دکتر علی جوزی خمسلویی

In recent decades, vulnerability assessment in urban land uses such as historic building in order to increase their resilience and resistance to various human and natural hazards has received more attention. Due to the special geographic condition and special topography of the region, Khansar historical land uses are exposed to all kind of disaster and damages and a comprehensive study of these urban components in the form of crisis management plans is of fundamental importance and necessity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the vulnerability of historical land uses in Khansar region and their regional priority in rescue and disaster management operations.

Research data were collected in the form of both groups of fundamental and managerial indicators using the innovative 121 checklists of researchers and after classification were analyzed in AHP hierarchical model. Maps are also draw in the GIS software environment.

Result show that historical land uses of Khansar region are very vulnerable in terms of fundamental and infrastructure and have little resilience in possible disasters. On the other hand, the weakness in disaster management and planning processes in these land uses has led to rescue operations, emergency evacuation and disaster management in these land uses with serious challenges.

Historical land uses located in the central part of the study area, i.e. the city of Khansar with a final weight of 0.60 in both fundamental and managerial indicators in the AHP model have the highest vulnerability and are the first of disaster response and rescue operations. In general, the Historical land uses of Khansar have an acute, critical and very vulnerable situation according to all indicators in probable hazards. Develop and implement comprehensive disaster plans, strengthen historical building, implement passive defense strategies, participate in the crisis management process and use the power of all executive agencies in the event of an accident are the most important defense strategies to increase the resilience of these uses in crises and disasters.

Crisis Management and planning based on critical issues as rescue and emergency evacuation in urban land uses is very important. This approach in Isfahan is necessary. Concentration of heritage land uses in central area of Isfahan along with Factors such as inadequate access, narrow streets and alleys, spatial incompatibility, structural maladaptation, gradual erosion of the building and lack of systematic planning in heritage spaces has been caused the historical land uses of Isfahan to be vulnerable in potential disaster. Method of research in the paper is descriptive and analysis- survey and its type is fundamental and practice. The research with emphasis on field work, check list and AHP model is trying to analysis of vulnerability of heritage land uses and their prioritization in emergency evacuation. Structure of research has been established on Basic Indicators, Management criteria. The case study is 420 heritage building of Isfahan the documented in national list. Results that showed Isfahan third district is very vulnerable and in the first priority of evacuation and rescue based on 0.49 weight in basic indicators and 0.53 weight in management ones. First, fifth, sixth and other urban district of Isfahan are in next stages. Identification and classification of monument based on degree and severity of destruction, reinforcement of buildings, training of evacuation operations and civil defense in land use are major strategies in disaster management of these land uses.

 the aims of this paper are the assessment of Isfahan educational secondary district schools in resistance process (resilient and flexible) on probable disaster and having main managerial indicator in planning and management of disaster and Population Emergency Evacuation.    

research method in the paper is Field work and analysis. Classification, computing and charting in SPSS and by mathematical formula after the survey of statistical society and collecting data from field on five months. Finally, the analysis of data has been written and maps were prepared by Arc GIS.         

Reviewed schools are not in suitable situation due to the fundamental indicators and therefore are very vulnerable in disaster event. In ten fundamental indicators, only population distribution and heating systems are appropriate and the eight indicators are not appropriate. Among the 121 schools, just 33 schools have management standards and 109 schools have nothing standards. Even management standards of 33 schools have not enough rates. In ten management indicators, the benefit rates of seven indicators are medium, inappropriate and critical.

Results of research show that resilience of school in Isfahan educational secondary districts due to fundamental indicators is low. On the other hand, benefit rates of management indicators is also weak and this weakness has severely damaged them in potential disasters. Eventually, the situation of schools in statistical society isinappropriate, vulnerable and critical due to integrated indicator (two fundamental and management indicators).

Natural and manmade disasters planning and organizing are especially important in crisis management of urban land use. In addition, educational section is more sensitive among urban land use. However, students and staff in school and educational centers are the main human capital of a county or region that should be in the top priority of relief efforts in crisis management and emergency evacuation programs. In this documentary and analytical survey, data are categorized in both fundamental and management indicators. About 142 schools in Isfahan educational secondary districts have been surveyed during a five-month period. The information has been analyzed after classifying, computing, plotting the chart in SPSS by using the leveling formula. In addition, maps are drawing in ArcGIS. The findings showed that the schools reviewed are not well positioned due to fundamental indicators; their vulnerability to potential crises is high. In other words, in ten fundamental indicators, only population distribution and heating systems are appropriate and the eight indicators are not appropriate in these centers. Among the 142 schools, just 33 schools have enough management standards and 109 remaining schools have no standards. The results indicated that that resilience of school in Isfahan educational secondary districts is low due to fundamental indicators. On the other hand, these centers did not have enough management standards therefore have high vulnerability. Eventually, due to all criteria (both fundamental and management indicators) the situation of schools studied is inappropriate, vulnerable, and critical.

Nowadays, planning and management of human crisis is one of the most important issues in cities and metropolitans based on the passive defense approach. High population in cities and their gathering in special days increase the probability of occurrence of human crises such as bomb explosion in march passes, armed robberies, urban riots and attacks on important organizations and institutes. Isfahan is one of the most important cities of Iran and there is great gatherings of people in special days each year in 8 march passes (such as Qods day, 22nd of Bahman). The occurrence of any sudden incident in these passes can cause financial losses and casualties. It seems that all march passes need to review and assess in order to decrease vulnerability with trend of passive defenses in Isfahan.

In this field study, the eight march passes of Isfahan city were studied. After field study of urban land-uses and GIS maps drawing of their spatial distribution; the vulnerability rate is calculated based on leveling formula; and finally strategies have been proposed using the SWOT strategic model.

According to the results, the eight, then fifth and sixth passes have the most vulnerability and first, second, third, fourth and seventh passes are vulnerable up to a point. First pass has the most institutions and centers responsible for crisis management which their efficiency reduces in the time of crisis. Among all land uses in this field study; banks, financial institutions, commercial and business centers are the most vulnerable that need special care during crisis.

In order to reduce vulnerability to potential crises; the first and sixth march passes generally and then four routes of these eight march pass should be changed. Also, the best strategies to reduce crises in march passes are to install CCTV cameras in the routes; to cooperate between organizations in planning; to implement and manage of rallies; to widen narrow streets; to schedule time and enhance crisis management organizations.

Urban land-uses planning is one of the most important plans which can be effective in providing secure and sustainable environment in cities. Reducing land-use vulnerability and efficient crisis management to decrease damage according to new trends of crisis management such as passive defence is nowadays one of the most important objectives which urban managers and planners are trying to accomplish in metropolitans. Each crisis occurrence specially human crisis (urban riots and unrests and second incidents caused by them such as rubbery, burning and etc) in metropolitans can damage land-uses and causes insecurity in cities. March passes of Isfahan can be so vulnerable too. It seems that the most vulnerable land-uses in 8 march passes, also the land-uses with high spatial distribution in march passes. Study and field observations in these passes and GIS mapping and calculating damage ratio of land-uses according to calibration function indicate that banks and financial institutes and central businesses located in march passes are so much vulnerable and must be protected during crisis occurrence and even before that. In other words, Multiplicity distribution of these two land-uses in march passes has caused their high vulnerability. Isolation, strict protection and special distribution equalization of these two land-uses are considered important strategies to reduce their vulnerability.