سمیه رحمانی

National security and related crimes are an important part of the concern of any political system, which has gained new dimensions due to the expansion of cyber space. Security is the bedrock of any society's growth, and people have always used all their material and spiritual tools and resources to achieve it, and with this motive, they have formed a government. The need for security is the most basic human need after physical needs, and it is only by having security that individual and collective growth and advancement can be realized. For this reason, important concepts such as national security, citizens' security, and security in political, social, cultural and economic dimensions, etc., have cast a shadow on the literature of international relations. National security is a multi-dimensional concept, complex and has different elements and signs that every political system from the point of view of ideology, constitution and attitude of political leaders towards the people, the political systems in the world and the international system, has a special perception of it has Several definitions of national security have been presented, most of which classical definitions refer to the absence of war and military threats against a country or the protection of borders from physical threats. This means that national security is achieved when a country can maintain its basic values while avoiding war. But over time and with the change in the ways of realizing security and the expansion and multiplication of threats, new definitions of national security have been presented, which have paid more attention to the civilian aspects and include environmental security, collective security, cyber security, technological security, etc. have presented as new dimensions of national security. This means that if a political system cannot establish cyber security in a good way, it will raise many threats against that country. In this case, defining national security in today's world is a difficult task and requires consideration of time and place and effective tools in providing security on the one hand and ways to provide it in the current situation on the other hand. In any case, every political system to ensure its national security is faced with tools that can be both threatening and considered an opportunity to promote and strengthen national security. One of these important tools is virtual space. A tool that, with the help of the Internet and communication media, has made cyber and virtual security one of the basic concerns of political systems in the contemporary era. This means that an important part of the threats and opportunities related to national security comes out of cyber space. A simple event in a country, which few people knew about before, quickly spreads in different parts of the world and starts a wave of threats against that country. Specifically, this procedure is also applicable to the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to the ethnic, religious, linguistic and social diversity of the Iranian society, as well as the specific political procedure that governs the society, there are many threats in cyberspace. Therefore, an important part of these threats seek to create a crisis and threaten national security. This means that by highlighting the existing problems and their permanent plan in the virtual space, they double the social costs of a problem. Considering the above, dealing with crimes against national security becomes doubly important. However, according to the current research, dealing with threats to national security does not always require a criminal and judicial mechanism, but there are also social, deterrent and citizen role-playing methods that can be used to reduce crimes against national security. Or prevented them from happening. One of these tools is capacity building of citizenship rights. Also, citizenship rights, as one of the influential components in the society, also affects the process of crimes against national security in cyberspace, which is the focus of the present research. The question is, what capacities do citizens' rights have to deal with crimes against national security in cyberspace? In this article, the descriptive and analytical method is chosen as the research method and the data collection tool is library. Considering these cases and the importance of citizen's rights in dealing with crimes against national security in cyber space, it should be said that the findings of the research have shown that based on the rights of citizens in the constitution and taking into account rights such as freedom, security and the rule of law It is necessary to consider special rights for ethnic and religious groups, to consider legal and legal considerations such as smart filtering to prevent the formation of a second (lawless) government in cyberspace, and also to use the capacity of celebrities to deal with threats and crises. Internal and external. In addition, the results of the research show that based on the use of the capacities of citizens' rights to deal with crimes against national security, we need to consider the three aspects of governance, public and people, and pay attention to the role of specific groups (political and socio-cultural). This means that it is possible to use the capabilities of citizen rights such as security to justify the effective role of the government in smart filtering, dealing with crimes against national security and criminal content as a form of governance. In the next stage, the role of citizens and their participation can be used as a public resource. This means that if cyber citizenship can be considered as an effort for the presence of citizens in a new context, the responsibility of citizens in this field will also undergo changes. Considering the legal participation of citizens in dealing with cyber threats and crimes against national security, "internet patrolling" is necessary to monitor anti-national security activities that even violate principles 24 to 26 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The design of this solution is due to the compatibility of the solution (cyber citizen internet browsing) with the risks that occur in cyber and virtual space. In other words, threats also require countermeasures of their own kind so that, in addition to the participation of citizens, the dangers caused by crimes against national security can be brought to the attention of legal and judicial authorities as soon as possible. But the other side of dealing with crimes against national security from the perspective of citizen rights is to ward off potential threats in areas that need more attention due to social and political consequences, which have turned into concrete dangers today thanks to the expansion of cyber space. Therefore, identifying ethnic groups, making their demands and demands in the virtual space and using media capacities is an important measure to create a kind of national cohesion and deal with threats against national interests and security. It means that by linking national and ethnic identity through granting special rights and respecting ethnic plurality and diversity through the right to use the mother tongue for teaching or having a national media to ward off threats against national security. Another measure is to use the capacity and position of reference groups such as celebrities or other reference groups so that they can connect the general public to support the national identity in critical situations. In this way, it should be said that all three aspects of governance measures, public and considering the role of special groups in dealing with crimes against national security are important and vital from the point of view of citizen's rights.The composition.

