abolfazl akbarzadeh

In this research, a nano polymer was fabricated via the molecular imprinted polymer (MINP) method to transport and control the release of the drug eptifibatide. N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM), N-vinylidene (NVP), and EGDMA have been used as a temperature-sensitive monomers and cross-linker, respectively. Moreover, by changing the percentage composition of monomers, the drug’s potential adsorption, and temperature sensitivity were evaluated and optimized. The sample was examined and confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS).The results related to the in vitro drug eptifibatide demonstrated that the optimization of the nanopolymer composition percentage (MINP4) with has a direct impact on some characteristics such as proper response to ambient temperature, the ability to control response time, adequate size, critical dissolution temperature (LCST), and hydrophilicity of the polymer network. Therefore, due to increasing the half-life of eptifibatide, it could be a suitable carrier to deliver the drug molecules to the desired tissue. also, target selection, mastery of drug distribution control, and sensitivity to temperature are the main factors to enhance the efficiency of nano polymer for drug delivery.

Cancer is considered as one of the main causes of death and a major health challenge in the world. Resistance to chemotherapy is one of the challenges in this field. Some recent findings have shown that anti-diabetic drugs, especially metformin, when combined with anticancer drugs, produce positive effects in cancer treatment. In the present study, the activity and possible mechanism of the effect of metformin in increasing the sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780/CP to cisplatin were investigated.

In this experimental study, ovarian cancer cells resistant to cisplatin (A2780/CP) were selected. The effect of metformin on cisplatin cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT method. The mRNA expression levels of multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 (MRP-2) after metformin treatment were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effect of metformin on cisplatin-induced apoptosis was investigated using the Annexin V/FITC method. All data were analysed using GraphPad Prism 6.01, and p value < 0.05 were considered as significant.

Metformin increased the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant A2780/CP ovarian cancer cells, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity of sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Metformin had no effect on MRP-2 gene expression. In addition, metformin increased the apoptotic effects of cisplatin in A2780/CP cells.

The results of the present study showed that metformin increases the sensitivity of A2780/CP cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Therefore, metformin may be an effective and potent compound for combination therapy in ovarian cancer cells to overcome multidrug resistance to chemotherapy agents.

Cancer is widely recognized as the second leading cause of death on a global scale. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy in the field of cancer therapy. Nanoscale drug delivery systems, a category of innovative technologies, harness the potential of various nanoparticles and nanomaterials to efficiently transport chemotherapeutic drugs, revolutionizing cancer treatment. The use of natural products has shown substantial promise in both the prevention and therapy of cancer. Herbal medicines, in particular, have gained widespread use due to their inherent therapeutic advantages and notably fewer adverse effects compared to modern drugs. However, their hydrophobic nature has presented a challenge, limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed nanocarriers tailored for the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific target cells. The combination of nanocarriers with herbal remedies results in improved bioavailability, enhanced pharmacological activity, and increased stability, all while minimizing systemic toxicity in cancer treatment. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of novel nanocarriers that find application in cancer treatment, with a specific focus on herbal medicine. The amalgamation of these innovative approaches offers promising prospects for the future of cancer therapy.

In the recent decade, the design and engineering of novel drug delivery systems based on biodegradable nanoparticles using biocompatible polymers like poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ε-caprolactone) triblock copolymer (PCEC) attracted many attentions. These nanocarriers have shown high potentials in enhancing treatment efficiency and minimizing the side effects of drugs. Besides, combination therapy has become a potential approach for cancer treatment with synergistic impacts. For the first time, we investigated co-delivery of the antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and ezetimibe (EZ) as a cholesterol uptake-blocking drug with PCEC on prostate cancer cell line (PC3). The PCEC was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-CL initiated by PEG2000. The obtained copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). In this study, DOX and EZ were encapsulated within PCEC by double and simple emulsion techniques, which led to the preparation of DOX@PCEC, EZ@PCEC, and DOX+EZ@PCEC nanoparticles. The size and morphology of the developed nanoparticles were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Also, the particle size and zeta potential of the drug-loaded PCEC nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis . The release behavior of DOX and EZ from nanoparticles at two pH values and temperatures was evaluated. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles was demonstrated by MTT assay using PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Based on the MTT assay results, PCEC copolymer exhibited negligible cytotoxicity on the growth of the PC3 cell line. Therefore, PCEC is a biocompatible and suitable nano-vehicle for this study. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of all formulations was dose-dependent. The cytotoxic effect of DOX+EZ@PCEC nanoparticles against PC3 cell line was higher than single drug@PCEC nanoparticles. All data confirmed that the EZ as a cholesterol-lowering drug showed a synergistic effect in combination with DOX as an anticancer drug. Finally, the results showed a successful formulation of DOX+EZ@PCEC nanoparticles with high efficiency in prostate cancer treatment.

