دکتر پریسا حجازی دینان

Fundamental motor skills and attentional difficulties are observed in a large proportion of children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4-week training fundamental movement with the approach of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) on motor and cognitive skills in children with ADHD.

The method of the study was semi-experimental, which was done by pretest-posttest design with a control group. 18 students between the ages of 7 and 10 (8.05±1.10) were selected as the sample. In the pre-test stage, participants performed the third edition of Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) and Attention Networks Test (ANT). Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The training process consisted of 4 weeks (2 sessions of 60 minutes per week). After the intervention process, a post-test was taken. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measurements and independent t-test.

The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in motor skills (p=0.001) including locomotor (p<0.001) and hub skills (p=0.019) as well as cognitive skills (p<0.001).

In general, it can be said that a 4-week training of fundamental skills with the Teaching Games for Understanding approach can improve motor and cognitive development in ADHD children.

Consolidation of motor memory is influenced by different factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of retrograde interference, task type of special skill and skill level on the processing of motor memory consolidation.

In this study, 60 female students with ages 20 to 30 years were selected according to inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into four groups (enhancement and stabilization in semi-skilled and beginner subjects). Data were collected from assignments (double check and return test; Moore Christine dribbling; Moore-Christine Shooter; Pass-Moore-Christine and Mental Rotation Test). The research design consisted of a pre-test, acquisition session, and three retention tests with 30 min, 24 hours, and one month intervals.

The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures in motor memory consolidation based on enhancement and stabilization showed that there was no difference between the mean of shooting, dribbling, double check and return skills in semi-skilled and beginners futsalit girls (p> 0.05), but there was difference between pass skill (P

The effect of gender, the number of exercises and half-day nap on the consolidation / interference of spatial memory of the mental rotation taskThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gender, the number of practice trails and half-day naps on the consolidation / interference of spatial memory of the mental rotation task. 20 male students and 21 female students were selected from Kharazmi and Alzahra Universities, Tehran, Iran based on inclusion criteria and divided into four groups of stability-based consolidation for girls and boys, with a large and concise training effort. Data were collected using MRI, Standard Board, Edinburgh Handball Questionnaire, St. Petersburg Dental Quality,and Goldberg Mental Health. Evaluation was performed in pre-test, acquisition sessions, retention test before and after nocturnal swallowing. The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measures showed that the main effect of training effort was significant (p <0.05). A great deal of effort toward conciseness has a greater impact on the performance of boys and girls. The main effect of the evaluation phase was significant (p <0.05).The subjects in the acquisition test had a better performance than the pre-nesting test. In performing the post-nap wrapping test, they had better performance than the pre-nesting test and the acquisition test. The main effect of gender and interactive effects on consolidation of spatial memory function was not significant (p <0.05). According to the findings of the present study, educators and trainers are recommended to further improve memory, exercise more effort, and have naps.

The purpose of this study was to compare the distance perception between indoor and outdoor sports athletes in the indoor and outdoor conditions at far and near distances. A total of 40 male athletes were selected (sports experience about 5 years and age range between 20 to 35 years), which included 10 taekwondo (individual and indoor), 10 tennis (individual and outdoor), 10 volleyball (team and indoor) and 10 football (team and outdoor). The standard Direct Blind Walking Test were used to measure distance perception. The test was performed in four different conditions (indoor and outdoor, at a distance of 3 and 10 meters). The error rate to achieve the target (distance perception indicator), and movement time and step length (performance indicator) was recorded. The results of combined analysis of variance with repeated measurements (2×2×4) showed that there was no significant difference between errors of the outdoor and indoor sports athletes, but the single athletes' error was significantly higher than the team athletes. The movement time of indoor and team athlete groups in outdoor and 10 distance conditions was significantly higher than outdoor and single groups respectively. There was no significant difference in the step length of the athletes in outdoor and indoor sports groups, but the step length of single athletes was significantly higher than that of the team group. These findings show that Sport type and exercise environment effect on development of athlete’s distance perception and performance.