Electronic banking or online banking is a service provided by many banks and credit institutions and allows banking transactions to be conducted on the Internet using information and communication technology. The continuation of technological innovations and competition between existing banking organizations and new entrants has made a wider range of banking services and products available, but the rapid development of electronic banking capabilities, in addition to benefits, also brings risks. Modern banking goes hand in hand with new crimes and dealing with these crimes and criminal policy in dealing with these crimes is as necessary as the importance of banking. An important question that was raised and examined in this article is how to evaluate Iran's criminal approach to electronic banking crimes, especially phishing? The method of the present article is descriptive, analytical and library-based to investigate the mentioned question. The findings of the research indicate that in Iran's criminal law, there are no special laws in the field of banking crimes, and mainly, the law of computer crimes governs electronic banking crimes. In Iran's criminal law, the crime of phishing is punishable by imprisonment and a fine.

Industrial property rights are important issues that play an important role in the technological and industrial development of countries. Criminal guarantee for the protection of this type of intellectual property rights and its examples such as trade secrets and trademarks have received less attention and investigation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the criminal guarantee for breach of trade secrets and trademarks from the perspective of jurisprudence and Iranian law and French law. This article is descriptive and analytical, and it has investigated the mentioned subject by using the library method. The findings indicate that in French law, the punishment of imprisonment and fine is determined as a criminal sanction for the violation of trade secrets and trademarks. In Iranian law, unlike French law, there is no criminal protection of trade secrets and there are no comprehensive laws in this regard. Trade secrets are not mentioned in any of the articles of the patent law, and only the law of electronic commerce and the law of computer crimes and the law of publishing and free access to information have implicitly and limitedly mentioned and supported this right. Violation of the confidentiality of trade secrets is mentioned in the laws of Iran in scattered laws and in a vague and incomplete manner. Another point is that the French law for the violation of trade secrets and trademarks has determined a monetary penalty of up to one million francs, which is in line with decriminalization and reducing the motivation of industrial property crimes, which are mainly financial, because the economic benefit of committing the crime is largely eliminated.

The accident of flight number 752 of the Boeing 737 plane of Ukraine Airlines, which occurred in the sky of Iran in January 2018, has wide legal dimensions in addition to the political-security dimensions. The purpose of this article is to investigate the criminal responsibility caused by the Ukrainian plane crash in the sky of Iran and its effects.
This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.
Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.
The findings of this investigation indicate that the unintentional error of the Iranian air defense operator caused this accident. Therefore, due to the fact that the error of Iran's air defense is a clear example of the criminalization contained in Article 714 of the Islamic Penal Code and Article 54 of the Armed Forces Crimes Law, and the criminal fault and the causal relationship between the fault and the loss are also visible, therefore, the guilty person is responsible and The convicted person is recognized and subject to the guarantee of legal executions, including the payment of ransom.
Conclution: In addition to the criminal responsibility for the perpetrator of this accident, this accident has the ability to spread to the government of Iran and is the basis for the plan of responsibility for the government. Because, in principle, in crimes committed by the armed forces, the effect of the committed crimes, along with the individual agent, returns to the respective government.

