abbas hashemi

The election of Donald J. Trump as President of the United States in November.08.2016 raised many questions about the future of American foreign policy, including the effect of electing a leader who rejected many of the long-standing principles of American foreign policy in his campaign speeches. Given that the Trump administration carried the heritage of Republicans and Democrats in foreign policy, what could be the future of US foreign policy? Perhaps many observers would conclude that Trump's foreign policy lacked any particular structure, coherence, or strategy in recognizing a president like Donald Trump. He lacked the usual order and sudden changes in the course of action.In foreign policy, Trump has pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing the US from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He imposed import tariffs which triggered a trade war with China, moved the US embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, and withdrew US troops from northern Syria. Trump met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un three times, but talks on denuclearization broke down in 2019. In addition to these cases, expressing friendships with Putin, peace talks with the Taliban, ignoring human rights issues in relations with Saudi Arabia, unilateralism in many policies, and disregard for the views of its key European allies, among many other cases, all evoke a picture of foreign policy confusion.The question that arises is whether we have witnessed fundamental changes and the adoption of new models in foreign policy in the macro and strategic foreign policy of the United States during the four years of Trump, or has this policy been a continuation of the previous trend? .In this research, the descriptive-analytical method and referring to the opinions of experts have been used. An attempt has been made to evaluate US foreign policy in the short period of Trump in the light of a combined conceptual framework. A combination of realistic theories, the first type, and family similarities can help explain the continuation of major US foreign policy strategies under Donald J. Trump`s administration.The ultimate goal is to assist American studies in the field of international relations courses and to provide a clearer picture of US foreign policy"

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important industrial plant, which classified in the category of oil plants. The tolerance of plants to drought is different, as well as Plants have different temperature and water requirements, and understanding this requirement helps them survive and reproduce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the germination characteristics of safflower seeds at different temperatures and humidity and the adaptation power of this plant under these conditions. For this purpose, germination of safflower seed (Faraman cultivar) was investigated in incubator at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ° C. in this study, 3 regression model including, Beta model, Dent like model and segmented model were used to determine cardinal safflower temperatures. Then, to investigate germination and seedling growth response of Carthamus tinctorius toward different levels of Water Deficite Stress at an optimum temperature, another test was conducted. in this experiment, seed germination was assessed in six levels of Water Deficite Stress with the osmotic potential of 0, -3, - 5, -7 and -9 bar (in temperatures of 20 ° C). Based on Beta model, Dent like model and segmented model, the cardinal temperatures of Carthamus tinctorius seeds germination including, (Tbase, Topt and Tmax) were: (4.6, 4.1, 4.1), (22.02, 20 – 24.3, 22.5) and (43.3, 50.3, 50.3) °C, respectively.

 Neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare tumor and arises from cells dispersed in the neuroendocrine system.

 In this study, we report a 62-year-old man who was presented with a chief complaint of constipation in 2019 at Firoozgar Hospital in Tehran. The patient had no family history of cancer but noted a weight loss of 15 to 20 kg over the past 8 months.

 According to the colonoscopy, there was a polypoid lesion about 10 to 15 mm in the rectum, and biopsy was done for histological studies. In the present study, a metastatic rectal neuroendocrine tumor was detected in the liver.Microscopic studies of the mass revealed a well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was positive for Chromogranin, Pan-Cytokranine, and Ki-67 and negative for Synaptophysin, Hepar, TTFI, PAX8, and CDX2. After performing diagnostic procedures for excisional rectal biopsy, Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS) was performed. After a few days, the patient was discharged with a good general condition and stable vital signs.

