حکیمه احسانی

The purpose of this article is to analyze the personality of the first vicegerent of Imam Zaman (AS) with emphasis on historical-narrative sources. Since Muslims, especially Shiites, had access to their infallible Imams (a.s.) for three centuries after the advent of Islam, the sudden disconnection from their infallible leader would have adverse effects, including denial and deviance. The aim of the present study is to answer the question; what challenges did the Mahdavi community face in the absence of the Imam? In order to avoid these challenges and some other problems, it was necessary that some persons act as a special vicegerents of Imam Mahdi to establish the relationship between the people and the Imam. And, it was essential that personalities with outstanding characteristics become the vicegerent of the Imam Zaman (a.s.). The method of the current study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library based on narrative-historical sources and authoritative books. The findings of the research show that the duties of the first agent of Imam Zaman (A.S.) in the political and social dimension, include removing the doubt and amazement of the people, hiding the name of the Imam and making taqiyyah; and in the cultural dimension, include the practical education of the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (A.S.) and answering the jurisprudential questions. Narration of the numerous hadiths and emphasis and confirmation of other scholars of the Islamic world on the outstanding characteristics of the first viceroy, namely Uthman bin Saeed, are evidence of his merit in being represented by the imams (pbuh), especially the Imam Mahdi (pbuh).

The role of belief in Mahdism is based on Mahdavi culture, it has the ability to express views and provide strategic solutions in different human and social fields. The influence of this belief on the religious culture of the family manifests itself in all aspects of political-social and individual life, materially and spiritually. in fact, the Mahdavi family plays an irreplaceable role in the ideal and divine system, under the leadership of a perfect human being and the divine caliph for justice and wisdom to cover the whole world through the appearance of the Imam. The research methodology used in this essay is Library-based method with a descriptive-analytic approach based on historical and Hadith sources, focusing on the works of Ayatollah Ṣāfi Golpāyegāni. This research shows that the belief in Mahdism, materially and spiritually, has some effects on the religious culture of the families, which can gather the family members around its axis and integrate them and give them a single religious identity. In terms of the functions of believing in Mahdism, the following items make sense in the life style of those awaiting Mahdism: creating a suitable context for the future generation, educational and moral model, justice, fostering the spirit of hope, strengthening family relationship, naming children properly, giving charity, strengthening Mahdavi values in the education spaces.

Gender characteristics are one of the most important aspects in the division of social tasks among women and men. Therefore, the men have had a role in the victories and have been responsible for the military affairs, because their gender have been consistent with the gender division. This descriptive-analytical research aimed to answer the question of whether assigning the roles to women in different historical periods has been on gender basis or not; thus, all the relevant written sources, focusing on the historical period of the era of caliphates in the specific subject of victories in this period, were examined to identify the gender and non-stereotypical gender roles of women. Based on the results, in this era, the level of women's participation in victories, as the non-stereotypical gender roles, has been developing, in which the frequency of women's roles have been seen in titles such as: soldier, informant, supernumerary, and so on. These different roles show women's dynamics and social activities in this era.

Khunbas is part of the traditional customs of some tribe of the country to solve ethnic conflicts and it is a social contract with indigenous mechanisms to overcome the gaps that have been created between races and to restore tribal cohesion and solidarity. In this tribal tradition, women are part of the blood money. This social phenomenon is also occurring among Bahmei clan, who lives in the Seydun area of Khuzestan and within the Geographical area of Southwest Iran. This phenomenon’s essence, factors, actors, functions, and social effects are among the issues that require serious study.
The present paper is based on a comprehensive research aimed at answering the above-mentioned questions. It conducted in 2017, using an anthropological approach and a field method and utilizing techniques of interview, observation, written documents review, and non-paper contracts.
Based on the findings of the study, territorial constraints, tribal contracts, and tribalism system are among the contexts of this phenomenon and the murder, wounding and damaging are one of its important factors, and it has functions such as tribal unity, resolution of disagreements, population and family system expansion, preservation of integrity, and it has actors such as elders, headmen, and women. The "Khunbas", although having short-term ethnic effects, in the long run, has had adverse consequences for some actors, while some aspects of it are inconsistent with the teachings of Islam

Nowadays, modern media for example satellite TVs with a global coverage and purposeful planning, try to replace their audience's real Identities with western culture and values by penetrating into all aspects of personal and social human life. They do this work with a broad range of formats, gradually and of course without resistance. Commercial Ads are one of these influential media formats that beside the ultimate purpose of altering values, provide by changing attitudes and affecting masses, particularly families, required cultural contexts for the provision of material interests.
On the one hand, goods and services provider's increasing demand to find new markets with the utilization of all media capacities and on the other hand, families and especially couples that are main pillars of families, are always in need of learning, guidance and gaining experience for satisficing their needs. These two side's needs have brought about attention to and an importance of commercial product's promotion. In the meantime, these ad's false guidance has become very dangerous for couples and caused numerous damages in the realm of family and couple's communication. The present paper tries with an archival method and with an emphasis on content analysis of some commercial ads, study some of these influences and damages.
Some of the most important of these effects include the change in lifestyle, weakening family base, lack of responsibility, the decrease in the emotional relationship, promotion of marital infidelity, causing mental illnesses, spreading immorality and promiscuity and financial losses.

Mourning, due to its personal and social constructive role, has a special status in the Islam school and the biography of the Prophet’s Household. However, this fertile ritual, like any fruitful practice, doesnt have its desired results if it doesnt been policy made and implemented. Mourning means accompaniment and sympathy in the sadness and sorrow of the others which Shiites put a special interpretation on it and largely apply it to the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him). This paper, with an archival method and based on historical and existing resources, in addition to chronicled investigation to this religious phenomenon, seeks to scrutinize the cultural and social damages against it and present some solutions. Some major issues of this phenomenon, which needs to be explored and explained, are as follows: reviewing the Islam's biography, the mourning types, the quality of state's encounter with it, as well as examining its form- and content-related damages like emotional approach to mourning, its conversion to a habit, its mixture with ethnic culture, primacy of the form over the substance, overstatement in poems and using musical instruments.