دکتر عباس صالحی نجف آبادی

This research's fundamental issue is identifying ways to combat Islamophobia. In this regard, it has been demonstrated through a descriptive-analytical method that a category of works in the field of Islamophobia seeks to prove that the Islamophobia project is not just a delusion but has been instrumentalized by Western media, press, and governments, which have sought to construct a hypothetical enemy after the Cold War era. On the other hand, there are groups of Western and Islamic intellectuals who believe that the roots of Islamophobia should be sought in the intellectual foundations and frameworks of Muslims and the crises of the Islamic world, which have led to violent behavior by Muslims on a global scale and consequently, have fueled fear of Islam. In this regard, some Western thinkers attribute the roots of Islamophobia in the West to the intellectual foundations and frameworks of Muslims and continually warn Western citizens that the danger of Islamism is greater than fascism and communism. In the latter category of these views, various intellectuals and enlightened thinkers have expressed a negative view about the origin, nature, causes, and consequences of Islamic movements on a global scale. Therefore, it should be noted that given the dimensions of the issue of Islamophobia, it is necessary to find a way out of this situation by creating a common language between Muslims and the West, refining concepts in this area, and strengthening moderate groups.

Explaining the causes of the spread of populism in the world (case study of Iran) Review : Using the descriptive research method, we analyzed the explanation of the causes of the spread of populism in the world (a case study of Iran). The results show that the hypothesis is confirmed, and based on this, class differences and unequal distribution of wealth are the basis for the formation of populism in countries It is developing, including Iran, with the explanation that populism means populism or populism, it is a way of favoring or pretending to favor the rights and interests of the common people against the elites. Political populism is actually the use of people to achieve political goals. A danger that also threatens Iran due to the current economic and political conditions. Popularism or populism is a political doctrine and method in favoring or favoring the rights and interests of the common people against the elite group. In the 20th century, most "populist" movements were identified with Latin American and Indian movements, but since the 1980s, these movements have also gained some success in Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the United States. Class differences and unequal distribution of wealth have been the basis for the formation of governments and even populist social movements in developing countries, including Iran, and the advanced capitalist societies of Europe and the United States have witnessed the emergence of populism and its rapid expansion in recent years.

Determining issues and problems by political units can help them in negative and positive exploitations. After the collapse of the bipolar system and the defeat of Saddam from the coalition forces in 1991 and the fall of the Baath government in 2003, the issue of Iraqi Kurdistan emerged as an active political geography phenomenon in the region and the world; which caused the formation of the self-governing government in northern Iraq; However, the implementation of this plan has internal and external consequences, which is the subject of this research. The conflicting and non-transparent policies of Kurdistan parties with the central government in the economic and security fields and excessive alignment with Turkey have caused a crisis and dissatisfaction of other parties in the Kurdistan region, and these conditions have led to the balance of power among political currents with regard to The common historical background, the patriotic union to be closer to Iran as a regional power. This research has analyzed and explained the internal and external crises of the Kurdistan climate by using the descriptive-analytical method and library-internet and documentary sources. The results of the research show that the results showed that the Kurdistan Regional Government is facing many internal and external challenges.

In recent decades, the populist wave has been spreading in western democracies and has put challenges in front of them. On the other hand, the phenomenon of globalization in the last decades of the 20th century showed its presence and spread its deep influence on various fields of economy, politics and culture, and as a threat to the sovereignty and single-handedness of nation-states, it caused crises. identity and cultural, economic, political and security. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of globalization in the growth of populism in Western countries. Therefore, the main research question is, what role has globalization played in the strengthening and growth of nationalist populism in the West? The claim of the present article is that the consequences of globalization, including (the growth of xenophobia in the form of anti-immigration policies, identity crisis, migration crisis, political-economic and social crisis, the failure and non-implementation of the goals of the globalization phenomenon and the obvious lack of political and economic options, culture in western countries to deal with or contain these conditions at the national level, which has fueled the rise of citizens' dissatisfaction, has caused the growth of populism and an opportunity for the rise of nationalist populism currents in the west. Qualitative research method, of the type of causal explanation and data collection method, Library as well as the use of resources, while rereading the theoretical concepts of globalization and populism,.