One of the most potentially hazardous diseases, prostate cancer has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Polymeric matrix drug-eluting implants have become widely employed, and modeling their behavior is becoming more and more prominent. It is always difficult to achieve effective drug delivery and release of it into specific tumor sites. One of the most significant purposes of this investigation, is the enhancement of the anticancer effects of prostate cancer treatment by co-delivering anticancer multi-drugs with PU-PCL films. The films were recognized utilizing SEM  (scanning electron microscopy) while the material was being characterized. In addition, the MTT assay and flow cytometry (Annexin V/PI staining) have been employed to assess cell viability at various times. A dialysis approach was used to investigate the drug release characteristics of DOX and Ezetimibe in films in vitro for 5 days. To optimize pharmacokinetic profiles and reduce systemic toxicity induced by drugs, we loaded polymeric PU-PCL films with ezetimibe (EZ) and doxorubicin (DOX). Co-delivery of EZ and DOX via film-carrier demonstrated improved anticancer effects when compared to free drug delivery. The co-delivery of DOX and EZ drugs by PU-PCL films improved anticancer effects while reducing systemic toxicity, suggesting clinical usage of drug-resistant prostate cancer therapy.

Recent advances in the development of magnetic nanoparticles modified with biodegradable polymers have shown promise in the improvement of therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of cancer patients. In this study, polycaprolactone -polyethylene glycol – polycaprolactone (PCL-PEG-PCL) copolymers modified with magnetic nanoparticles were used for encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) and chrysin (Chr) anticancer drugs by dual emulsion (W / O / W). The effect of temperature and pH on drug release was investigated. The release of the doxorubicin drug in pH 7.4 and 5.8 were 26.5% and 30.6%, respectively after 144 h. In chrysin drug, the release of drug in pH 7.4 and 5.8 was equal to 45% and 49%, respectively after 144 h. The kinetics of the drug's release was also studied based on zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. From the kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient, Higuchi (R2=0.9017) and Korsmeyer-Peppas (R2=0.9639) models were found to be the best models for doxorubicin and chrysin, respectively. After performing kinetic studies, the diffusion coefficient of drug release was also studied. The drug distribution was considered uniform, and the system was investigated in Cartesian and spherical coordinates. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient of drug release followed Fick's law. The diffusion coefficient decreased with increasing time due to decreasing the concentration difference.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathology of nanogel containing tetracycline on experimental wounds infected with staphylococcus aureus on the skin of rats. This study used eight adult male Wistar rats (12-14 weeks old) weighing 250-300 gr. These rats were transferred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine's animal rearing center laboratory and kept in standard cages under standard conditions. Anesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 2% xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg / IP) and 10% ketamine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg / IP). After general anesthesia, the rats were placed abdominally on the surgical table, then the dorsal surface of the rats was prepared and scraped from the scapula to the ileum, and two circular wounds of 7 mm in diameter were 1 cm apart and 1 cm apart. 1.5 cm from each other was created using a 7 mm sterile biopsy punch. Epidermal layers were obliterated by incision. The wound surface of all rats was infected with 1 ml of suspension containing 108 CFU / ml of Staphylococcus aureus, which was created by the 0.5 McFarland method. The rats were assigned into two equal groups (n=4 each) as follows: control group with no medication and receiving nanogel containing tetracycline. At the end of days 3, 7, 14, and 21, specimens were obtained for histopathological examination by scalpel.‏ Based on the results, nano gel containing tetracycline has excellent and acceptable effects on the healing process and wound healing in rats.