The aim of this causal-comparative research was to investigate the effects of lateral preference in the limbs-eye and task difficulties on propulsive skills in girls aged 10-11.

in this research with available sampling method, 100 girls from two sport clubs in Tehran were classified into 10 groups regarding to their preference patterns (4 groups of eye-hand patterns; 2 ipsilateral and 2 contralateral, 4 groups of eye-foot patterns; 2 ipsilateral and 2 contralateral, and 2 groups of pure and compound patterns of eye-hand-foot). Performance was measured using concentric circles test for the eye-hand pattern groups, doing 10 trials of hand throwing from both short (simple) and long distance (difficult). For groups of eye-foot pattern, MORE-CHRISTIAN foot preference test was used, performing 8 trials of shooting from both short (simple) and long distance (difficult). Ten trials of basketball free shots were performed for evaluating the performance of pure and compound patterns groups. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA.

Results indicated no difference between children's performance with different preference pattern doing simple and difficult task in throwing skill.

It can be concluded that the throwing skills of girls aged 10-11 with different patterns of limbs and eye preference is not affected by their preference pattern in performing simple and even difficult task in throwing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of individual and group play teacher-centered and child-centered educational environment on the assessment of motor performance and adaptive behavior of mentally retarded children.

participants were children with intellectual disabilities (21 girls and 19 boys) aged7-10 years Gonbad City who were ratedad having a score of 45 and less basedon Rutter’s behavioral questionare (Norm of Iran and IQ range of 50-70. The were randomly divided into four groups of 10(two groups as teacher-centered and child-centered playing by group, and two groups as as teacher-centered and child-centered playing individually). Were engaged in the school motor play program (in group or individually and in child-centered enviornments or teacher-centered) in six weeks, two days a week, and in 12 sessions. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. One – way analysis of ANACOVA was used to test the research hypothesis.

The result showed that the effect of individual or group motor play in two child-centered or teacher- centered educational environments motor performance of children with mental retardation was significant motor performance were better in post-test compare to pre- test. Also, all groups showed less disturbed adaptive behavior in the post- test stage.

It was also found that the group playing as a team with coach-centered pedagogue performed functionaly better than the group playing individually with child- centererd pedagogue. Adaptive behavior was better in the group who practiced by team compared with the groups who practiced individually.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of environmental education on intelligence, motor skill and social skill of children: a function of dynamic systems Theory. The sample of this study included all children and boys aged 4-5 years old in Tehran. 111children were selected by sampling method and were selected based on inclusion criteria. Data were gathered using Personal Information Questionnaire, Home Improvement for Motor Development Questionnaire (AHEMD), Matsun's Social Skills Questionnaire, Raven's Intelligence Questionnaire, and Short-form Brinx-Oseretsky Motor Cycle Test. Liner regression was used to assess the effectiveness of providing each of the expedient, intelligence and social skills. The results showed that 19% of variance in motor skills, 12% of social skills and 39% of children's IQ variances were explained by providing (p=0/001). These results show that having an environment with a high degree of delivery, expediting, intelligence and social skills of children is increased.

Research evidence suggests that the environment is an important factor in child development; in such a way that enrichment of the environment can help to child growth. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the role of environment on the intelligence quotient and social skills of 4-6 year-old children in Tehran.

This study was a descriptive and causal-comparative research. The study population included all the 4-6 year-old children in Tehran in 2016-2017, who were living in the homes, kindergartens, and nurseries. The research sample was consisted of 90 children (30 children in each environment) that were selected by convenience sampling, based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, social skills questionnaire (Matson, 1976), and child intelligence quotient software (Rayon, 1947). One way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that the environment had a significant effect on the intelligence quotient and social skills of children aged 4-6 years in Tehran city (p <0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed that there were significant differences in the intelligence quotient of children living in home and those living in nursery, children living in home and those living in kindergarten, and children living in kindergarten and those living in nursery (p=0.001). Also, significant difference was found in the social skills of children living in home and those living in nursery (p=005) as well as between children living in kindergarten and those living in nursery (p=0.001). But, no significant difference was found between the children living in home and those in kindergarten (p=0.19).   

The finding suggests that the kindergarten experience, which provides children with more opportunities for learning and development in terms of educational materials and social communication, is more appropriate for the child.

