abdollatif gholizadeh

The herbicides environmental pollution caused by their over-use is one of the most critical threats to ecosystems and human societies' health. Therefore, understanding the behavior of pesticides in the environment is necessary to reduce the adverse effects of the environment and optimize agricultural activities. The goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of manure level on the leaching depth of 2,4-D via soybean and cucumber seedling bioassay.

This factorial experiment was performed based on a RCBD with three replications. The first factor was livestock manure including control (without manure and herbicide), 0, 10, 25 and 50% of rotted manure all with herbicide and the second factor of soil layers considered as 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12 cm. 2,4-D herbicide (72% L, 2 L.ha-1), 24 hours after soil saturation was applied. 48 hours after herbicide application, five seeds of the plant were planted in each pot and by the end of 30 days, shoot and root length and dry weight of shoot and root were measured.

The results showed that the 2,4-D leaching depth was 10 cm in soybean and 12 cm in cucumber without manure. Adding 10 and 25% manure did not show a significant effect on the 2,4-D leaching reduction, but treatment of 50% manure diminished the leaching depth in soybeans and cucumbers up to 8 and 10 cm. With 50% increase in manure due to increased herbicide adsorption in 2 and 4 cm layers, more inhibition was observed than other layers and as a result, less herbicide was transferred to the next layers. On the other hand, cucumber showed more sensitivity to different amounts of 2,4-D herbicide leaching than soybean, so that up to 8 cm layer, all treatments except herbicide-free control treatment indicated a significant reduction in measured traits. It seems that the increase of soil organic matter in the treatment of 50% manure in layers larger than 8 cm, improved the growth of measured traits close to the control treatment. According to the results of this experiment, cucumber can be used as an index plant to monitor the leaching depth of 2,4-D herbicide.

The more sensitive the plant is, the more it reacts to the herbicides, and as a result, the effective depth of leaching increases for that plant. At the present study, the effective leaching depth in cucumber and soybean plants was different. In soybean, it was between 6 and 10 cm, and in cucumber, depending on the measured trait sensitivity, it was between 10 and 12 cm. Cucumber showed high sensitivity to different amounts of leaching, so that up to a depth of approximately 6 cm in all treatments a significant reduction in measured traits occurred. Comparing the reaction of soybean and cucumber crops to the depth of 2,4-D leaching, it can be concluded that cucumber is more sensitive than soybean; So that in soybean from a depth of 6 cm and after, no sharp decrease in the studied traits is observed, but in cucumber up to a depth of 10 cm, the decrease was noticed. It is noteworthy that the addition of manure may reduce the leaching of herbicides, but at shallow depths due to the adsorption of high amounts of herbicides, and its gradual application will cause plant burns. Also, according to the results of this experiment, cucumber can be used as a benchmark in monitoring the amount of 2,4-D herbicide leaching.

A mapping population of 96 inbred line derived by cross Neda (NAD) and Ahlamitaroum (ATM), was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fresh biomass (FB), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root number (RN), leaf width (LW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) and K content (KC) under K deficiency condition in rice. Two parents and 96 inbred lines were phenotyped for the traits by growing them in K deficiency nutrient solution. In K deficiency, 16 QTL was able to explain a great deal of phenotypic variation in features. qSL-7a, qRL-6, qRL-10b, qRL-12b, qRN-6b, qRN-12b, qLL-6, qLL-7, qLW-6b, qLW-10b, qLW-12a, qLW-12b, qLW-12c, qKC-6b, qKC-10b and qKC-12c were on chromosomes 6, 7, 10 and 12. Their LOD are 4.732, 5.826, 5.01, 5.067, 11.346, 5.867, 5.973, 5.85, 7.077, 8.055, 5.577, 6.439, 8.012, 14.057, 6.432 and 858/6, respectively. In normal conditions, 5 QTL with a large effect were identified. qKCN-6c, qKCN-7a, qKCN-10, qKCN-12b and qKUN-6 were located on chromosomes 6, 7, 10, 12 and 6, respectively. Owing to the high percentage of explanation, the major QTLs can be a suitable candidate for marker assistance programs in recombinant Iranian rice lines after validation.

Rice is the world’s most important staple food and will continue to be so in the coming decades. Ferrous iron is essential for rice growth. A mapping population of 96 rice inbred lines derived by Neda (NAD) and Ahlemitarom (ATM) cross, was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fresh biomass (FB), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root number (RN), leaf width (LW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) and Fe content (FC) under Fe toxicity condition in rice. Two parents and 96 inbred lines were evaluated for the traits by growing them under normal and Fe toxicity nutrient solution. Under stress condition, two QTLs were detected for FB on chromosome 10, with LOD of 2.859, and 2.465. Twelve QTLs were identified for RL on chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12. Three QTLs were detected on chromosomes 6, 7, and 8 for RN, and two QTLs for RDW on chromosomes 2 and 9. One QTL controlling LW, RFW, and FC was located on chromosomes 10, 9, and 1, respectively. The other QTLs for FB, SL, and RN was located on chromosomes 12, 12, and 3 under normal condition, with respective contributions of 9.7, 10, and 9.9, respectively. qLWN-2, qLWN-7, and qLWN-12 were located for LW on chromosomes 2, 7, and 12. These QTLs, due to the high percentage of explanation after validation, are a good candidate for marker-assisted selection programs with the help of markers in the rice population.

