دکتر محمد پزشگی

hikmaht-e mutaāliyah (Transcendent Philosophy) is a branch of Islamic philosophy where the foundational concept is "the primacy of existence" (Asālat al-Wujūd). This concept serves as a meta-language for the entire philosophical framework, acting as the underlying principle governing all issues, claims, theories, and arguments within this system. The primary goal of this article is to explain the nature of "political action" in accordance with the meta-language of the primacy of existence. In this existential explanation, it is demonstrated that political action becomes one with the "self" of the actor, and it is this unity of political action with the "self" that gives it meaning. 

The method employed in this article is an existential explanation. Existential explanation is a type of philosophical reasoning consistent with the meta-language of the primacy of existence, wherein human phenomena are explained by referring to the ontological characteristics of the individual or collective "self." In this article, based on this explanatory method, the process of political action—from the initial intention of creation by an actor or the collective consensus of political actors to its ultimate realization in human life—is explained based on the inherent needs of these actors. Moreover, the meaning of political action is examined according to the individual intention or collective purpose of the political actor.

The first result of this article is that political action is an institutional action. Therefore, it has three characteristics: stability, continuity and homogeneity. This is because political action, following the intention of the actor or the collective consensus of actors, permeates the individual or collective "self" of the actors.  The second result of this article is that from the perspective of the meta-language of the primacy of existence, every political action is considered an "expanded existence" of individual action. By "expanded existence," it is meant that political action, with a singular existence, manifests in the individual actions of all political actors. The plurality of actors and their individual characteristics do not conflict with the existential unity of political action. As a result, in a political interaction, each of the political actors, in addition to their individual existence, has a transpersonal and common existence with other political actors. It is this expanded and shared existence that is the subject of political action, distinguishing it from individual action. Another result of this article is that political action is a meaningful phenomenon from the point of view of the primacy of existence. The meaningfulness of political action lies in uncovering the hidden meaning within it and conveying that meaning to others. Thus, political action, from an existential perspective, is akin to speaking. Just as speaking reveals the hidden meaning in one's mind and communicates it to the mind of the listener, political action, in existential explanation, relates to something real and true, which is the uncovering of the inner intentions of the political actor(s).

Political action, due to its stability, continuity, and homogeneity, becomes part of the actor's existence and realizes their existential status. Political action derives its meaning from its connection to the "self" of the actor, obtaining this meaning from individual intentions and collective consensus. Furthermore, collective political interaction among actors leads to the formation of a political identity.

The problem of political and civil institutions for transcendental wisdom is how to explain it in a way that is consistent with the ontology of that wisdom. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explain the aforementioned institutions based on the ontological doctrine of transcendental wisdom. The claim of this article is that the institutions under discussion are derived from the existential truth of "self" and hence it is a meaningful phenomenon and can be explained from an ontological perspective. Against this claim are the theories of social constructionist schools, which believe that political and civil institutions are linguistic and constructed phenomena. To investigate the above claims in this article, the document method and the analysis of transcendental wisdom texts have been used, and the result of this writing is the ontological explanation of the political and civil institution and showing the extension of transcendental wisdom in political science. The achievements of this article can be used in political theorizing and philosophy of political science and philosophy of social sciences.

Political epistemology tells how knowledge about political phenomena is acquired. The article tries to examine the ways of recognizing political phenomenon according to transcendent theosophy. Political phenomena is the concepts, structures, and actions in which those structures are occured. The author claims that political phenomena are constructions modeled on objective and real concepts. In transcendent theosophy, knowledge is obtained when reality is present in the soul. Therefore, the concern of this article is how political phenomena are presented to the soul. Therefore, the method of philosophical analysis is used. One of the results of this article is that the general theory of knowledge is proved in transcendent theosophy. Hence, there is a way to achieve the knowledge, both objective and constructive. One of the important achievements of this article for the philosophy of humanities is that the philosophical foundations of humanities can be built based according to transcendent theosophy.

Whether there is “social reality” for Sadra's transcendental civil theosophy rests on the possibility of founding human science in conformity with the Islamic philosophy. In fact, to ask whether it is possible to found the above human science challenges the capacity of transcendental theosophy as a prefect system of philosophy. Were the answer negative, it would be construed as some deficiency in the Islamic system of Philosophy. In his article, the author aims to explain the concept and weight of “realism” for the whole transcendental theosophy. The author claims that “realism” has a main significance in ontology, epistemology, and the system of values in the transcendental civil theosophy. Thus, the realistic explanation of social affairs is developed into a main issue in civil philosophy.     The method of the research is to make reference to library and to quote from the masters of this theosophy as the document for what is claimed. The findings might be used for matters such as proposing realistic view on the products of consideration or the capacity of transcendental theosophy for founding of humanities