مهدیه رضایی

Today, environmental issues and problems have become many challenges and concerns for society. Many believe that these problems stem from cultural weakness. Bourdieu sees the root of environmental crises in the Western worldview, which has a hegemonic view of the environment. In fact, without the formation of environmental culture, the formation of a society with high environmental responsibility is not possible. Therefore, in the present study, a qualitative study of the determinants of environmental culture was performed. Using qualitative method and semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, data were collected and then content analysis was performed. Finally, two comprehensive themes and five organizing themes were achieved. Regarding the components of environmental culture, 7 basic themes were obtained, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into two general categories: subjective and objective. Regarding the factors affecting environmental culture, 12 basic themes were mentioned, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into three general categories: socio-cultural factors, motivational factors and economic factors. Finally, in order to check the content validity of the model, the CVR index was used, the results of which indicate the approval of the model designed by experts.

Education and improvement of human behavior with their surroundings, is the key to solving environmental crises. This shows the necessity of implementing environmental education programs on a large scale through electronic learning for citizens. In order to successfully implement e-learning, it is necessary to design a suitable model; therefore, the purpose of this research was to design and validate the model of e-learning in environmental-citizenship training.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating the e-learning model in environmental citizenship training. This study was exploratory in terms of thematic nature and applied and developmental in terms of objective. This study was carried out in two phases; in the first phase, which was done with the meta-synthesis method, related domestic and foreign research available in the databases and libraries of universities or government centers were investigated and semi- structural exploratory interviews were used. According to the inclusion criteria, the content review was done on 150 researches, and 22 experts were selected to be interviewed in a purposive way using MAXQDA. The kappa coefficient (or Cohen's kappa) was used to measure reliability as well. In the second phase of the research, the validation of the model was done using a 5-point Likert scale survey, which was given to 42 experts in education, environment, electronic education, citizenship education, and in the second step, after collecting information, the data were analyzed using the method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach.

Using the meta-synthesis method in the qualitative part of the research, 15 components and 49 items related to the EEC model of the environmental citizen were extracted. Cohen's kappa coefficient confirmed 0.95 reliability of the designed model, which was at the level of excellent agreement. According to the findings of the quantitative part of the research, all factor loadings in this model were evaluated as very favorable or acceptable. The value of Cronbach's alpha for all components was above 0.7 and the combined reliability value for all variables of the model was above 0.6, which indicated good internal reliability. The average amount of extracted variance in all of the model structures was above 0.5; therefore, the divergent validity of the model was also confirmed. The coefficient of determination R2 for all of the model structures was evaluated as significant, and the appropriateness of the fit of the structural model was confirmed. The extracted effect size also showed that the quality of the system (Q2=0.795) had the greatest impact on the model. The values of t in all paths of the model were greater than 1.96. According to the results obtained from the modeling of structural equations based on the partial least squares method, there was a positive and significant relationship in the designed paths between the components of the model.

The items and components introduced in the design of the proposed model were also approved by experts. The designed model can be effective as a management tool in strengthening the provision of useful training and improving educational performance in this field. Also, the development of such models can help the decision makers as a guide to improve the education process to adopt a suitable policy for investing effective factors in the adoption and development of this educational approach.

The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of factors affecting the development of scientific tourism in Iran's higher education system. The research method was a modeling case study. The statistical population of the research was the experts familiar with the field of scientific tourism, including the faculty members of Iranian universities, who were selected by purposive sampling of 37 people. The data collection tools included documents, interviews, and researcher-made questionnaires, and the interpretive structural modeling technique was used to analyze the data. In the first step, the factors affecting scientific tourism in higher education were extracted by reviewing the research literature using a systematic review method and also through interviews with experts and using the elicitation approach; and in the second step, using the 6-step Structural-interpretive modeling, the intended model was extracted. The obtained results showed that the 9 main factors affecting the formation of higher education tourism in Iran in influence order are: dynamic political exchanges with the world at the national level, the existence of macro-national policies in the field of academic interaction, facilitating the admission process in the political and administrative dimensions, the existence of economic and technical infrastructures for foreign students, the international language level of faculty and staff members and the structure of dynamic and accepting higher education, the existence of a sense of security in the social, security and political dimensions for foreign students and brand-making factors of universities, and presenting historical, cultural and religious attractions to the world.