Seed germination is described as a prominent and important feature of a cultivar. In order to identify QTLs related to barley germination under normal, salinity and drought conditions, 103 F8 families from Crosses of two cultivars, Badia × Kavir, were assessed using completely randomized design in two replications during the 2018-2019, in the botanical laboratory of Gonbad Kavous University, Iran. Number of roots, root length, root weight, coleoptile length, plumule length, plumule weight and germination percentage. Linkage maps were prepared using 152 SSR polymorphic markers, 72 ISSR alleles, 7 IRAP alleles, 29 CAAT alleles, 27 Scot alleles and 15 iPBS alleles. The molecular markers used were attributed to 7 barley chromosomes with a map length of 999.2 centi Morgans (cM). The mean distance between two adjacent markers was 3.387 cM. QTL analysis was performed using composite distance mapping (CIM) for each trait in each environment. In this study, chromosomes 4, 5 and 7 were the most important chromosomes in all three conditions due to the presence of the most QTLs. Under normal conditions 2 major effect QTLs were detected for the coleoptile length (qCLN-5a) and Germination percentage (qGPN-4b) was detected, Under drought stress conditions, 3 major effect QTLs were detected for root length (qRLD-4b) and (qRLD-5) for stem weight (qPWD-4). The results of this research can be used in marker assisted selection programs after determining the validity

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components in some winter cereals, a factorial experiment in completely randomized with 3 replications was conducted in greenhouse at Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavoos University. The treatments were winter cereals with 6 levels included bread wheat cultivar Kohdasht, durum wheat cultivar Seimareh, six-row barley cultivar Sahra, two-row barley cultivar Khorram, and hull less barley Line 17 and triticale cultivar Javaniloo and drought stress with 3 levels i.e., full irrigation as the control (-0.4 bar), slight water stress (-1 bar) and intensive water stress (-4 bar). Drought stress was imposed in flowering stage. The results showed that the effect of species and drought had a significant effect on all the studied traits while interaction on all studied were not significant. The results of mean comparison showed that the range of grain yield changes between species varied from 1.25 to 2.58 g per plant. The results showed that grain yield in triticale is  more than durum wheat (73%). Also, the comparison between different levels of drought stress showed that with increasing drought stress, all measured traits decreased in the studied species. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased by about 32, 72 and 45%, respectively in severe stress conditions compared to the control. The results of this study showed that high biological yield and high harvest index can be considered as important criteria in breeding cultivars of plant species.

Chlorophyll fluorescence is one of the very useful techniques in plant physiology because of the ease with which the user can gain detailed information on the state of photosystem II (PSII) at a relatively low cost. Detection of quantitative traits loci related to chlorophyll fluorescence have a major role in understanding the genetic mechanisms of photosynthesis. In the present research, to mapping, the genome regions controlling chlorophyll fluorescence traits, barley (Hordeum vulgare L) from 106 F8 recombinant inbred lines caused by crossing two cultivars of Badia × Kavir was used and these lines were cultured in a complementary randomized design with two replications. Traits studied include ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, DIo/CSo, ABS/CSm, DIo/CSm, psi (Eo), TRo/RC, REo/RC, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, Area, Fv/Fm, Sm. Linkage maps were prepared using 152 SSR polymorphic markers, 72 ISSR, 7 IRAP, 29 CAAT, 27 Scot, and 15 iPBS alleles. Molecular markers were assigned on 7 chromosomes of barley. The linkage map covered 999.2 cM of the barley genome and the average distance between two flanking markers was 3.387 cM. Three major QTLs were identified for Area, psi (Eo), and Dio/Rc on Chromosome 6 between ISSR31-1-Bmag0867 in position 62 Centimorgan that explained 17.2%, 31.5%, and 15.9%, respectively. Also, another colocation was detected for ABS/CSo, TRo/CSo, ABS/CSm, and DIo/CSm QTLs on chromosome 6 in position 72 Centimorgan. The results obtained in the present research provide valuable information on the genetic basis of the Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that can be used in the barley breeding program, including marker-assisted selection.

To investigate the effects of foliar spraying and pretreatment with salicylic acid on some physiological traits and grain yield of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under different irrigation regime, the study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatment and three replications in Gonbad Kavous university research field in 2017-2018. The treatment included four irrigation levels: without irrigation (dry farm), irrigation at flowering stage, irrigation at seed filling stage and two irrigations at flowering and seed filling stages and salicylic acid application included three levels: non- application of salicylic acid (control), priming with salicylic acid (0.5 mM -1) and foliar spraying of salicylic acid (0.5 mM -1). In this study, some traits such as amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, electrolyte leakage, proline, soluble sugars and grain yield were evaluated. The results showed that the effects of simple irrigation and salicylic acid and their interactions on all studied traits were significant. The results of the comparison of mean interactions showed that the application of salicylic acid in form of foliar spraying increased traits such as photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugars and grain yield in all irrigation conditions. Priming with salicylic acid treatment had the lowest electrolyte leakage. The highest grain yield (1330 kg. ha-1) was obtained in foliar spraying application of salicylic acid under twice irrigated conditions and the lowest grain yield was obtained (817 kg. ha-1) in non-application of salicylic acid at dry farm conditions. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the application of salicylic acid as foliar spraying is a suitable strategy for increasing the resistance of black cumin to drought stress.