 Although neuroendocrine tumors of the rectum relatively slow growth, they are malignant and can metastasize to other areas. In general, the prognosis of patients with metastatic disease is poor and information about the specific treatment of these patients is limited

Abstract1 Predicting seed viability would be extremely beneficial to seed producers and the prediction of seed viability depends on understanding the quantitative relationships between seed longevity, seed moisture content and storage temperature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed quality of plantago ovata seed under various seed moisture content, temperature and storage time and quantify this effect and determine the coefficients of life. Seeds with various moisture contents (5, 9, 13, 17%) were kept under four temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45°C) for six months. Analysis of variance indicated significant difference for all main and interaction effects. High temperature along with higher moisture content resulted in more deterioration in seeds. coefficients of life after six months of storage using the equation viability was Calculated. estimates of KE = 6, CW = 3, CH = 0.06, CQ = 0.000023 were derived for prediction of storage length. end

To determine the specific temperature of Medicinal Cannabis sativa, the effects of different temperatures on germination, in a laboratory study in a completely randomized design with three replications were studied. Germination response assessment at constant temperatures (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45ºC) was conducted. The germinated seeds were counted every day and the rate of germination percentage, cumulative germination and cardinal temperatures diagram of Cannabis sativa seed germination based on 3 regression model including segmented model, Beta model and Dent like model. The results showed that the temperature increase of 3 to 25°C significantly increases the germination rate, while the germination rate did not differ at 25 to 40°C. Also with increasing temperature over 25°C, germination was reduced. Dent like model such as higher accuracy in determining the cardinal temperatures hemp seed germination was compared with other models, Base, optimum and maximum temperature of seed germination of Cannabis sativa based on Dent like model was determined 1, 26-39.3 and 48°C respectively.

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of corporate governance on the relation between investor sentiment and corporate investment decisions. For this purpose, a sample of 106 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009 to 2014 is examined. This study uses Corporate Governance Index derived from a check list which contains twenty-one questions. To analyze data and test hypotheses, the multivariate regression model based on panel data is used. Findings show that investor sentiment has a significant effect on new investments and overinvestment level. Also, Corporate Governance Index has a significant impact on the relation of investor sentiment to new investment and overinvestment. In other words, in firms with a higher level of corporate governance, investor sentiment effect on corporate investment decisions is improved.

In sheet metal forming processes, one-stage production of conical-cylindrical parts with high accuracy is very difficult due to wrinkling and rupturing. Hydrodynamic deep drawing assisted by radial pressure is one of the most applicable procedures in sheet hydroforming process on the point of producing conical-cylindrical parts. In this paper, forming pressure path is investigated as one of the most important parameters of this process. The optimized pressure path is obtained utilizing a new procedure by combination of the finite element method using ANSYS/LS-DYNA and an optimization method using simulated annealing.

In many studies, the medicinal properties and impact of blond plantain on mechanisms of human physical activities has been proven. Salinity is an important abiotic stresses with detrimental effects on seed germination. An experiment was conducted to study germination characteristics of blond plantain under water and salinity stress conditions at different temperatures. The experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran Seed lab, Karaj, in 2015. Temperatures regimes included 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. For each temperature, the treatment forsalinity and water stress was four water potentials (zero, -4, -8 and -12 bar) using sodium chloride. The effects of salt stress on seed germination of blond plantain at different temperatures showed the highest resistance to salinity at 20ºC. Salt stress at different temperatures reduced germination parameters. Increased temperatures resulted in better conditions for seed germination and increase the salinity stress tolerance. Increased severity of salinity causes the reduction of temperature range in which the seed can germinate.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different temperatures on seed germination of Plantago ovata and also to evaluate cardinal temperatures. Various constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The germinated seeds were counted every day and the rate of germination percentage, cumulative germination and cardinal temperatures of Plantago ovata seed germination based on two regression models including Intersected-lines Model and Quadratic Polynomial Model were calculated. The effects of temperatures on rate and percentage of germination was significant. The highest germination rates were in 20ºC (R50=0.067). Based on the two regression models, Intersected-lines Model and Quadratic Polynomial Model, the cardinal temperatures (Tbase, Topt and Tmax) of Plantago ovata seeds were: (3.9-4.5), (18.8-21.1) and (33.7-34.1)°C, respectively. With increasing temperature, the more suitable conditions in terms of temperature, is created for Plantago ovata seed germination and germination rate is increased.