The category of culture and its impact on the environment is one of the dimensions of sustainable development and the first step towards achieving this goal. We need environmental ethics to achieve sustainability, development and environmental protection. An ethic that recognizes and responds sensitively to the complex and changing connections between man and nature. In order for such ethics to emerge, it is necessary to review educational methods and systems. The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project on environmental ethics of Kashan high school students.

The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of the collected data, quantitative and based on a quasi-experimental approach (pre-test-post-test design with control group). The statistical population consisted of all male students of 11th grade public schools in Kashan with a number of 1171 people who were selected using the Convenient sampling method in two classes of 30 people. To collect data, Firoozfar, Faqihi & Erfani (2021) environmental ethics questionnaire was used, the content validity of which was confirmed by environmental experts, and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.927. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance) with SPSS26 software.

The results showed that teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project has a positive effect on environmental ethics in students (P<0.0005). Also, teaching method based on the teacher- assistant project has a positive effect on the components of environmental ethics (air, soil, water, plants and animals) in students (P<0.0005).

Various studies show that among the many ways to deal with environmental problems, the most fundamental, effective and cost-effective way to prevent environmental degradation is public education and culture and the participation of people in the community. The way of teaching and teaching, especially active teaching methods, also has a great effect on students' self-learning abilities. One of the most important active teaching methods is the method of cooperation between teacher and students and students with each other. Therefore, by using appropriate teaching methods, efforts can be made to improve the level of environmental ethics in students, so that it can be felt in society.

In recent years, researchers have paid increasing attention to the concept of resilience against disasters. Natural disasters, which are part of the human life and increase in number and diversity every day, have been raised as a fundamental challenge to achieving sustainable development of human societies. The aim of this study was to predict the social resilience of citizens against natural disasters based on religious attitudes with the mediating role of corona anxie ty .

Methods :

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of method of implementation. The statistical population of this study included all citizens of 15th district of Tehran in 2021. From the present statistical populatio n, a sample size of 380 people was selected by stratified random sampling method based on Morgan’s table. Data were collected using the George Religious Attitude Questionnaire, the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and the Alipour’s Corona Anxie ty Scale. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression, and path analysis. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests .

The results of data analysis showed that religious attitude can predict the positive and safe emotions of citizens and control negative effects. It was also found that corona anxiety could play a mediating role in predicting citizens' social resilience to natural disaste rs based on religious attitudes .

It can be stated that to promote citizens’ social resilience to disasters, in addition to paying attention to the religious attitude of individuals, experts and thinkers should use programs to reduce anxiety .

The water crisis is one of the most paramount challenges in Tehran province. Virtual water management and education in many countries is a measure to overcome water shortage, especially in the agricultural sector. In Iran, virtual water consumption per capita in the agricultural sector is about 20% higher than the world average. This research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of virtual water education in the agricultural sector with the approach of resistance economy and sustainable development in order to inform the users of virtual water and protect the environment, water resources, and sustainable development in the year 2021.

The method of this research was a combination. In the qualitative phase of the research, in order to identify the main and sub-components of the model, the technique of grounded theory was utilized. A semi-structured interview method was conducted to collect data in this phase. The purposeful snowball method was applied in the qualitative phase for sampling. The statistical population of the quantitative part included professors of related universities, experts, and managers of the executive organizations of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. According to the statistics and information obtained, the total number of contacts was 360. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula of 181 people. A researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics measures (mean, standard deviation, variance, frequency, and percentage) were calculated for data analysis in the quantitative phase, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed in the inferential phase.