In order to study the effects of silkworm residues and nitroxin on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of German chamomile )Matricaria chamomilla), a pot experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University in growing season: 2013-2014. The first factor included fertilizer of silkworm residues in six levels (0, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 20%) and nitroxin biofertilizer in two levels (inoculated with nitroxin and non inoculated) as second factor. The results showed that the highest biological yield, numbers of flowers and flowers weights in a pot were obtained in combination of 7.5% silkworm residues with nitroxin. At lower levels of silkworm residues, the amount of phenol and catalase enzymes increased. While high levels of silkworm residues (over 10%) increased the flower essence and chamazulene percent. In clousion, using silkworm residues with nitroxin increased quantitative and qualitative yield in German chamomile. Therefore, it is suggested to use a combination of 7.5% of silkworm residues and nitroxin for flower production. But combination of 20% of silkworm residues and nitroxin is suggested for flower essence.

Drought stress is considered as one of the most important environmental problems in agriculture and the growth of plants. The persistent shortage of water causes early aging of the leaves of plants. During this process, the chloroplasts are destroyed and photosynthesis activity sharply reduced. The adaptation of plants to drought stress is the result of a change in many morphological and biochemical mechanisms which lead to changes in plant growth rate, stomatal conductivity, photosynthesis process speed, and enzyme activity. The ability of plants to compromise in environmental stresses depends on the type, intensity and duration of stress and plant species. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound known as an important molecular signal in plant fluctuations in response to environmental. Also alters a number of metabolic pathways including synthesis, oxidation and some biological activities including respiration, photosynthesis and absorption. Polyamines (PA) are a group of phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds with aliphatic nitrogen structure which are present in whole living organisms including plants. They play a role in collecting active radicals and increasing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses including salinity, drought and senescence. Plantago ovata Forssk is an annual herbal plant belonging to the Plantaginaceae family. So, among 28 species from Plantago genus, this species aspect economical is commercial source of mucilage. In recent years, according to reorganization plan for cultivation of medicinal plants in country, this crop has been recommended aspect 10 priority species of medicinal plants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of isabgol in water deficit conditions.

The study was conducted as a split plot factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications in research field of the Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan Province, Iran in 2016. In this experiment, the treatment of irrigation included (non-stress: control), irrigation cutoff at flowering stage and irrigation cutoff at seed filling stage was the main-plot and factorial of salicylic acid (zero, 0.4 and 0.8 mM), plus spermine spraying (zero and 0.02 mM) were as a sub-plot. Foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine at budding (inflorescence production), flowering and seed filling stages were applied.

Analysis of variance of data showed that in most of the characteristics, the combined effects of irrigation cutoff, salicylic acid and spermine, were significant at 1 or 5 percentage confidence levels. According to the results of the maximum grain and biological yield were found in the combined treatments of 0.8 mM salicylic acid spraying at irrigation interruptions at grain filling stage about 540.8 kg/ha-1 and 2795 kg/ha-1 respectively. The maximum amount of grain mucilage (19.7%) and swelling rate per gram mucilage (105.7 mg.l-1) were obtained in the treatment of 0.4 mM salicylic acid and 0.02 mM spermine in the absence of tension. According to the results, the foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine in cutoff irrigation conditions at flowering and seed filling stages significantly loss prevented more studied characteristics. It is concluded that the effective role of salicylic acid and spermine in osmotic regulation, membrane stability and elimination of active cell radicals could increase the tolerance of isabgol herb in water stress conditions.

According to the findings of this experiment and the research done on other plants, it was concluded that the leaf foliar application of medicinal plants with phenolic and polyamines compounds such as salicylic acid and spermine with suitable concentrations can be considered as an effective step to reduce the adverse effects of water stress and finally increase the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of plant.

This study was conducted as split plot factorial experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications, on research field of the Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran in winter 2017. In this experiment the treatments of irrigation included; control (non-stress), irrigation cutoff at flowering stage and irrigation cutoff at seed filling stage) was the main-plot and factorial of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.4 and 0.8 mM), spermine (Spm) spraying (0 and 0.02 mM) was as a sub-plot. According to the results of the experiment, the highest 1000-grain weight (2.00 g) was obtained in irrigation cutoff at seed filling with 0.4 mM salicylic acid spraying and biological yield (2472.37 kg/ha) was observed under normal irrigation conditions and SA0.8mM+Spm0.02mM spraying. In addition, the most of Seed swelling factor (12.42 ml) and seed mucilage percentage (21.33%) were obtained in under moderate and severe stress conditions, respectively. Also, the highest grain yield (574.05 kg ha-1), seed mucilage yield (102.12 kg ha-1) and seed husk percentage (72%) were observed to foliar spraying 0.8 mM salicylic acid and 0.02 mM spermine in irrigation cutoff at seed filling. According to the results, the spraying of salicylic acid and spermine in irrigated conditions at flowering and seed filling stages prevented significant traits from being studied and the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed husk percent, seed mucilage percentage, seed mucilage yield were caused.

