دکتر مرضیه قرائتی

Abnormal uterine bleeding occurs as a disturbance in the quantity, duration, regularity and schedule of menstruation, which has been a significant problem. The present study was performed with aim to summarize the recommendations of Persian medicine in the treatment and management of abnormal uterine bleeding.

In this narrative review article, the key words related to abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the sources of Persian medicine, which is called "Efrate tams", were reviewed and the items related to nutritional measures and treatment of this disease were extracted. Keywords "Menorrhagia" or "Menometrorrhagia" or "Abnormal uterine bleeding-AUB" or "Poly-menorrhea" or "Herbal medicine" or "Nutritional treatment" and "Efrate tams" were searched in SID, PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Science direct and Google Scholar databases, and finally the cases which had scientific evidence were presented in the form of nutritional measures and treatment.

A significant part of the recommendations of Persian medicine for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding has practical clinical evidence. These include the use of foods which reduce bleeding and fast digestion, avoiding the consumption of heavy foods, lifestyle modification, the use of herbal medicines, and also the prescription of appropriate medical treatments according to the patients' conditions.

Based on the results of this study, the use of simple solutions of Persian medicine in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding along with common medicine protocols can help in controlling this disease and contribute to the health of women as much as possible.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been advising on the development and use of traditional medicine for about 30 years due to the lack of access to basic health services for many people and has been welcomed by many countries; Unfortunately, despite the fact that more than a decade has passed since the revival of the traditional medicine in the country, it has not yet achieved the necessary and sufficient growth and prosperity-including its correct and complete integration in the body of the health system. The purpose of this descriptive - analytical article is to identify and taking model of the growth factors of this medicine - as the dominant medical system - in the era of Imam Reza (a) (183-203 AH) - according to the coincidence of its with the period Islamic civilization.

This article has been written in a review and purposefully with specific criteria through searching historical sources and some domestic and international scientific databases such as SID, Google Scholar with related keywords without applying time limits.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Four factors can be counted as the main factors of the growth and flourishing of (traditional) medicine in the Razavi era (a); The role of the government of the time, the guidance of the religious leader of the society, the position of main scientific and hospital centers such as Jundi Shapour University and finally, the role of prominent non-Muslim Christian and Indian professors and physicians.

Acceleration to the growth of Iranian traditional medicine in the present conditions, including the integration of its valuable experiences into the health system, needs more support from governments, explaining and promoting the general health policies communicated by the Leadership in this regard (paragraph 12), the expansion of health cares or faculties and medical beds allocated to traditional medicine in hospitals and greater interaction with leading medical professors of other countries (Including India and China) to use their useful experiences.

 Knowing the scientists and sages of Islamic Iran who are the spiritual assets of our vast country, undoubtedly helps to move in the direction of scientific and cultural progress of our country.

 This research is a review study that uses more than 10 books and articles and reputable scientific journals and search sites: PubMed, Magiran, SID, Google Scholar and was examined with the following keywords: "History of medicine in Ira", "Wise people who wrote in Persian", "physicians of the Qajar period", "Malek al-Ataba Gilani" and "Philsof-al-Dawlah Rashti". In this article, different dimensions of the scientific, cultural and social personality of Malek al-Ataba Gilani are mentioned.

Ethical Considerations:

 In referring to the texts, honesty and fidelity (in quoting the used texts) and avoiding bias in inferring from the texts have been observed.

 Hakim Malek al-Ataba Gilani is one of the great scientists of Iran in the 13th century AH. After years of studying and gaining scientific and practical skills in the presence of the sages and elders of his time, he was able to enter the court of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar as a physician. "hefz al-sehe naseri" the most famous book of the Philsof-al-Dawlah Rashti is a valuable relic of this world with action, which is a complete course of acquaintance with the six essentials or "Setteh-e-zarurieh" and Lifestyle modification.

 There have been many sages and grandee in our country who, in order to move and progress faster in the scientific path of our country, we should get acquainted with their lives and works and learn valuable lessons from their manners like Philsof-Al-Dawlah who lived for 123 years and was physically and mentally healthy until the last years and days of his blessed life.