The results of comparing the mean value of the components obtained from the test (t-test) illustrated that there is a significant difference of 1 percent between the current and desired means in all components and the current state of virtual water management education is not desirable. The validity of the questionnaire constructs was calculated by the convergent validity method at the level of 0.49 and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the ordinal coefficient alpha at the level of 0.81. The qualitative findings of the research revealed that 11 components and 37 sub-components were the components of the virtual water education model in the agricultural sector. Based on the standard factor loadings of qvh(γ), the content components of virtual water education (0.97), methods of virtual water education (0.96), and principles of virtual water education (0.92) are respectively, the most substantial in explained the model of virtual water education. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis of the components illustrated that the identified components had sufficient factor loading to predict virtual water education in the agricultural sector.

The fit indicators of the education model in the agricultural sector illustrated that the developed model has a good fit and in addition to awareness and behavior change, the model can be a road map for the trustees and agents of education activities for virtual water users in the agricultural sector. Implementing virtual water education through the prepared model can be expected to prevent the wastage of water resources in the agricultural sector and protect natural resources. Furthermore, based on the upstream documents, it is an opportunity to attain modern agriculture, resistance economy, sustainable development, and environmental protection.

Due to the Covid19 Pandemic and its impact on the environment from different dimensions, aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs of students of Payame Noor University in the center of South Tehran in order to achieve university green management during the Pandemic.

the study is practical, cross-sectional and data collection method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study was students of Payame Noor University in the center of South Tehran with 7160 in the year 2020-2021 and the sample size was calculated with Cochran relation with 365 people. the sampling method is stratified and random. Educational needs were extracted by documentary method and were provided to students in the form of a questionnaire. The face validity, content and structure and reliability of it were examined and Friedman test was used to prioritize the indicators of each category.

70% of the study population is female, 30% are male, 57% are undergraduate, 39% postgraduate and 4% doctoral students. The priority of educational needs in three areas of knowledge, attitude and behavior were examined, the educational needs of students in the direction of green management in the field of attitude with an average rating of 2.34 is in the first place.

In all three areas of knowledge, the first priority was to maintain distance with other students and not to gather, especially in roofed places and, utilizing the identified priorities, the necessary proposals were presented in each area.

The purpose of this applied research was to investigate the effect of flipped classroom education on the water literacy of third-grade elementary students. This research is a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and the statistical population included third-grade students of one of the girls' schools in Khomein in the academic year 2021-2022. In order to select the sample of this study, 60 students were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided into 2 groups (one experimental group and one control group) of 30 people. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on water literacy, the reliability of which was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its content validity was evaluated by Lavache method. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that flipped classroom education had a positive and significant effect on water literacy of third-grade elementary students and its cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral dimensions (at the level of 0.01). Based on the findings, it was concluded that flipped classroom can be one of the effective approaches to education to improve students' water literacy.

The issue of social responsibility for the protection of the environment at all levels of the society is explicitly emphasized in Article 14 of the General Environmental Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The city of Mashhad is the second most populated city in Iran after Tehran. A city like Mashhad, with a population of nearly five million people, is typically faced with environmental problems such as extremely high temperature, demanding waste management, noise and air pollution, traffic congestion, water shortage, and drought. Expression of environmental problems is a concern, and requires the cooperation of experts and the public to find solutions. Researchers have come up with a variety of solutions to environmental problems, most of which are technological, but they are interested in changing people’s lifestyles and behavioral solutions today due to the high cost of these projects, because environmental hazards result from human intervention. The present issues can be overcome only through changes in human attitudes and behaviors. Citizens with pro-environmental behaviors feel most responsible for the urban environment and the preservation of its natural, historical, and cultural values. The aim of this study was to investigate environmental literacy and its relationship with background variables and the aspects of citizens’ environmental literacy in Mashhad. 