Water shortage in terminal phases of wheat growth causes low-quality seeds in wheat. Extra use of chemical fertilizer has an adverse effect on the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is very important in Iran grown on 7 million ha of the total national cultivated; irrigated wheat farms accounting for 35% of the total wheat lands. It grows mainly during dry seasons, where irrigation is necessary because precipitation in the growing season is far less than the crop water requirement. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water available is a major limitation for crop production. Wheat needs sufficient available water and nutrient to achieve optimum yields, quality, and adequate grain-protein content. In recent years, the water shortage has gradually increased in most of the countries mainly due to the annual increasing irrigation and dry climate. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of azotobacter and mycorrhiza fungus on yield and yield components of wheat varieties and quality of derived seeds under supplementary irrigation. The present study experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle).

To evaluate the effect of azotobacter and mycorrihza application on yield, yield components and seed quality of wheat cultivars an experiment was carried out in the Research Station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle). Experimental factors including two irrigated wheat varieties namely N-80-20 and Gonbad Cv., six levels of inoculations (1) non inoculated as control, (2) application of mycorrihza  (G. intraradices), (3) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum, (4) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum, (5) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, (6) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, and three levels of supplementary irrigation (non-irrigated, irrigation at booting and irrigation at the full flowering stage). The studied traits were plant height, spike length, number of spikes, number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, seed germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight and length vigor index. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SPSS and STATISTICA software. The graphs were drawn by excel software.

Results revealed that inoculation of wheat varieties with a combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza induced seed yield and yield components increment as well as quality improvement of derived seeds. Supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase had more positive effects on traits of wheat varieties. Considering the investigated characteristics, N-80-20 had a better response to seed inoculation and supplementary irrigation comparing to Gonbad cultivar. The maximum seed yield (5987.33 kg.ha-1) was achieved with the application of mycorrihza + liquid azotobacter under supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase of wheat growth.It seems that application of biological fertilizers and supplementary irrigation is an appropriate and low-cost method for increasing of yield and improvement of seed quality of wheat. Seed inoculation of N-80-20 cultivar with mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter was increased the seed yield 10 percentage compared to control condition. Seed germination percentage and rate of wheat cultivars under supplementary irrigation was significantly increased. The maximum seed germination percentage (95.7%) was observed with the application of mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter. N-80-20 in compared to Gonbad cultivar was demonstrated better response regarding studied traits.

According to the results, in order to increase seed yield and improving seed quality, inoculation of seeds with a joint combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza along with supplementary irrigation at the full flowering stage of wheat could be recommended.

Knowing the factors affecting the movement of water and salts in the soil profile and the use of new modifiers such as biodegradable can help to manage the proper management of nitrate leaching from the root zone and prevent the pollution of groundwater. Biochar is produced from pyrolysis of various biomasses under anaerobic conditions (or low oxygen conditions). The adsorption capacity depends on its physical and chemical properties, which is influenced by various factors such as raw material, particle size, pyrolysis temperature, temperature variation rate and temperature keeping time.

In this research, the straw of the wheat and brassica napus have grinded and after its drying, by using a furnace for 4 hours at 600 ° C, wheat and napus biochar have prepared. The treatments test included the control (soil), soil +wheat biochar 2% , soil +wheat biochar 4%, soil + Brassica napus biochar 2% , soil + Brassica napus biochar 4%. Columns with the height of 10 and 20 cm and a diameter of 160 mm have prepared, and a mixture of biochars (2% ,4%) and soil have poured into the soils columns. In order to leaching, before experiments, 10 pore volume of distilled water has poured into each of the columns. In the first day, one pore volume of water, distilled water has poured into each of the columns. The second and third days one pore volume of nitrate solution at concentrations of 20, 50 and 100 mg/L, and on days 4, 5, 6, and 7 a distilled water pore volume have added to each columns. Then the solution was filtered using paper and the concentration of nitrate was measured with a spectrophotometer to determine the amount of leached and absorbed nitrate.

The results showed that the addition of biochar to soil on both levels, especially the combinational biochar, caused a significant decrease in nitrate leaching relative to the control in all days. In general, nitrate leaching in biochar 4% less than control and biochar 2%. Also, at a height of 20 cm, the nitrate leaching rate decreased from the soil column.

Regarding the results, the use of untreated combination of brassica napus and wheat biochar resulted in lower nitrate leaching from the soil.