 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cause significant problems in academic performance, cognitive, social, emotional, developmental issues for many students and then in adulthood for their occupational and familial function. In the absence of treatment, the children are prone to develop psychological and social injuries in adulthood. On the other hand, there is a wealth of evidence that regular physical activity can be effective in maintaining brain health.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 selected exercise program: working memory exercise, rhythmic movements and combination of both (working memory and rhythmic) on selective attention, and working memory in children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

 Therefore, 24 girl students aged 7 to 12 with ADHD from Iman School enrolled in the experiment using available sampling method. The students were identified by Conner's questionnaire. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: working memory, rhythmic movements and compounds (working memory and rhythmic). The design of study was quasi-experimental which administered as pre-test and post-test. Data were collected through 2 tests: Stroop test (selective attention) and N-back (working memory).

 Results showed that the effects of working memory program on the selective attention was significant. The effects of combined training program on working memory were statistically significant but the effects of rhythmic movement on any of the factors were not significant. Also the differences between three groups were significant. The compound group showed better results in selective attention. There were no differences between groups in working memory test.

 The results showed that in planning educational programs for these children, a combination of working memory and rhythmic training could be planned to improve their selective attention and working memory.

Childhood is the most important period of human prosperity and the most basic basis for health in the later periods of life, physically, mentally, socially and cognitively. In this regard, one of the most important factors affecting children's overall development is environmental factors. The present study aimed to compare motor competence, developmental dimensions and body mass index of children aged 4-6 in 3 environments; kindergartens, home and nursery in Tehran. This descriptive study was of causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the study was 4-6 years old girls in Tehran city in three different setting environments (home, kindergarten and nursery). Ninety children (30 in each environment) were selected by sampling method and based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a personal profile questionnaire, the short form of Bruininx-Oseretsky Expedition Test, anthropometric measurements and body mass index. There is a significant difference between motor skills of children at home, kindergarten and nursery. The kindergarten children have higher prevalence rates than home and nursery children. The effect of different environments on developmental factors was significant in height, percent of fat, shoulder width, pelvic width, and head circumference. Comparing the averages showed that kindergarten children had a higher height and fat percentage compared with children at home and nursery, while children at home had wider shoulder, pelvic and head circumference than kindergarten children. Differences in other developmental factors and body mass index were not significant but the values were higher in home and kindergarten children compared to children in nursery environment. The results showed that the type of environment in which the child was reared influences development of motor skill and some other developmental dimensions.

 the aim of this study was to study the effect of Spark and traditional games on motor proficiency and social growth in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). 

 This quasi-experimental study, 1288 Piranshahr primary school students were screened using the parent Developmental Coordination Disorder list  and teachers log Saw motor that 36 children with DCD boys and girls (7 to 10 years) were divided randomly into three groups with 12 participant (one control and two experimental groups). The experimental groups exercised for four sessions per week for 4 weeks (Spark and traditional games). The measurement tools were Brvnynkz- Oseretsky motor proficiency test (BOTMP), the Wechsler test and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (Vineland), respectively. The depended t test and analysis of variance were used. 

 The results showed that both groups Spark program and traditional games in motor proficiency had a significant difference between pre and posttest. Also the Tuky test showed that the Spark program and traditional games had a significant difference with control group. So that the Spark program had a greater impact on improving motor proficiency and traditional games had a greater impact on improving the social development. 

 This finding emphasized that the Spark program and traditional games, can improve motor proficiency and social development of children with developmental coordination disorder.

