abbas salehi najafabadi

Explaining the causes of the spread of populism in the world (case study of Iran) Review : Using the descriptive research method, we analyzed the explanation of the causes of the spread of populism in the world (a case study of Iran). The results show that the hypothesis is confirmed, and based on this, class differences and unequal distribution of wealth are the basis for the formation of populism in countries It is developing, including Iran, with the explanation that populism means populism or populism, it is a way of favoring or pretending to favor the rights and interests of the common people against the elites. Political populism is actually the use of people to achieve political goals. A danger that also threatens Iran due to the current economic and political conditions. Popularism or populism is a political doctrine and method in favoring or favoring the rights and interests of the common people against the elite group. In the 20th century, most "populist" movements were identified with Latin American and Indian movements, but since the 1980s, these movements have also gained some success in Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the United States. Class differences and unequal distribution of wealth have been the basis for the formation of governments and even populist social movements in developing countries, including Iran, and the advanced capitalist societies of Europe and the United States have witnessed the emergence of populism and its rapid expansion in recent years.

Decision-making is related to the political-social action of the political elites, who speed up or hinder the political progress of the society with their performance due to their power and influence. This research aimed to investigate the role of political elites in the process of developing political and social rights in Iranian society. The present research method was descriptive-analytical and relied on library sources. According to the results, to the extent that the elites and the worthy rule over the affairs, government and governance achieve high levels of efficiency and effectiveness, and aspects such as legitimacy, acceptability, and justice of the government are strengthened. Also, with the rule of the elites, other concepts in the field of politics, such as the participation of the competition, the circulation of the elites, etc., will be in an optimal state, and the political and social development will be on a growing path.

The current research aimed to analyze the obstacles to the realization of meritocracy facing the attraction of elites in the country's management levels and the ways out of it, relying on the statement of the second step of the revolution. The main question was to investigate the obstacles to the realization of meritocracy and the solutions for its realization under the attraction of elites in the managerial levels of the country. The method was analytical-descriptive and relied on library resources. The findings showed that the first obstacle is the weakening of meritocracy by overemphasizing on work history, and the solution is youthism and trusting the elite. The next challenge is the non-compliance of the selection criteria with the operational needs of the organization, the solution is to use talented human resources and also eliminate discrimination in the distribution of public resources. Non-granting of rewards based on organizational status is the third challenge, the solution is the realization of justice and narrowing the field of discrimination. The lack of attention to ethics and its promotion is the fourth challenge, and returning to the spirit of ethics caused by the revolution and holy defense was considered as the main solution. The last challenge is the lack of effect of performance evaluation results on the job conditions of employees, the solution is to give effect to the results of performance evaluation, to pay attention to the spiritual competence of people along with the conditions of performance evaluation and to record actual performance.

In recent years, European societies and the United States have witnessed the rise of populism and its rapid expansion. In the meantime, the issue of Britain's exit from the European Union (Brexit) has been highlighted as part of the broad wave of populism. Many analyzes have been done regarding the issue of Brexit, which mainly focused on the consequences of Brexit. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the effects of globalization from various cultural, economic, security and political dimensions effective in the growth of populism, in addition to other causes and factors influencing the growth of populism and the realization of Brexit, which have been neglected in many analyses. to pay Therefore, this article answers the question, which factors have been effective in the growth of nationalist populism and the realization of Brexit in Britain? which in response to the main hypothesis of the research is that the economic, cultural, political and security crises, the issue of immigration and social gaps caused by globalization, transatlantic relations, the superiority of identity and historical cultural heritage, nationalism with social forces as factors They have been effective in the growth of nationalist populism, especially in the realization of Brexit in the United Kingdom. Qualitative research method, causal explanation type and data collection method, a library by using various sources while rereading theoretical concepts about populism tries to clarify the fields of growth of nationalist populism and its role in the realization of Brexit.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the election and its role in reproducing ethnic-religious competition in Islamabad Gharb (Kermanshah province). The present study is an applied research according to the existing objectives and the type of research is based on the qualitative-quantitative paradigm and the technique used to collect information and survey data. The statistical sample in the first phase of the research includes 18 experts. In the second part of the study, the statistical sample is 384 indigenous people living in the western region of Islamabad. The research tool in the first stage is a researcher-made questionnaire and consists of 58 questions. After conducting exploratory factor analysis, the number of research questions was reduced to 49 questions. In order to evaluate the validity of the research instrument, the face validity method was used and in order to measure the reliability, the Cronbach's alpha method of reliability was used. Sampling method in this dissertation is a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Exploratory findings of the study showed that elections in the form of 5 factors; Competition of different ethnic groups for government jobs, politicization of ethnicities living in the region increasing intra-ethnic solidarity, accountable ethnic participation and strengthening of ethnic-religious elites are effective in reproducing ethnic-religious competition in Islamabad Gharb.