The present article seeks to answer the question of what are the legal responsibilities arising from the non-fulfillment of certain international obligations by governments, towards other governments and also towards the people? Findings indicate that according to the International Covenant on Human Rights, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the provision of health care by governments is not limited to nationals and peoples in their own country, but a commitment to international cooperation in this field. Is particularly important; On the other hand, with the spread of the corona virus and the outbreak of the emerging and deadly disease Covid 19 in the world, governments have begun to provide compulsory treatment services to people, especially those with the disease; The necessity of services is contrary to human rights rules. The provision of these services, in addition to violating some individual and collective rights, has in practice led to the violation of some of their international obligations, but given that these measures are optional and temporary, governments can not talk about the impossibility of full implementation of their treaties in international forums. To justify the violation of their international obligations because the effects of the Corona crisis on the inability to implement treaties are different. By emphasizing the rule of "force majeure" in Article 23, the subject of international responsibility of states, they prevent the admission of guilt resulting from the failure to perform the treaty and absolve themselves from the responsibility of breach of obligation.

Today, along with the relative expansion of public health around the world, various diseases such as AIDS, malaria, etc. are increasing in human societies. In this regard, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most important industries that should be supported so that the inventors of new drugs have enough motivation to produce more effective drugs. On the other hand, the undeniable benefits of supporting pharmaceutical inventions pose a serious threat to developing and less developed countries, and may endanger the public health of these societies. In such situation, we should know which of these two principles is preferable to other and should be given priority: Public health as a basic human right or protection of pharmaceutical patents as an exclusive right of its owners? One of the most important issues discussed directly and indirectly in the World Trade Organization is ”public health”, especially the drug trade and the protection of pharmaceutical patents, and this organization has always protected the rights of drug inventors to maintain a balance between public health and freedom of access to medicine. Therefore, any legal system that wants to join this organization may face problems due to these two issues. This study aims to investigate the conditions and challenges of supporting pharmaceutical patents in legal systems in case of accession to the World Trade Organization.

The purpose of choosing this topic is to understand the meaning of the will and its differences and commonalities in Iranian and British law, which is a descriptive and analytical method to answer the ques ti on of the questions and what are the differences between the Iranian and British law? It is a hypothesis that, by reviewing intention and consent, and the pros and stages of intention create legal action, it is not only to recognize the concept of the will of its formation, but also to be better in the Iranian and British law. The will in the word means to ask for it. In the so - called Iranian law, it can also be called will. The will in the word means to ask for it. In the so - called Iranian law, it can also be called will. Therefore, when discussing the psychological condition of transaction in the Iranian law, it is based on the analysis that comes from mental states and its various stages as legal rules, for the will or the will of two separate internal states. One is consent and the other is the intention, which is interpreted as the intention to write. In order to fulfill any legal act, the intention to write is necessary. In th is a rticle, an attempt has been made to examine and explain the general views (of jurists) of Iran and Britain in each issue

The present article seeks to answer the question of what are the legal responsibilities arising from the non-fulfillment of certain international obligations by governments, towards other governments and also towards the people? Findings indicate that according to the International Covenant on Human Rights, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the provision of health care by governments is not limited to nationals and peoples in their own country, but a commitment to international cooperation in this field. Is particularly important; On the other hand, with the spread of the corona virus and the outbreak of the emerging and deadly disease Covid 19 in the world, governments have begun to provide compulsory treatment services to people, especially those with the disease; The necessity of services is contrary to human rights rules. The provision of these services, in addition to violating some individual and collective rights, has in practice led to the violation of some of their international obligations, but given that these measures are optional and temporary, governments can not talk about the impossibility of full implementation of their treaties in international forums. To justify the violation of their international obligations because the effects of the Corona crisis on the inability to implement treaties are different. By emphasizing the rule of "force majeure" in Article 23, the subject of international responsibility of states, they prevent the admission of guilt resulting from the failure to perform the treaty and absolve themselves from the responsibility of breach of obligation.