In recent years, European societies and the United States have witnessed the rise of populism and its rapid expansion. In the meantime, the issue of Britain's exit from the European Union (Brexit) has been highlighted as part of the broad wave of populism. Many analyzes have been done regarding the issue of Brexit, which mainly focused on the consequences of Brexit. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the effects of globalization from various cultural, economic, security and political dimensions effective in the growth of populism, in addition to other causes and factors influencing the growth of populism and the realization of Brexit, which have been neglected in many analyses. to pay Therefore, this article answers the question, which factors have been effective in the growth of nationalist populism and the realization of Brexit in Britain? which in response to the main hypothesis of the research is that the economic, cultural, political and security crises, the issue of immigration and social gaps caused by globalization, transatlantic relations, the superiority of identity and historical cultural heritage, nationalism with social forces as factors They have been effective in the growth of nationalist populism, especially in the realization of Brexit in the United Kingdom. Qualitative research method, causal explanation type and data collection method, a library by using various sources while rereading theoretical concepts about populism tries to clarify the fields of growth of nationalist populism and its role in the realization of Brexit.

One of the most important functions of the Islamic Revolution and its basic characteristics is to pay attention to religion and spirituality, which was considered and emphasized by many intellectuals of the society and theorists of the revolution. But after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, secularism among intellectuals and its process is one of the important issues of society in the field of religion and political and social relations. Therefore, there are two minimum and maximum views in opposition to religion and its place in society. There are effective causes and factors in this process that have been less studied. Therefore, the most important question of the forthcoming article is that; What are the reasons for the tendency of religious intellectuals to secularism after the Islamic Revolution in Iran? In the statement of claim also; Lack of proper understanding of the essence of religion and the truth of religiosity, weakness in political efficiency, hermeneutical approach to religion, prioritizing democracy over religion have been introduced as the main reasons for the tendency of religious intellectuals to secularism after the Islamic Revolution. The most important purpose of this research; The explanation of the causes of secularism among religious intellectuals after the Islamic Revolution of Iran (with emphasis on the views of Soroush and Shabestari). The results show that secularism in the Islamic Republic of Iran has become inevitable and is intertwined with modernity. The present study has been written using a descriptive analytical method on intellectual discourses after the Islamic Revolution.

Secularization occurs first at the level of economics, politics, and then at the level of "family, values, culture, and the level of meaningful resources" and affects societies, individuals, and religions with globalization; Such as the Western lifestyle and intellectual paradigm, as well as competition in cultural obedience. The aim of the present study is to study secularization and cultural alienation in the age of globalization and the research method used in it is basic and qualitative data. The method of detection and inspection for access to credit has flowed into it. Based on the findings of the present study, the existence of various media and cultural tools in the era of globalization of Western culture and the domination of the capitalist system in the world, the category of "globalization of culture" has been raised and we see cultural changes in Iranian society. Therefore, the study of globalization and its effects on Islamic identity and culture is considered, and finally, views and approaches to the category of secularization, globalization, culture and identity, and how to deal with the threats and challenges arising from globalization and secularization. Cultural alienation itself is explored.

The present study seeks to investigate the causes and factors of the growth of nationalist populism in some Western countries, including the United States. The present article claims that Western modernity and the widespread phenomenon of globalization in various economic, cultural, security, and political fields as a prominent feature and the prevailing current of this century, which has brought with it conflicts that are one of the results. Or the products of these conflicts have been the emergence of populism in the politics of governments and the rise of far-right populist parties in Europe and populist currents in the United States. The findings of this study show that the growth of populism along with other factors, mainly due to the consequences of globalization (globalization) such as economic crisis, growth of xenophobia in the form of anti-immigration policies and identity crisis and dissatisfaction, social collapse, fear and anxiety And the crisis of identity and the failure and non-implementation of the goals of the phenomenon of globalization. Qualitative research method, causal explanation and data collection method, library and also the use of resources, while re-reading the theoretical concepts of populism, and expresses its characteristics and tries to explain the grounds for its growth and formation. To enlighten these countries to some extent.