Fundamentalism is a school born primarily of the Protestant religion. Protestantism is a reform movement that originated in Berber Europe around the 15th century. The representative of the Protestant movement was mainly Martin Luther (1483-1546 AD), a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, who rebelled against the church and the pardon order issued by Pope Leo X in 1517. Before him, of course, John Wycliffe (1330-1384) and Janusz rebelled against the Catholic Church, but their revolt was for political reasons rather than belief. Concerning Jewish fundamentalism, the orthodox Talmudic Jews, who have accepted and practically believed in the modern interpretation of Jewish Zionism from the Promised Land, are considered Jewish fundamentalists.This study was conducted with the aim of semiotically examining the first movements of fundamentalism among the Jews who immigrated to the Occupied Palestinian Territories through the method of library studies. In fact, the study sought to answer the question, what were the signs of the first Jewish fundamentalist movement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories? At the end of the research process, the research hypothesis that there are four main signs: 1- Loyalty to the myth of the Promised Land; 2. The preaching of the two Messiahs; 3- Otherization 4-Pragmatism; It is one of the signs of the first Jewish fundamentalist movement in the occupied territories; It was proved.

The main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the impact and role of Islamic councils in the process of political development of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a macro view of performance and obstacles, and factors of failure and to present strategic plans for the future. The research method is descriptive-analytical and seeks to evaluate the impact of Islamic councils on the political development process of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results showed that increasing public awareness, public trust in social institutions, realizing the rights of the people, and promoting a culture of accountability and a culture of independence could lead to political development, reduce municipal authority, and overcome political issues tastes over other aspects. Specialized and non-specialized affairs have had a negative impact on political development. Political affairs are not separate from the sphere of people's lives, and political development is not only related to governmental affairs, which for ordinary people is an alien and alien concept and only in the hands of the ruler and his representatives, but the purpose of political development is to increase various capacities. Moreover, society is in everything, which obliges the system to respond better to public demands. The role of the Islamic councils of the city in the political development of the country is not very efficient and colorful; the cities do not have a favorable development process, and the councils do not play a significant role in political development. A principled structural reform can pave the way for solving existing problems and political development, and optimal management of cities and regions.

The present study seeks to investigate the causes and factors of the growth of nationalist populism in some Western countries, including the United States. The present article claims that Western modernity and the widespread phenomenon of globalization in various economic, cultural, security, and political fields as a prominent feature and the prevailing current of this century, which has brought with it conflicts that are one of the results. Or the products of these conflicts have been the emergence of populism in the politics of governments and the rise of far-right populist parties in Europe and populist currents in the United States. The findings of this study show that the growth of populism along with other factors, mainly due to the consequences of globalization (globalization) such as economic crisis, growth of xenophobia in the form of anti-immigration policies and identity crisis and dissatisfaction, social collapse, fear and anxiety And the crisis of identity and the failure and non-implementation of the goals of the phenomenon of globalization. Qualitative research method, causal explanation and data collection method, library and also the use of resources, while re-reading the theoretical concepts of populism, and expresses its characteristics and tries to explain the grounds for its growth and formation. To enlighten these countries to some extent.