The purpose of this study was to comparing of motor proficiency, internal behavior (anxiety), external behavior (aggression) and educational progress preterm children 8-10 years with term children.The subjects were consist of 50 female students from primary elementary schools of Kermanshah province with an average age of 8.84 ± 0.9 years and average birth weight of 2.31 ± 0.15 preterm children and 3.44 ± 0.41 in term children, that, were selected convenience from ten schools according to the vaccine card and the individual information. They were divided into 2 groups, which one of them was preterm children group and one of them was term children. The Linklon Oseretsky Motor proficiency Scale test, Spence Anxiety Questionnaire and Nelson's Anger Questionnaire were investigated by motor proficiency, the internal behavior and external behavior, respectively. Educational progress was also evaluated based on math, science and literature marks in report card of the academic year 2016-2017. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference between preterm and term children groups in motor proficiency, internal behavior, external behavior and educational progress. The findings show that early birth is an indicator factor that can negatively influence educational progress, motor proficiency, and child behavior. Due to preterm children’s need to special learning in educationally and behavioral areas, suggested to more support from school and family for these children, such as supervision, guidance and educational interventions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and sport type on achievement motivation and fear of failure in elite athletes. Two hundred athletes competing nationally or internationally with 5-7 years of experiences, enrolled in the study based on convenience and purposive sampling method. The Sport Orientation and Appraisal Questionnaires were filled out. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Results showed male athletes are more competitive, while female athletes are more goal-oriented. Female and athletes in team sports experience more fear of failure compared with male and individual sports athlete. Team sport athlete have more desire of victory while individual sports athlete are more competitive and goal-oriented. Based on the results, different factors can influence achievement motivation and fear of failure. Psychological intervention is recommended especially for female and team sports athlete to promote achievement motivation and control fear of failure.

Backgroundand Aim: The lower limb amputees, due to the loss of limb, generally use hip strategy to control balance instead of ankle strategy. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a lower limb training protocol consisting of core stabilization exercises with and without augmented visual feedback on balance control strategies of prosthetic leg and the sound leg in below knee amputees.
Based on the inclusion criteria, 21 amputees were invited to voluntarily take part in the current quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest protocol. They were randomly divided into three groups of control, core stabilization exercises, and core stabilization exercises using augmented visual feedback. Involvement of hip strategy in the balance control of the groups, in the intact limb, and prosthetic limb were determined using Dynamic Computer Posturography.
The results of analysis of variances using repeated measures showed significant differences (p=0.001) between the hip strategy scores of intact limb and prosthetic limp after training interventions. Bonferroni post hoc test indicated higher average scores in both training groups compared with that for control group. Between two training groups, the group with augmented visual feedback showed even a better score (p=0.001) using hip strategies to control balance. The strategy in both legs for core stabilization exercise group with visual feedback was more efficient compared with core stability exercise group without feedback.
The results showed that core stabilization exercises can improve pelvic control strategy to maintain balance in the intact leg and prosthetic leg of thr amputee. Using augmented feedback will improve the strategy application even more.

Reduction in sensory integration and a decline in the deep sensory receptors, visual and vestibular are the important factors that decreased the balance. The present study investigated the effect of manipulating sensory afferent information on balance of knee below amputation.
In this cross-sectional study 23 patients with lower limb amputation were participated. To assess postural control and balance sensory organization test was used in Posturography device. This devise assessed the state of balance in the first six items (there are three senses of visual, vestibular and proprioception), second (delete vision), third (removal vestibular), fourth (delete proprioception), fifth (delete vision and proprioception) and sixth (remove all sense of visual, vestibular and proprioception). Sensory Organization Test was determined balance score with two variable displacements in central of gravity and stability.
The analysis of variance with repeated measures for stability variable showed statistically significant difference between the first and third condition with other condition. However, there was no significant difference between the second with the fourth, fifth with sixth conditions. Also the difference was statistically significant in lower limb amputees for variable displacement in central of gravity in the first and second situations. People with lower limb amputees have in the first position based on the displacement of the center of gravity, better than five other situations.
The results showed that by removing two or three sensory afferent information balance is reduced in amputees.

Aims: Nowadays, any increase in the quality of life of different social classes is considered as important. The pain self-efficiency can affect the level of quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of physical activities on the quality of life and pain self-efficiency in persons with lower limb amputations.
Instrument & In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 110 lower-limb amputees, including 25 veterans and 85 non-veterans, referring to Tehran Red Crescent Office were studied in 2015. The subjects were selected via purposive sampling method. Data was collected using physical activity level, quality of life, and pain self-efficiency questionnaires. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, multi variable ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Findings: There were significant correlations between all components of quality of life and pain self-efficiency in lower-limb veteran and non-veteran amputees groups and independent, relatively dependent, and completely dependent physical activity levels (p=0.001). There were significantly higher total mean scores of physical functioning, mental functioning, quality of life, and pain self-efficiency in independent lower-limb veteran amputees than relatively dependent and dependent veteran and non-veteran groups (p There are higher levels of physical functioning, mental functioning, quality of life, and pain self-efficiency in the lower-limb amputees with independent physical activities than with relatively dependent and dependent physical activities.