Salinity is one of the main osmotic stresses that limit plants growth and development through changes in osmatic and ionic balance. In order to locate genomic regions controlling quantitative traits locus (QTLs), related to salinity tolerance in the barley and evaluating the relevant indices at the experimental germination stage in 2016 and 2017 using 100 families of the Badia × Comino cross with their parents in a completely Three replications were Randomized and six treatments including normal and five levels of salinity (4, 8, 12, 15 and 20 dS/m). QTL analysis was performed by composite location method based on each of the six treatments. A total of three QTLs were identified under normal conditions and 23 QTLs under stress conditions. The total phenotypic variance explained by these QTLs varied from 9.1 to 15.4 percent, with the lowest and the most related to root length in terms of 20 dS/m. Sustained QTLs in each of the six environments and linked markers in the selection method can be used to improve germination traits under salt stress conditions after several years of testing and repeat.

Cereals, have particular and important role in consume pattern in any country in the world. Study of the physiological responses of different cereal species to drought stress can be help to identify the mechanisms involved in resistance to drought. Drought stress is considered to be the major environmental factor limiting crop growth and yield. This stress induces many biochemical, molecular, and physiological changes and responses that influence various cellular and whole plant processes that affect crop yield and quality. Some studies suggest that drought stress influences the thermal tolerance of photosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water stress on the growth, chlorophyll, Catalaz, accumulations of proline and carbohydrates of cold cereals. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the low irrigation on chlorophyll a, b, total, proline, soluble sugar content, catalase enzyme and grain yield as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavoos University in growing season of 2015. The first factor was different cereal species including Kohdasht bread wheat, durum wheat Seimareh, six-row barley varieties of desert, two-row barley varieties Khorram, and Line 17 of hulless barley, triticale varieties Javanilu and the second factor was different levels of low irrigation including without drought stress (control) , moderate irrigation (5 days water disruption), severe low irrigation (10 days water disruption). In this study low irrigation was applied at flowering stage. Results showed that there was a significant differences between low irrigation levels for chlorophyll a, b and total, proline, soluble sugars and catalase (p < 0.01). The highest chlorophyll a content in moderate irrigation and sereve low irrigation were found in durum wheat and Kuhdasht by 0.33 and 0.21 mg/g, respectively. Maximum content of chlorophyll b and total in moderate irrigation and severe low irrigation conditions was obtained from Kuhdasht wheat. According to our results, maximum and minimum content of proline in under moderate irrigation were observed in Kuhdasht wheat by 98.34, 15.83 mg/g, respectively, while under severe low irrigation, the highest and the lowest content of proline were found in Line 17 of hulless barley by 103.90 and 16.50 mg/g. In this study, the highest soluble sugar content (190.87 mg/g) was recorded in the durum wheat under severe low irrigation conditions. According to the results of this study, different levels of drought stress caused a different response among cereal species, which can be attributed to genetic differences and their tolerance levels. As with the duration of irrigation, the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in grain species decreased compared to the control. However, Kuhdasht cultivar was more resistant to drought stress than other species.

Hordeum vulgare L. is one of the earliest products used by humans. Estimates of cereal consumption in the 2017-2018 crop season also increased and grew by 1.4% compared to the 2017-2016 season (FAO., 2017). The compared to other crops, barley has a distinct ecological adaptation and can be cultivated in a variety of climatic conditions (Samarah, 2005). Drought stress increases when the degree of evaporation of leaves exceeds the capacity and the ability of the roots to absorb water from the soil (Naghavi et al., 2016). Plants use different mechanisms for drought resistance, including these methods of escape or drought. Dam farming is dependent on the heavens and Iran is located on the world's dryland belt. By passing from spring to summer, rainfall levels are significantly reduced, and rain, crops grow late in the growing season, reaching and filling with dry land They encounter Joe is one of the major crops grown in rain-fed areas with moderate yields. Therefore, studies are conducted to select drought tolerant cultivars or genotypes in order to increase the yield of barley due to its cultivar and the increasing global dryness (Cattivelli et al., 2008). The purpose of the present study was to provide map of continuity of SSR, iPBS and ISSR markers, drought tolerance evaluation in the studied genotypes, identification of traits related to drought tolerance and location, and determination of continuous molecular markers for QTLs controlling barley agro-morphological traits under drought stress in The vegetative and reproductive stage in the F3 population was the result of a cross between Badia × Kumino cultivars. In order to locate the controlling genes associated with agromorphological traits in barley grower under normal conditions and drought stress, 100 F3 families from the cross between two cultivars Badia × Comino were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replications. This research was carried out in the greenhouse of the University of Gonbad-e-Kavos in the years 2016-2017. Among the superior attributes of parent Badia, a higher performance, stress tolerance and lower cumulative parent stress tolerance and stress tolerance were noted. The continuity map was prepared using 49 pairs of SSR microsatellite markers, 10 ISSR alleles and 90 IPBS alleles. In this study, the intervals between the iPBS2077-4-iPBS2074-1 and iPBS2231-1-iPBS2274-5 markers on chromosomes number 5 and 7, due to having the highest number of controlling QTLs, were observed in the reproductive and reproductive stages as the most important genomic regions have been identified and their use in breeding programs will be effective as important issues. The results of analysis of variance showed that all traits evaluated at vegetative and reproductive stage had a significant difference in probability level of 1%. Therefore, it can be noted that there is a good genetic variation among the genotypes. A comparison of the mean of traits in Badia × Kumino parents showed that for all traits evaluated in vegetative and reproductive stage, values greater than the parent had the highest trait and less than the minimum trait parent, indicating an trangressive segregation for the studied traits.