Familiarity with the ideas of thinkers provides the path for development of knowledge of their ideas in society both among the laity and the experts. The goal of the present article is the comparative study of the ideas of Abdolkarim Soroush and Mohammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi on Islamic government. Having provided , the ideas of these two thinkers as regards Islamic government in general and also as their intellectual dispute are delineated. The most important issue in this article is that what are the ideas of these two Muslim thinkers regarding the essence and philosophy of Islamic government? We have also debated the details of their ideas in order to provide a dependable account of them. This essay is based on hermeneuetical method. Through the study, the works of Soroush and Mesbah Yazdi as regards Islamic government have been compared. The methodology is librarary based and the result shows that the ideas of these two thinkers have their origin in the same intellectual origin though they have become divided in the course of time. This article can be helpful in the analysis of the works and ideas of other Muslim thinkers on Islamic government

The attempt to integrate religion and democracy is one example of struggle between tradition and modernity.this debate over the issue of democracy and religious rule began with the rise of legitimate constitutional theory against the constitutional absolutist demand.as thinkers have always argued over issues such as the authenticity of the people vote,confusion between right and obligation,legitimacy and acceptance.so Mesbah Yazdi ,with a religious perspective,and Soroush with a hermeneutic view were arranged their votes.Mesbah Yazdi regards as gruesome achievement of the story of saghifeh introduces theory of divine providence as the centerpiece of Islamic rule,while Abdule karim Soroush advocates the existence of Muslim democracy and in principle,freedom and equality are known as the essantial of his theory of democracy.this essay noticed the relationship between religion and democracy from Soroush and Mesbab Yazdi views. Key words;Islamic state freedom,legitimacy,democracy. the story of saghifeh introduces theory of divine providence as the centerpiece of Islamic rule,while Abdule karim Soroush advocates the existence of Muslim democracy and in principle,freedom and equality are known as the essantial of his theory of democracy.this essay noticed the relationship between religion and democracy from Soroush and Mesbab Yazdi views. Key words;Islamic state freedom,legitimacy,democracy.

The councils are one of the fundamental issues and the most radical management methods that guarantee democracy and the participation of all citizens. The focus of power in the central sovereignty and the lack of attention to local management as well as the lack of proper regulation of the power structure in state apparatuses, especially in the field of urban management, should be considered as the most important cause of urban problems and social development. Its weaknesses and deficiencies in various phenomena It will emerge. With regard to the fact that councils are the interface between civil society and government and can play an effective role in the development process, the results show that the role of city councils in the political development of the country is not very efficient, There is no decent development in all areas, and the councils do not have much to do with political development. A structural structural reform can be used to solve existing problems and to develop political and optimal urban and regional management. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to examine the effect of Islamic councils in the process of political development of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Confusion of academic elite and political analysts in the Elections in Khordad 1376,Tir 1384 reveals the inefficiency in the analysis instrumentals of election in Iran .Regarding the fact that the analysts of election phenomenon apply various instruments and theories to analyses the election including theories pertaining to Feminism , Plot , Psychology , Rational choice , Discourse etc , but it seem that reading the political realities in Iran and typical kind of Iranian political culture some combination of instruments and theories must be applied to analyze the election . So in order to conform the analysis instruments and theories with Iran s political realities at first Iran s political realities will be compiled through question , and then by applying various tests the measure of validity and meaning fullness of these instruments and theories will be stupid. It seems that none of these theories can analyses the multilateral election phenomenon by themselves, and some combining can just help us more effectively to understand Iran s political realities in the field of election.

To recognize the nature of the tensions between Iran and Arabic countries, especially Saudi Arabia, we first should answer to this question seriously that why Iran phobia’s hegemonic project became popular among Arabic countries, particularly Saudi Arabia. In response to this question, it is supposed that Lucluo and Moufe analysis model can be helpful in the analyzing the discussion of hegemonic discourses. It was used because in one hand it shows that the discourse of Iran phobia is constructed by the western media and Arabic countries, particularly Saudi Arabia, and on the other hand, it considers the discourse of Islam phobia, Iran phobia, and Shia phobia are based on some historical and religious basis that could get high popularity among Arabic Sunnis greatly. Typically, historical debates between Arabs and non-Arabs, and Shiites and Sunnis are theorized in Iran-phobia discourses