This cross-sectional survey adopted an individual unit of analysis. The population involved the citizens of Mashhad in 2021. A sample of size 689 containing residents in the thirteen municipal districts of Mashhad was selected using the systematic random sampling method, and parameters such as citizens’ awareness, knowledge, concern, and environmental behavior were measured as dimensions of environmental literacy. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which was completed with reference to the respondents. For assessment of its reliability, a pre-test questionnaire was completed by a sample of fifty people for elimination of probable defects and calculation of reliability. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient between 0.70 and 0.84 indicated the proper reliability of the questionnaire. Moreover, formal validity was used in this study.  The hypotheses were tested once the data were analyzed using correlation and comparison methods in the SPSS software.FindingsThe results of this study indicated the high level of citizens’ environmental literacy in terms of awareness and knowledge, while the respondents’ score in environmental concern and behavior was only slightly above average. The respondents’ individual environmental behavior ranged between moderate and high. Their environmental behaviors in the public sphere were significantly lower than average and close to low levels. The collective environmental behaviors of men are greater than those of women, but individual environmental behaviors are greater in women than in men. None of the indicators of environmental literacy was related to age except environmental behaviors. The average environmental behavior index was 3.17 for the 18-24 age group, 3.29 for the 25-44 age group, and 3.31 for the 45-64 age group, and the average environmental behavior index for people aged sixty-five years and older was reported to be 3.32. This indicated that the environmental behavior index increased slightly as age rose. The chi-squared test results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between citizens’ academic degrees and the environmental knowledge index in Mashhad. In other words, environmental concerns increased as academic degree rose. Finally, there was a significant direct relationship with low intensity between environmental awareness, knowledge, and concern and environmental behavior.

The results of the study indicated a relatively poor tendency among the citizens towards environment-friendly behaviors, especially in the public sphere. Although the examined population was mentally concerned about the environment, the concern did not provide them with enough energy and motivation to take an action, for whatever reason. Environmental awareness can change only individual environmental behaviors, which is possible in a small space such as a family and impossible or trivial beyond that. Citizens consider the responsibility of protecting the environment outside their personal spaces, such as a house, car, or workplace, as a responsibility of the relevant municipal institutions, and hardly participate in voluntary activities aimed to protect the urban environment. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase citizens’ environmental literacy, and environmental education should be different for different age, occupation, academic, and gender groups. The capacity of non-governmental institutions to attract participation and cooperation among organizations should be used to promote responsibility in environmental behavior.AcknowledgmentThis article is taken from the doctoral dissertation entitled “Designing and validating a model for attracting public participation in the development of environmental literacy of the citizens of Mashhad”, which down in Payame Noor University of Tehran.

Today, the world is facing with increase of population and shortage of foods. Organic products are produced without the intervention of any chemicals or artificial methods. In spite of general teaching to increase nutritional knowledge, there still is a deep gap between recommendations and what is seen in nutritional performance, so choosing the right teaching methods is very important. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of teaching of organic foods consumption by both traditional and participatory methods on nutritional knowledge and performance of ninth grade female high school students in Shahriyar.

In terms of purpose, this study was an applied study and in terms of data collection method, a field trial with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population was composed of ninth grade students of Fazilat High School located in Shahriyar, among who 90 students were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into groups by simple random substitution. The control group received no teaching. An experimental group received teaching by traditional method and another experimental group received teaching by participatory method. The questionnaire in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 questions. Questions 1 to 18 were related to nutritional knowledge variable and questions 19 to 32 were related to nutritional performance variable. The reliability, content and construct validities of questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, opinion of experts and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively.

According to the results of analysis of covariance, at 95% confidence level, teaching of consumption of organic foods by participatory method had no significant effect on students' nutritional knowledge. The effect of teaching on students' nutritional knowledge by traditional method was significant, since significance level (p=0.0001 and F=49.64) was less than 0.05 and this effect was equal to 0.46. The effect of teaching on students' nutritional performance by participatory method at significance level of p=0.0001 and F=42.21 was equal to 0.42 and by traditional method at significance level of p=0.021 and F=5.64 was equal to 0.10.

Teaching the consumption of organic foods by traditional method compared to participatory method, had a greater effect on nutritional knowledge of ninth grade high school students. Also, teaching organic food consumption by participatory method had a greater effect on nutritional performance of ninth grade high school students compared to traditional method.