Among all the fertilizers applied in the field, nitrogen (N) is the most important element for plant growth, plant productivity and grain quality. It is important to define the complex trait of nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) before considering its improvement through breeding and N management strategies. NUE defined as grain dry matter yield per unit of available N (from the soil and/or fertilizer) divided it into two components, including (i) N-uptake efficiency (crop N uptake/N available; UPE) and (ii) N-utilization efficiency (grain dry matter yield/crop N uptake; UTE). N utilization efficiency (UTE) divided into two components, including harvest index (HI) and biomass production efficiency (BPE). Nitrogen utilization efficiency comprises harvest index (HI) and biomass production efficiency (BPE). The objective of this study was to determine the significance and magnitude of variation in N content, NUE, NUpE, NUtE, and grain protein concentration among diverse barely genotypes in years of release. Specifically, we wanted to determine if there was a positive correlation between these factors and grain yield. This field experiment was conducted under optimal condition, at the Gonbad University of Agricultural Sciences Research Farm, during the growing seasons of 2014-2015. The eight cultivars were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots consisted of 5 rows with 5 m long and 0.20 m apart. Seeding rate was calculated for each cultivar using percentage germination and 1000-seed weight to achieve a density of 270 plant m-2. Plant samples were separated in two components at anthesis (leaf + culm and chaff-flowered spikes) and three components at maturity [leaf + culm, chaff (rachis, glumes, awns), and grain]. Samples were dried at 70˚C for 3 d and dry matter (DM) were weighed. N content of the plant parts was measured using a modified version of the Kjeldahl procedure. At harvest, a 1.5 m2 portions at the center of each wheat plot was sampled to determine their biomass and harvest index. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS software package. Differences among the treatments were evaluated with the least significant difference (LSD). Analysis of variance for grain yield, NUE, NUtE and NHI traits showed that cultivars had significant differences in %1 level while protein percent and NUpE was significant in %5 levels. Nitrogen use efficiency ranged from 4.30 to 14.13 g m-2, depending on cultivar. Low yielding cultivars had the lowest NUE values. Average value for NUE was 6.99 g m-2. Relationships between NUE measurements with NUtE and NUpE were evaluated by linear regression. There was a strong and statistically significant relationship between NUE with NUtE and NUpE for all barely cultivars. Grain yield ranged from 184.87 to 603.11 gr m-2. Grain yield positively correlated with NUE and a negatively correlated with grain protein concentration. The results revealed that during breeding activities for barely yield improvement, NUE and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) were increased; while there was no changes for nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE). Because NUE divided into two components of NUtE and NUpE, most of the breeding effects on NUE were associated with change in nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). It seems that during year of release of barely cultivars no changes was observed for improvement of protein concentration. It appears that in studied cultivars, grain harvest index increased more rapidly than nitrogen harvest index which means no changes or decline of grain protein percent.

  Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals in the world. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stress and severely limits the production of barley around the world. Diversity is the basis of all screenings and genotypic selection also needs diversity. The use of haplotypes in the study of genetic relationships is important. This is more important when there is little indication of the power of the individual's markers, or when there are several genetic markers in the selected QTLs. Association analysis and study of the relationship between molecular markers and agronomic traits have several applications, including the possibility of studying the genetic potential of specific genotypes before phenotyping, identifying alleles related to traits in the germplasm, facilitating locating QTLs and validation of candidate genes responsible for quantitative traits. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the allelic variation, association analysis and haplotypes of continuous microsatellite markers to drought tolerance genes in the barley. The experiments were carried out as an augmented design with 96 barley genotypes along with four controls. 18 traits were evaluated on the plants. Then, to evaluate the allelic and haplotypic diversity, the genotypes were tested using five microsatellite markers related to drought tolerance. In the end, phenotypic information was compared with genotypic information, and the relationship between them was determined by linear forward regression. The analysis of the data obtained from the markers revealed that there were 26 multivariate alleles and also an average of 3.429 alleles for each marker, with the highest number of GBMS180, GMBS183 and EBmac0755 markers with 6 alleles. The results of the PIC show the highest value of the GBMS180 marker and the lowest value of the Bmag0782 marker; the mean of PIC was also 0.6267. The genetic diversity was also between 0.7117 and 0.7602 with an average of 0.6807. The GBMS180 has the highest value and the Bmag0782 has the lowest value. Haplotype evaluation of microsatellite markers on 96 genotypes studied genotypes in fifty-eight haplotype groups, among which the third haplotype group had the most sub cluster with three genotypes. The nineteen group, which included genotype 134, with the highest yield and drought tolerant, with 5183.333 kg ha-1. The results of the coupling analysis indicated that the GMBS183-D allele was involved in controlling four traits of the number of spikes, spike weight, number of seeds per spike and yield, and had the greatest effect among other alleles on the increase or decrease in yield and its components. Linear regression and haplotype studies did not overlap, although the forward linear regression of alleles was studied individually and the allelic groups were able to interact with each other, but the obtained data did not have two match methods. But a comparison of the results of allelic variation was similar to linear regression and showed GMBS183, which had the highest PIC, among four attributes related to yield and its components in controlling the three traits of the number of spikes, number of seeds per spike and yield. This marker was also present in control of days to physiological reppining, which plays an important role in plant escape from the stresses, especially drought stress, and R2 is equivalent to 15.4%. This suggests that the results of linear regression match the results of the allele variation and overlap each other.

