psychological empowerment of Bou Ali Sina University was conducted.The population consisted of 1227 students of Bu-Ali Sina, which is using the table Bartlett 375 of them were selected by random sampling. The main instrument was a questionnaire, its reliability was calculated Cronbach's alpha test 86. By software SPSS, AMOS was analyzed
Structural equation modeling results indicate that a total of 0.71% of the applicable component of psychological empowerment explain the change of employment. Summary t test to compare the components of psychological empowerment among Khtran and male students show a significant difference between the components of a sense of competence, a sense of meaning, a sense of influence and a sense of trust existed.Results prioritize employment components suggests that the main priority of the curriculum activities
Ensure employers meet job expectations in the future and the need for a degree in agricultureFor those interested in employment in professions related to agriculture are the highest priority

Rural women’s entrepreneurial activities provided contexts reduction poverty in rural areas that is step to rural development. A significant increase of employed women is undeniable reality in Iranian society. However, social experience indicates that a small number of women are entrepreneurs. Appropriate competencies are necessary for emergence entrepreneurial activities. The main aim of this study was conceptual modeling of competencies required for rural women entrepreneurs. The population of this study was included 125 rural women entrepreneurs of Kangavar, Sahneh and Harsin cities. Accordingly, the census was used. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed. The reliability of variables was between 0.83-0.88. The findings show that based on sensitivity analysis (ANN) communication competencies, strategic and commitment, in the first layer is of the utmost importance. The findings showed that based on sensitivity analysis (ANN) communication, strategic and commitment competencies have more important in the first layer. Based on field activities (agriculture, livestock and consulting services), there was a significant difference in the level of 99 percent between and mental strategy competencies. So, these competencies were higher among entrepreneurs consulting services.

1. So far, different strategies have been proposed for rural development in different periods of time. Based on international experiences and the current conditions in Iran, this country needs to use a new approach to rural development. In this regard, rural entrepreneurship development strategy can be pointed out. There is a growing consensus that entrepreneurship is the process through which new economic activities and organizations come into existence. Keeping this in mind opportunities are central to this process. The literature about entrepreneurial opportunities has grown rapidly since 2000. Considering the earliest stages of development of new economic activities in villages, this marks bring about redirection of entrepreneurship studies. However, theoretical and empirical issues have been limited to important aspects and dimensions of the role of opportunities and their interaction with actors. But, entrepreneurial opportunity emerges from the nexus of individual aspirations with economic and social conditions perceived as favourable to create a new product or service, either in an existing market or a new one. Entrepreneurs discover, evaluate, and exploit opportunities, and rural areas are full of opportunities for rural youths.
The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of strategic thinking and social capital on recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among rural youth. This study also aims to investigate the demographic characteristics of rural youth, identify the situation of recognition entrepreneurial opportunities and their components, identify social capital components condition, and identify situation of strategic thinking components.
2. In this study, a quantitative method of descriptive-correlation was used. Research area was Kangavar County where four villages (Qazvineh, Dehlor, Fash, and Godin) were selected. Data was gathered through a questionnaire distributed between the rural youths whose age ranged between 20 and 35 (N= 9207). The sample size was determined to be 225 using Bartlett Table. In this study, systematic random sampling was used. Research variables were social capital, strategic thinking and identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. Social capital components consisted of social solidarity, socio-cultural values, social participation, social security, social trust, valuing life, acceptance of differences and social communications. Strategic thinking components were systematic thinking, conceptual thinking, cleverly opportunism and futurity. Moreover, indicators of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities were environmental competitive scanning, seeking pioneer opportunities and innovative strategy of creating opportunity. To measure these variables a five-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree) was used. In this study, data were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS softwares. The validity of instrument was determined by investigating the views of faculty members of Razi University. And the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed using pilot test and Cronbach's coefficient alpha.
3. The findings showed that rural youths are weak in terms of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. Results showed that the model fit is appropriate. The results showed that the social capital of rural youths and strategic thinking was moderate. Among the components of strategic thinking, futurism, and among the components of social capital, social participation had the highest priority among rural youths. Having used Amos software, Model fitting results revealed that, social capital and strategic thinking, respectively, predict and explain 54 and 49 percent of changes of entrepreneurial opportunities recognition. In the research, the final model showed that social capital variables and strategic thinking had positive impact on opportunity recognition. Accordingly, reinforcing components of social capital among rural youths can have a strong relationship with strategic thinking and increase this type of thinking. In general, considering that the characteristics of youth entrepreneurship, (including social capital and strategic thinking) will have an impact on youth entrepreneurship intentions, it is expected that rural youth entrepreneurship intentions and their entrepreneurial skills should be improved. Hence, promoting entrepreneurial characteristics of rural youths is very necessary for them to become entrepreneurs in the future and increase the possibility of influencing their productive employment. Based on the findings, it can be offered that different trainings, such as social skills, management skills, expressiveness skill, persuasion, and social adjustment should be available to the rural youths.
4. The researchers of the present study found that variables such as appreciating the lives of rural youth, futurism, conceptual thinking and opportunism of rural youth had a direct relationship with entrepreneurial opportunities recognition. Rural researchers and planners can use the findings of this study to boost entrepreneurial activities and ventures among the rural youth. These results must, however, be treated with caution because this study is restricted in terms of subject into entrepreneurial opportunities recognition among rural youths of Kangavar County.