In this paper, a practical method of combined finite element simulation and adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) optimization was developed to design and analyze sheet hydroforming process. Process simulation using finite element code with parametric definition of process parameters creates flexibility on the proposed method in which geometrical dimensions and properties of the workpiece and the die comprise a part of input data of optimization program. Redefinition of simulated annealing parameters with respect to hydroforming process caused to achieve data convergence in a shorter time and higher precision. An intermediate MATLAB code was developed to manage data transfer automatically between optimization and simulation codes, in which there would be no need to any interference of user/designer during the optimization process. The aim of this research for presenting the combinatorial procedure of flexible simulation is to achieve optimal forming pressure loading path, determine the desired punch velocity, produce the desired workpiece with minimum thinning, and avoid wrinkling and rupturing. Two different loading paths proportionate to the ram’s stroke of press unit are proposed to synchronize optimal pressure path and desired punch velocity in forming of cup-shaped products. Using the optimization approaches of constant and variable velocity, thinning values of 12.9778 and 12.3295 for a steel part with conical shape were obtained by implementing simulation iteration of 202 and 148, respectively. This result demonstrates improvement of product quality and decrease of simulation iterations in variable velocity. Appropriate conformity between numerical and experimental results verified the reliability and accuracy of the proposed optimization method.

The victory of Constitutional Movement marks a new age in the history of political thought in Iran. This historic event was not merely the breakout of developments in political and social scene, rather, it contained innovated conceptual elements from the beginning that upon necessity instigated reactions by two groups of ulema and religious jurists in agreement or disagreement with it. Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri was one of the religious jurists who supported the movement in the beginning but later changed his mind and rose in opposition of the Constitutional Movement.This paper intends to answer the key question of: What was behind Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri’s opposition to the Constitutional Movement, and on what basis did he rule on the illegitimacy of the movement? This paper hypothesizes that his opposition to the Constitutional Movement was not in defense of tyranny, but in defense of the authority of Sharia or religious law, that he thought had been neglected. On this basis, he had insisted on enforcement of religious law from the beginning due to his strong belief in Sharia and the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence as well as hissystem of religious traditions. He thought the Islamic law was to be enforced after the victory of Constitutional Movement. However, with the advancement of the movement and with the surfacing of the differences in the legislative duties and responsibilities of the Consultative Assembly, and the degree of the interference in or supervision of the jurists on legislation and in such issues as representation of constituencies, equality and freedom, led the Sheikh come to the conclusion that the new foundation had nothing in common with his theoretical and religious fundamentals. In the meantime, the canonical interpretation of the religious constitutionalists could not overcome his fundamental opposition to the movement.

Abstract Investors and managers are seeking of stock selection in investment of stocks firms that have optimize of profitability and they use of accounting information as a source of information in selecting of purchase and sale of own shares. If accounting information reported by entities, have quality, it can be affected in decision of investors. Therefore, in this research, we study the effect of accounting information quality on reflecting of information timeliness in stock price. So, to test the hypothesis, 71companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2002 to 2011 was chosen with using the systematic elimination method. Also, we utilized multiple- variables regression and pooling- data to analysis of data. Based on research of Andrew (2011), in this research, we used accruals quality and earnings smoothing to measuring of accounting information quality. Results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between accrual quality and earnings smoothing with Reflecting of information timeliness on stock price, but whatever, accounting information quality is higher, this information affects stock prices more quickly. Also, findings indicate that there is a positive (negative) relationship between firm size (corporate governance) and Reflecting of information timeliness on stock price, respectively.