The present research aims to study the association and allelic diversity of linked microsatellite markers to grain quality QTLs of 84 exotic rice genotypes. To this end, 9 microsatellite markers (RM540, RM539, RM587, RM527, RM216, RM467, RM3188, RM246, RM5461) were used in which a total of 61 alleles were identified with a mean of 6 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.542 (RM540) to 0.812 (RM3188) for SSR markers. Cluster analysis was performed using UPGMA method and genotypes were divided into five groups. Furthermore, based on regression analysis, for rice grain quality properties in flooding conditions as long as drought stresses, 10 alleles were identified. Of these, four alleles with gelatinization temperature, an allele with protein content under flooding conditions, and three alleles with protein content and three alleles with gelatinization temperature were related under drought stress. It should be noted that the RM216-C and RM5461-D alleles were commonly identified in several traits. The presence of common markers for traits is probably due to the consistency of chromosomal locus controlling these traits or pleiotropy. The results of this study may imply that the important identified alleles for example RM216-A for gelatinization temperature (R2=30.1 %) can be used in rice quality improvement programs.

Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutritional element in growth and a determining factor in tobacco yield. Therefor, rate and timing of nitrogen application is very important for growth of this plant. The purpose of this study is to use SPAD values to estimate nitrogen usage through correlation of SPAD value with yield and quality traits at different growth stages of tobacco. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design on flue cured tobacco (K-326 cultivar) in Tirtash Tobacco Research and Education Center for two years (2015 and 2016). Treatments consisted of three nitrogen level (20, 40 and 60 kg.ha-1) and three application methods of nitrogen (1- two parts of nitrogen broadcasted before planting + one part of nitrogen as side dressing, 2- one part of nitrogen before planting + one part as first side dressing + one part as second side dressing, 3- two parts of nitrogen fertilizer as strip application + one part as side dressing) and a control (without fertilizer treatment). Chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) was used in 40, 50 and 60 days after planting for greenness of lower, middle and upper leaves and various parts of the leaves (top, middle and bottom). During the growing season, length and width of upper, middle and lower leaves, green and dry leaf weights, average price and gross income were determined. The results showed that green and dry leaf weights were increased by increasing nitrogen application and this was significant at %1 probability level. The highest correlation between SPAD value and upper leaves yields of 40 days transplanting was R2=0.86 and middle leaves yield after 50 days of transplanting was R2=0.89 which were the best leaves for estimating tobacco nitrogen usage. Average price of tobacco was decreased as nitrogen use increased and highest gross income was obtained by using 20 kg nitrogen with 3 split applications.

Acidic soils are a serious threat to the production of crops throughout the world. In order to study the alleles associated with soil acidity tolerance in barley plant, and also accomplish effective haplotype groups, phenotypic testing in pots containing acidic soil and in the form of Augment with 96 genotypes and 4 controls, and 27 traits were evaluated on plants. To investigate the allelic and haplotypic diversity, the genotypes were identified by 7 microsatellite markers related to soil acidity tolerance. Analysis of allelic variation showed that the highest pic and Gene Diversity were 3.429, 0.441 and 0.490 respectively, which belonged to the HvMATE-21indel marker, and the Cit7 marker had the lowest value. Also, the results of the haplotype study showed 41 haplotype groups. The group 16, which included genotype 6, had the highest yield and soil acidity resistance with a yield of 2.017 gr / plant. association analysis between molecular and phenotypic data suggested that among 20 effective alleles on the evaluated traits, the Do-D allele had the greatest impact on yield and its components with effect on 3 traits, number of seeds per spike, number of Fertile spike and yield (in plant). Do-B was also R2 equal to 39.5 for the number of spikes per plant of the highest R2 among the alleles involved in yields and yield components. The markers associated with tolerant haplotypes and tolerant genotypes in this study can be used in research and breeding programs.