Mirror therapy is a relatively new intervention that focuses on moving the defective part in front of the mirror and the intervention is proposed to be an important tool to improve stability during rehabilitation program of amputee. This study aims to evaluate the effects of 12 sessions of mirror therapy on postural control kinetic variables of amputees when manipulating sensory information.
In this quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and random group design, 14 below knee amputees (n =7 control and n =7 experimental) were enrolled. The experimental group engaged in 12 session of exercise therapy in front of mirror but the control group just did their routine daily activities without any intervention. To asses postural control, Computerized Dynamic Posturography was used which shows the balance score according to two variables of stability and displacement of the center of gravity while manipulating sensory organization in 6 conditions (absence or presence of vision, presence or manipulation of vestibular and kinesthetic information). For data analysis, multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used.
The results showed that postural control improved in the experimental group compared to the control group in all six sensory manipulation conditions. The balance improvement in the mirror therapy group in the first condition (existence of three senses of vision, vestibular and kinesthetic) and second condition (elimination of sight and presence of vestibular and kinesthetic information) has been higher than other conditions. Balance scores were worse in condition 6 (manipulation of vestibular and kinesthetic) in the control group compare to other sensory conditions.
Finding of the research showed that 12 sessions of mirror therapy can improve balance in people with below knee amputations. Moreover, application of mirror in exercise sessions can reduce the amplitude of fluctuation and increase alignment and strategies, which helps promotion of balance control.

Aims: Exercise therapy intervening methods are used by physical medicine and rehabilitation therapists to increase the capability to keep balance and independent functioning in the lower limb amputees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the selective balance program on postural control in the lower limb amputees under manipulation of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensory systems.
In the semi-experimental study, 14 amputees with under the knee amputation referred to Tehran Red Crescent Rehabilitation Center were studied in …. The subjects selected via available sampling method were divided into two 7-person groups including “control” and “selective postural” groups. Sensory organization test was used to assess postural control and balance of the subjects by computerized dynamic posturography system. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using composed factor ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test.
Findings: There was an increase in the balance and postural control in the posttest step in exercise therapy group than control group. In the posttest step in postural group, alignment and strategy scores of the first (presence of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive senses) and the second (elimination of vision and manipulation of vestibular and proprioceptive senses) situations were higher than other situations, while the score of displacement of the center of gravity in the mentioned situations was less than other situations. In the posttest step in postural group, postural and strategy scores and the score of displacement of the center of gravity in the sixth (manipulation of vestibular and proprioceptive senses) situation were less and higher than other situations, respectively.
A course of selective exercise therapy program leads to a reduction in the displacement amplitude and an enhancement in alignment, as well as an increase in strategy, in persons with under the knee amputation, showing increases in balance and postural control.

The aim of this study was to investigate and comapre the kinematics variables of the Maei-Geri technique in two groups of top-expert and practiced karatekas. The subjects included 9 top expert karatekas (members of the Iranian national team) and 7 practiced karatekas (with at least 6 years experience but not members of the national team). The measurement was conducted using stereo-videography by which the 3-D coordinates of the reflective markers attached to the anatomical landmarks were traced during motion. The statistical analysis was performed using independent sample T-test for comparison of the groups means and pair sample t-test for inter group comparison. Results indicated well observation of some details of the motion pattern by top-expert group, including maintaining the height and angulation of the trunk before and during kick, a three phased plantar flexion of the ankle joint, and maintaining the orientation of the shank before kick, which were neglected by the practiced group. Also, comparison of the cofficients of variation of the kinematical variables within the two groups revealed that the motion (including the trunk’s vertical movement and rotation, and the ankle, knee and hip joints angular variation) has been conducted with a higher degree of similarity within the top-expert group; this was mostly significant for the knee joint motions. The results of this investigation highlight the importance and effectiveness of the motion analysis methods in studying the detailed performance differences between the expert and non expert karatekas, which might remain undetected under direct observation.