The discourse of the Muslim Brotherhood is considered to be the most im p o rtant and deep-rooted "reformist Salafi" movement in the Sunni world; It is rooted in the contemporary Islamic revival movement led by Seyyed Jamaluddin As a d abadi. This discourse was founded by Hassan al-Banna in 1928 in Egypt and is now highly influential in many Islamic countries, such as Turkey and Qatar. In contrast to the Brotherhood's discourse,we should mention the Wahhabi d i s course,which rises and seeks with a Salafi and fundamentalist reading of Is la m in Saudi Arabia, using oil dollars and important Islamic centers such as Mecca and Medina.Take over Islam.The present study aims to explain the i m p a ct of the Muslim Brotherhood on behalf of Turkey and the Saudi Wahhabi discourse on the developments in Libya from 2010 to 2019,The research method in this article is based on historical-analytical method. 

The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1977 is based on ideas that, a lt h o u gh predominantly Islamic, are sometimes the source of their political thinking, ideological ideas. The form of ideological thinking during the struggle against the Shah's rule was an accepted form in the world. To this end, it was accepted in the shaping of political Islam and other forms of opposition to the Shah's opposition, by the ideological left and even right wing intell ectu als of the left and even right, in the form of an ideology, so that this ideology also attempted a program. Provide in cl u sive, both scientific solutions to the struggle and answer any qu esti ons. On this basis, the main question of this article is what role di d the intellectuals play in shaping the revolutionary ideology of the Islamic Revolution? To answer this question, the method of the article is an al yti cal and interpretive, while also trying to describe the thoughts of these intellectuals. The purpose of this article is to identify and study the revolutionary aspects of the intellectuals of that period. The overall result also shows that intellectuals such as Shariati, Fardid, Barzegan, etc. each had a revolutionary form of thinking that sought to present it in the form of a coherent ideology to provide a consistent plan to fight the fall of the Shah To bring.

The councils are one of the fundamental issues and the most radical management methods that guarantee democracy and the participation of all citizens. The focus of power in the central sovereignty and the lack of attention to local management as well as the lack of proper regulation of the power structure in state apparatuses, especially in the field of urban management, should be considered as the most important cause of urban problems and social development. Its weaknesses and deficiencies in various phenomena It will emerge. With regard to the fact that councils are the interface between civil society and government and can play an effective role in the development process, the results show that the role of city councils in the political development of the country is not very efficient, There is no decent development in all areas, and the councils do not have much to do with political development. A structural structural reform can be used to solve existing problems and to develop political and optimal urban and regional management. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to examine the effect of Islamic councils in the process of political development of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Western anti-Semitism is one of the most important approaches to the West's perspective of Iranians that has evolved in contemporary times and has gradually become a dominant discourse. Pessimistic attitudes toward the West from the area of social forces opposing the status quo, in particular the intellectuals and national and religious elites, continued in their metaphorical form in a narrative of difference with the West and turned into a anti-power discourse, reproduction, and the foundation of Western-oriented discourse. This paper seeks to recognize the role of the leftist approach in the anti-Western approach. Findings of the research show that there were different views on the West and Western civilization in the history of contemporary Iran, each of which was dominated by the conditions of time and the political atmosphere governing the society. In this paper, using the library method, books and various articles, the reasons for the opposition to the establishment of a discourse of confrontation with the West based on the theoretical framework of Laclau Mouffe have been investigated.