The most important problems of farmers in arid and semi-arid regions are adequate nutrition, optimum rooting, emergence, establishment and optimal density, and ultimately plant yield. Using grain priming and mycorrhizal inoculation is effective strategies in these conditions. Priming can cause earlier growth of seedling, to increase emergence rate, emergence percentage, plant tolerance to drought and salinity stress, early flowering as well as to increase the quality and quantity of yield and nutrient absorption. Plant hormones such as salicylic acid and gibberellic acid can be used for priming. Regarding plant response to environmental stresses, salicylic acid, which is an important signal molecule, plays a key role in the regulation of several physiological processes such as growth and plant development, absorption of ions, emergence and photosynthesis. Gibberellic acid (GA3) has been shown to be involved in many physiological processes such as cell division activity of meristem regions, increase the cell length, emergence speed, and emergence percentage, seedling growth in field condition, early flowering and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculation increases the availability of nutrients especially plant phosphorus, concentrations of plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins), chlorophyll content, the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation, assimilates allocation to host plant organs, the changes of root structure, and improve soil structure.
In order to evaluate the response of lentil to grain priming (without grain priming, hydro-priming, 100 ppm gibberellic acid, 100 ppm salicylic acid, 100 ppm gibberellic acid 100 ppm salicylic acid) and soil mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculated control, inoculated with Glomus moseae and Glomus intraradices), a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with four replications carried out in a greenhouse and research farm of the Gonbad Kavous University during 2013 and 2014. Various priming treatments - applied in the laboratory. Then, during planting, mycorrhizal inoculation treatment was kept in the closet place to the grains about 5 g per gram of grain (40 spores per gram). To determine the activity of roots (root length and number of nitrogen fixation nodes) 10 seedlings per pot were kept. Measured traits in the field condition were included the concentration and uptake of total phosphorus in aerial parts, concentration and total phosphorus uptake of grain, grain yield, and biological yield.
Variance analysis showed that different treatments of mycorrhizal inoculation, priming, and their interactions had significant effects on the studied traits such as the root length, number of nitrogen fixation nodules, phosphorus concentration of aerial parts, grain phosphorus concentration, grain phosphorus uptake, biological yield, and grain yield. In this study the highest root length (39.5 cm), nitrogen fixation nodules (114), aerial parts phosphorus uptake (12.1 kg/h) were obtained under combined treatment of G. intraradices inoculation 100 ppm gibberellic acid. While the aerial parts phosphorus concentration (0.24%) and grain phosphorus uptake (22.8 kg/ha) were higher due to using combined treatment of mycorrhizal G. Moseae hydro-priming. Hormonal priming with salicylic acid increased grain yield and biological yield significantly over the other hormonal priming and control. Hydro-priming had a significant and positive effect on grain yield in three levels of bio-fertilizer. Results of salicylic acid treatment were similar to the results of hydropriming. Influence of hormones, especially gibberellic acid in grain causes more activities in some emergence catalytic enzymes, the emergence speed, emergence percentage and root elongation. These effects may be inconspicuous in irrigated cultivation, but it can lead to the survival of plants in the dry farming situation. In this study, gibberellins increased the radicle length and the number of nitrogen fixation nodules. It may be an important factor in increasing the quality and quantity of grain yield of lentil. Various treatments of salicylic acid had a moderate effect. More positive effects were obtained when these treatments applied to the form of combination. The most applied treatments in this experiment such as mycorrhizal and priming treatments and their interaction had a positive effect on quality and quantity of grain properties of lentil aerial parts. This positive effect may be due to availability of some nutrients which is supplied using priming treatments, microorganisms, secretion of growth promotion and the change of root structure.
In the present study inoculation of both fungi and various treatments of priming had a positive effect on the studied traits individually, but the higher effects of them were found in the combined treatments. The effect of G. intraradices hydro-priming was more outstanding. Overall, the present study indicated that the various treatments of bio-fertilizer and priming increased the root length and nitrogen fixation. Therefore, the absorption of nutrients was increased. It could be concluded that synthesis fertilizer is unnecessary.

In order to Study of different plant waste on produced vermicompost and Replication and Performance of earthworm, an experiment was carried out in completely randomized design during 90 days in Gonbad- e- Kavous University at 2013. Treatments were: pure cow manure (control), manure Palm Leaf (75 : 25), manure Palm Leaf (50:50), manure Palm Leaf (25 : 75), manure potato (75 : 25%), manure potato (50: 50), cow dung cabbage (75 : 25) and cow dung cabbage (50:50), respectively. Diversity and productivity levels and final weight were studied. Chemical changes produced by worms such as PH and EC levels before and after vermicompost production, carbon and total nitrogen and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments in terms of reproduction ratio and efficiency, and final weight of all chemical characteristics. Reproduction and efficiency ratio with palm leaf and manure mixture treatment (50:50) and manure mixed with potato (50:50) were maximum and minimum ratio and average 35.45 and 1.83 respectively. The total carbon content in the control treatment was the highest and lowest of manure mixed with cabbage. The maximum and minimum amounts of nitrogen were recorded in treatments of manure mixed with potato and cabbage ratio (75: 25) with 3.08 and 1.83 percent, respectively. Chemical properties analysis of before and after production of vermicompost showed that EC increased in all treatments as compared with before and pH has been reduced.