Conditional conservatism appears in prompt recognition of loss toward earnings that is so called asymmetric timeliness of earnings. The asymmetric timeliness of earnings could arise from other phenomenon which is called costs stickiness. Costs stickiness means that costs are increasing during the sales increase, but when the sales decrease, the costs reduction will not be as much as prior increase. However, information asymmetry leads to apply more conservatism in financial reporting, that this relationship is also influenced by the cost stickiness. This research aims to identify the effect of costs stickiness on conditional conservatism and Asymmetry Information. In order to attain the research purpose, 115 companies among the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1382 to 1391 (2003-2012) were selected as statistical samples For data analysis and hypothesis testing, multivariable regression and compound data have been used. Findings of research signify that after controlling for the effect of costs stickiness, conditional conservatism will decrease, which means that a part of asymmetric timeliness of earnings model is due to costs stickiness. Results also indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the information asymmetry and costs stickiness, which decreases the effect of information asymmetry on conditional conservatism.

In this study, The Effect of different Level measures of stock liquidity on the Premium Stock Returns have been tested. Independent variables in this study are Trading turnover ratio, adverse selection of bid- ask Spread and bid- ask Spread, these were also measures of stock liquidity. The Premium Stock Returns is the dependent variable and size, market risk and the book-to-market was cons idered as control variables. The stock liquidity measures, formulation of hypotheses and the sample consists of 70 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2005 to 2011 were selected. To test the hypothesis the Fama and French (1993) four-factor model was used. Methods of portfolio companies were categorized based on stock liquidity measures taken. The ranking was based on different levels of liquidity. So, liquidity factor will have (or lack) a different effect on the Premium Stock return. The results of this Paper, help the investors According to liquidity measures and their Premium Stock Returns.

Stock liquidity is one of the criteria that the investors consider in their portfolio decisions. The earning management is one of the other factors that influences stock liquidity. This could examine in terms of discretionary-related earning management and the real earning management. Therefore the main purpose of this study is to estimate earning management based on the Liquidity trading companies and also examine its effect on stock liquidity of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. This study conducted through regression model based on panel data and then hypotheses tested through this. The results of data analysis and hypotheses test indicated that the Liquidity trading companies significantly influence stock liquidity negatively. Also effect of mediator factors on Liquidity trading companies and stock liquidity has been examined. These factors include standard deviation of daily stock returns, the average daily turnover of stocks, the average closing price of stocks traded, the average number of daily transactions of stocks, and market value of company. Also the results indicated that effects of these factors haven’t been accepted.

Stock liquidity is one of the criteria that the investors consider in their portfolio decisions. The earning management is one of the other factors that influences stock liquidity. This could examine in terms of discretionary-related earning management and the real earning management. Therefore the main purpose of this study is to estimate earning management based on the abnormal discretionary costs and also examine its effect on stock liquidity of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. This study conducted through regression model based on panel data and then hypotheses tested through this. The results of data analysis and hypotheses test indicated that the abnormal discretionary costs significantly influence stock liquidity negatively. Also effect of mediator factors on abnormal discretionary costs and stock liquidity has been examined. These factors include standard deviation of daily stock returns، the average daily turnover of stocks، the average closing price of stocks traded، the average number of daily transactions of stocks، and market value of company. Also the results indicated that effects of these factors haven’t been accepted.

In this paper the ability of cash flow and accrual components in forecasting abnormal earnings and explaining values of companies have been evaluated. For this purpose four hypotheses are disgnd. For hypotheses testing, three linear information valuation models based on the framework of Faltam-Ohlson Model are used. Each linear structure reflects a level of earnings disaggregation. In the first linear model, none of the earnings components is included. In the second linear model, operating cash flows, aggregated accruals and in the third linear model, operating cash flows and components of accruals are included as the components of earnings.For estimating the models, we use financial data of 63 sample companies and pooled data method for the period of 1998 to 2007. For testing of the research hypotheses we use multi-variable regression.The results indicate that the operating cash flows and aggregated accruals have explanatory power for company value and abnormal earnings. Other findings of this research indicate that the components of accruals have the ability to predict abnormal earnings. But in the level of the selected sample only some of the coefficients of accruals components in valuation equation are statistically significant. Further analyses, show inconsistent results among different industries, due to the different nature and amount of cash flows and accrual components of earnings in various industries.