 Uterus is an important body organ in women responsible for purifying blood and carrying fetus. In Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), identifying the uterine temperament (mizaj) is necessary for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this organ’s diseases. Many gynecological disorders in TIM including infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, vaginitis, cervicitis, urinary incontinence and pelvic pain are related to uterine distemperament (Su-e mizaj). Therefore, their appropriate treatment depends on the correct diagnosis and treatment of uterine distemperament. Criteria for uterine distemperament in TIM resources are qualitative with no method for precise measurement of its symptoms. This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic protocol of uterine temperament and distemperament for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

 This is a qualitative study using hybrid concept analysis including three phases: theoretical, fieldwork, and final analytical. In the theoretical phase, TIM resources were reviewed. In the fieldwork phase, experts in TIM and patients were interviewed to extract concepts related to uterine temperaments and distemperaments.

 In the final analytical phase, major and minor criteria for determination of uterine temperament were presented. Then, we had a several meetings with a panel of experts in TIM in order to design the protocol which led to the development of a standard diagnostic protocol of warm and cold uterine temperament/distemperament.

 The proposed protocol is an important step towards harmonizing the methods of diagnosis and treatment in TIM, and can be used for treatment or research purposes.

Background and Purpose:

Nowadays, the issue of coronavirus-like pandemics, including coronavirus pandemic and their various dimensions in the field of health is considered a serious global challenge for health authorities in countries. On the other hand, new medical resources in this field have not yet been able to overcome the problem and achieve a specific treatment or vaccine. For this reason, the World Health Organization welcomes provision of useful preventive and control strategies, including utilization of the capacity of traditional medicines. In this paper, we have tried to provide the recommended views and measures of Persian Medicine Hakims in the face of infectious pandemics, some of which cause symptoms and behaviors similar to coronavirus. 

This article is a review and library research that has been conducted purposefully and with certain criteria through searching valid Persian medicine books and some common medicine resources as well as domestic and international scientific databases with related keywords without applying time limits. 

Different medical aspects of coronavirus-like infectious pandemics have been discussed under the general term "háwa¯ y-e vába¯ ¯ı" in Persian medicine texts. Persian scholars , while expressing different aspects of this issue, including definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, and semiology, have taken preventive and control measures in the form of six principles of "sanitation preservation or health maintenance", most of which are in line with the scientific evidence of the day.

Clinical trials on the use of the teachings and experiences of Persian scholars in coronavirus-like pandemics, including the coronavirus pandemic, can help evaluate the effectiveness of these preventive methods.

COVID-19 started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and quickly became a global pandemic. According to studies, traditional medicine interventions along with conventional medicine protocols have been reported to be effective in prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to summarize the recommendations of Persian medicine based on evidence in the prevention and treatment of symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome.

In this review article, keywords related to the symptoms of COVID-19 in Persian medicine sources, review and items related to the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory syndrome were extracted. Individual items with the keywords "Influenza" or "SARS" or "MERS" or "COVID-19" or "Coronavirus" or "Antiviral" or "Anti-inflammatory" or "Immune system" or "Antioxidant" were searched in the databases SID, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of science, Science direct, and Google scholar, and finally those with scientific evidence were presented in the form of auxiliary instructions for prevention and treatment.

A significant part of the recommendations of Persian medicine to prevent or control the symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome has practical clinical evidence. These include social distance, avoiding heavy meals, and using herbal remedies according to the specific conditions of the patients.

According to the results of this study, the use of simple strategies of Persian medicine in preventing and improving the symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 along with common medicine protocols, can help control the epidemic conditions. Also, many of these recommendations can be evaluated as useful research ideas in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

One of the complaints of menopausal period is sexual problems and dyspareunia. According to Persian Medicine, Alcea has a moisturizing and softening effect. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Alcea herbal product on sexual function in postmenopausal women.

This double-blind clinical trial was performed in 2019 on 60 postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction referred to Omolbanin Hospital in Mashhad. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of treatment and placebo (n=30 in each group). Alcea vaginal suppository 5% or placebo was administered every night for 2 weeks and then every other night for 6 weeks. The FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) questionnaire was completed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 18) and Independent T-test, Man Whitney, Chi-square and Wilcoxon. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean score of all domains of sexual function increased after 8 weeks of intervention in the treatment group, which was significantly higher than placebo group. The mean total score of the questionnaire before the intervention in the treatment group reached from 17.45±5.25 to 26.21±4.01 (P=0.0001) and in the placebo group from 21.93±5.65 to 23.89±5.06 (P =0.001).

Alcea herbal product has a beneficial effect on sexual function in postmenopausal women, so it can be suggested as an alternative treatment.