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. In both developed and developing countries, tourism is supposed to be a viable means of raising the economic activity of rural areas. The main aim of this study was to investigate the beliefs of rural community about the effects of rural tourism development in Fash village, Kangavar County. The population of this study was, the rural people in the Fash village (1925 villagers) that 225 of them were selected through systematic random sampling. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire which its face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and the pilot test was conducted to assess the reliability. The results of factor analysis showed that the impacts of rural tourism development effects were categorized in three different factors: cultural, economic and environmental. These three factors explained 55.3 percent of the total variance of rural tourism development effects. Also, means of rural community belief to social and economic effects of rural tourism development have been significantly more than the optimum mean. One negative effect of rural tourism was some that tourists damage the environment. Rural people can solve this problem by creating teams as environmental supervisor or tourism supervisor. This action makes rural people have active participation on environmental conservation and management.

Rural women have a main role in productive activities. They participate in a variety of activities and at the national levels of economic productivity and family play an important role, so they should be considerate as a key to rural development. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of psychological empowerment components enabling social participation of women in community-based organizations in Kangavar County. Population study consisted of rural women of Kangavar County who participated in community-based organizations. The sample size included 168 people and enumeration method was used. SPSS19 and Amos22 helped to analyze data. According to findings, the component of the empowerment determined 71 percent of changes in women's social participation in community-based organizations. Friedman ANOVA test suggested a significant difference between the components of empowerment. The correlation analysis shows that there is a significant positive relationship at 0.01 and 0.05 between education, income, the amount of land, the communication, and the use of Internet, newspapers and mass media and social participation of women in the social oriented organizations.

The main purpose of this study was to predict academic motivation achievement based on cognitive and meta cognitive strategies. Among agricultural students Kermanshah Razi University in 2012-2013. Research method was cause – correlational and Bachelor (BA) agricultural students at the college of agriculture (N= 970) were assigned as research population, from that the research sample was selected on the basis of stratified random sampling (n= 254) the applying Morgan and Krejcie 1970) table. The research tool used in this research consisted of two standard questionnaires: academic motivation achievement questionnaire (AMAQ), Hermans (1990), Cognitive and Meta cognitive Strategies Learning (CMCSL), Pintrich and Degrooth, (1992). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to process the data by application of SPSSwin15. Findings revealed that most of the agricultural students had lower than medium level academic motivation achievement. Path analysis showed that planning, organization and repeat- practice were the strongest predictors in academic motivation achievement in comparison to other cognitive and meta cognitive strategies. Also, results showed that control and monitoring were the weakest predictors in academic motivation achievement. Since, results from this study may have implications to policy-makers and agricultural faculty members in order to improve cognitive and meta cognitive learning strategies among agricultural students.