The purpose of this study was to study the degree of adaptation of the content of elementary school curricula to the needs related to the promotion of students' environmental literacy in the cognitive domain of elementary school teachers' point of view in Azna in 2019. This research is applied in terms of purpose and terms of data collection, it is a descriptive correlational one. The statistical population of all teachers employed in the elementary schools of Azna city in the school year of 2019-2020 was 951 teachers who were selected using a proportional multistage random sampling method of 270 teachers. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Bloom's cognitive domain classification. To investigate the validity of the questionnaire structure, confirmatory factor analysis with the covariance approach by Lisrel8.8 software, formal validity, and content with experts' opinions and reliability of Cronbach's alpha has been used. Also, to investigate the type of data distribution, the coefficients of skewness and elongation have been used and to study the research questions, the independent t-test and Friedman test have been used. The results showed that the curriculum of elementary corresponded with the needs related to the promotion of students' environmental literacy in the field of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, composition, and evaluation from the elementary teachers of Azna. Of course, the degree of desirability of domains was not the same, and the ranking of domains in terms of the degree of attention in the curriculum was analysis, knowledge, composition, evaluation, application, and understanding.

Education is one of the institutions that can be the basis of the environmental behaviors. Human thought must be developed in such a way as to take into account environmental factors, and this requires the development of education in the field of environmental philosophy. The present study aimed to study the effects of teaching philosophy for Children on environmental behavior, in seventh-grade high school students in Karaj, Iran. This study was applied in terms of its approach and used a quasi-experimental method for data gathering; it also used a pretest-posttest design and included a control group. The population consisted of seventh-grade high school students in District 4 of Karaj; convenient sample included sixty students who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each consisting of 30 subjects/students. The tool for gathering data was the questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by past studies and a survey from 18 specialists; its reliability was determined to be 0.86 via Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The questions were analyzed using methods of statistical description and inference, and mean, percentage, and ANCOVA were analyzed via SPSS22 (P0.05). There results indicated that teaching philosophy had a significant, positive effect on environmental behavior. According to the results, it can be affirmed that positive effects of teaching philosophy in high schools shows the children access to variables which indicate their attachment to all animate and inanimate entities on the earth and their awareness of protecting the environment.

This study was conducted to study the level of ecological knowledge of sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz and to study the role of gender and the level of education of parents in it.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method. The statistical population was the sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz in the academic year 1397-1397 that the sample size using Morgan table was 392 people. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by consulting professors and experts and its reliability was confirmed by halving method. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc test using SPSS25 software at a significance level of 0.05.

Based on the results of one-group t-test at a significance level of less than 0.05, the amount of ecological knowledge and its dimensions in sixth grade elementary school students in Tabriz were significantly lower than average. The level of studentschr('39') knowledge, except for the pollution dimension, was lower than average in other dimensions of ecological knowledge and was assessed at an unacceptable level. Also, the results of independent t-test showed that girls have more ecological knowledge than boys and only the knowledge of the material cycle in male and female students was not significantly different (p <0.05). The results of one-way analysis of variance also showed that the level of ecological knowledge and its dimensions are significantly different according to the education of parents (p <0.05). The results of Duncanchr('39')s post hoc test showed that studentschr('39') level of ecological awareness and its dimensions increase with increasing level of parental education.

The process of ecological literacy is drawing and expressing studentschr('39') progress; In other words, students can learn different subjects and subjects in ecology education in order to reach a defined level of understanding of ecology and ecological events.

Abstract The present study aimed to study the effects of teaching philosophy to Children on environmental knowledge, sensitivity, and concern in seventh-grade high school students in Karaj, Iran. This study was applied in terms of its approach and used a quasi-experimental method for data gathering. The population consisted of seventh-grade high school students in District 4 of Karaj; the convenient sample included sixty students who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each consisting of 30 subjects/students. The tool for gathering data was the questionnaire devised by Veisi et al. (2012) whose face and content validity was confirmed by past studies and a survey from 18 specialists; its reliability was determined to be 0.86 via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) and leven tests and homogeneity of regression slopes were used for the statistical analysis. Finally, the questions were analyzed using methods of statistical description and inference, and mean percentage, and ANCOVA were analyzed via SPSS22 (P£0.05). Their results indicated that teaching philosophy had a significant, positive effect on environmental knowledge, sensitivity, and concern. The positive effects of teaching philosophy show the children access to variables which indicate their attachment to all animate and inanimate entities on the earth and their awareness of protecting the environment.