West conflict is one of the most important approaches in the eyes of Iranians to the West in the contemporary era and gradually developed into a dominant discourse has become. Attitude pessimistic to the West in the 40s and 50 of the district social forces opposed to the status quo, especially intellectuals and the elite national and religious in the form of a Rvaytprdazy difference with the West to life metaphorical continued for a discourse against power, reproduction and grounds were Ghrbstyzy discourse. A review of the political phenomena, their analysis is based on discourse analysis. This article first examines the reasons for anti-hegemonic discourse among intellectuals in the West 40 and 50 According to Laclau and Mouffe as one of the most important and richest theories in the field of discourse analysis. This article attempts to reason Ghrbstyzy hegemonic discourse among intellectuals decade of 40 and 50. According to Laclau and Mouffe as one of the most important and richest examine theories in the field of discourse analysis. The main question is Mouff According to Laclau articulation of concepts, processes and deploy identity discourse in the 40s and 50s Ghrbstyzy How did it happen? Basic assumption is that according to nativism, Islamic fundamentalism and Iranian historical skepticism in the West, against the forces of the status quo had a direct impact on the spread of West conflict in Iran. Accordingly Islamism and nativism as the main evidence Ghrbstyzy discourse and concepts and other things around it have been articulated.

The main objective of this article is to explain and ultimately limiting the power and harness it in two parts of Golestan kings advice(Nasihatalmolook)and about explaining of the character of kings and the characteristics of good governance in Saadi's perspective .
The main question is that Saadi what ways has tried to prevent the spread of tyranny and corruption supreme ruler reduce the pressure on people caught tyranny.
The survey found that Saadi as an intellectual is aware and by Utilizing the Islamic and Iranian heritage Comments unmatched in the use of a tool of power and corruption offered and especially the solution of scientific and practical useful to monitor and control power of the society managers. Saadi believes the equitable distribution of power and wealth is the only way to achieve justice and expresses the ethical advice of Religions in a simple language and defends this issue . Research ahead by using a descriptive analytical approach have a look at some of the civil and social considerations of Saadi's .

The controvertial relation between spirituality and politics has always been a challenging issue among the religious thinkers throughout history of Islam. Emphasized on civic virtue, some consider political life as the only way for human salvation and perfection while others insist on laying the foundations of politics on mysticism. However, it seems that Nizari Ismailis’ diplomacy especially the ideas of Hassan Sabbah represent the strong bond between theoretical mysticism and applied politics. Understanding Hassan Sabbah’s Political government and leadership lies in entertwining the concepts of prophecy and Imamat with that of Tawheed. Meanwhile, the pivotal role of Imam in this political theory can be imply that political leadership and Shia Imamah are not seperable.

The Confusion of academic elite and political analysts in the Elections in Khordad 1376,Tir 1384 reveals the inefficiency in the analysis instrumentals of election in Iran .Regarding the fact that the analysts of election phenomenon apply various instruments and theories to analyses the election including theories pertaining to Feminism , Plot , Psychology , Rational choice , Discourse etc , but it seem that reading the political realities in Iran and typical kind of Iranian political culture some combination of instruments and theories must be applied to analyze the election . So in order to conform the analysis instruments and theories with Iran s political realities at first Iran s political realities will be compiled through question , and then by applying various tests the measure of validity and meaning fullness of these instruments and theories will be stupid. It seems that none of these theories can analyses the multilateral election phenomenon by themselves, and some combining can just help us more effectively to understand Iran s political realities in the field of election.

To recognize the nature of the tensions between Iran and Arabic countries, especially Saudi Arabia, we first should answer to this question seriously that why Iran phobia’s hegemonic project became popular among Arabic countries, particularly Saudi Arabia. In response to this question, it is supposed that Lucluo and Moufe analysis model can be helpful in the analyzing the discussion of hegemonic discourses. It was used because in one hand it shows that the discourse of Iran phobia is constructed by the western media and Arabic countries, particularly Saudi Arabia, and on the other hand, it considers the discourse of Islam phobia, Iran phobia, and Shia phobia are based on some historical and religious basis that could get high popularity among Arabic Sunnis greatly. Typically, historical debates between Arabs and non-Arabs, and Shiites and Sunnis are theorized in Iran-phobia discourses