In this study, a novel system of artesunate polymer based nanocarrier has been produced and characterized. The drug was grafted on the surface of the polyamidoamine dendrimer, then by cross-linking with ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate, the polymer based nanocarrier was prepared. Then the prepared sample was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR), ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV-vis), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirmed that the prepared nanocarrier has high water solubility, low density, the ability to load a large amount of drug, and sustained release. After pH dependent nanodrug degradation artesunate controlled released from the polymer network. According to the prolonged release time, the drug remains stable in the cellular environment. On the other hand, since drug release is pH dependent, by changing the pH in different environments, the amount of drug release can be controlled, this properties is one of the characteristics of targeted drug delivery, and effectively and significantly, the efficiency of this nanopolymer will be suitable for artesunate drug delivery.

Drug repurposing is an effective strategy for identifying the use of approved drugs for new therapeutic purposes. This strategy has received particular attention in the development of cancer chemotherapy. Considering that a growing body of evidence suggesting the cholesterol-lowering drug ezetimibe (EZ) may prevent the progression of prostate cancer, we investigated the effect of EZ alone and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) on prostate cancer treatment.

In this study, DOX and EZ were encapsulated within a PCL-based biodegradable nanoparticle. The physicochemical properties of drug containing nanoparticle based on PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer (PCEC) have been exactly determined. The encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of DOX and EZ were also studied at two different pHs and temperatures.

The average size of nanoparticles (NPs) observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was around 82±23.80 nm, 59.7±18.7 nm, and 67.6±23.8 nm for EZ@PCEC, DOX@PCEC, and DOX+EZ@PCEC NPs, respectively, which had a spherical morphology. In addition, DLS measurement showed a monomodal size distribution of around 319.9, 166.8, and 203 nm hydrodynamic diameters and negative zeta potential (-30.3, -6.14, and -43.8) mV for EZ@PCEC, DOX@PCEC, and DOX+EZ@PCEC NPs, respectively. The drugs were released from the NPs sustainably in a pH and temperature-dependent manner. Based on the MTT assay results, PCEC copolymer exhibited negligible cytotoxicity on the PC3 cell line. Therefore, PCEC was a biocompatible and suitable nano-vehicle for this study. The cytotoxicity of the DOX-EZ-loaded NPs on the PC3 cell line was higher than that of NPs loaded with single drugs. All the data confirmed the synergistic effect of EZ in combination with DOX as an anticancer drug. Furthermore, fluorescent microscopy and DAPI staining were performed to show the cellular uptake, and morphological changes-induced apoptosis of treated cells.

Overall, the data from the experiments represented the successful preparation of the nanocarriers with high encapsulation efficacy. The designed nanocarriers could serve as an ideal candidate for combination therapy of cancer. The results corroborated each other and presented successful EZ and DOX formulations containing PCEC NPs and their efficiency in treating prostate cancer.

The use of a biomaterial scaffold can improve the healing process of bone defects. Using radiologic and ultrasonographic methods, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of zeolite/collagen nanocomposite and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) bone scaffolds on the healing process of bone defect in rabbit femur.

Twenty-eight mature male New Zealand white rabbits were classified into four equal groups (n=7 in each). In the first group, the defect was made, and the wound was closed with no treatment; in the second group, the nHA was implanted into the defect; in the third group, the nanocomposite of zeolite/collagen was implanted; and in the fourth group, the defect was filled using autograft. Radiologic (Sedecal Veterinary X-Ray System, Model No. A6544-2) and ultrasonographic (Mindray Z5 Veterinary Ultrasound Scanner) examinations were done on days 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 postoperatively.

There were no healing effects on days 0 and 7 in any of the studied groups in the radiologic examination. The highest and lowest healing effects were related to treatment with zeolite/collagen nanocomposite and control group on day 60 after operation, respectively. There was no angiogenesis on day 0 in any group in the ultrasonographic examination. The highest and lowest levels of angiogenesis were related to rabbits treated with zeolite/collagen nanocomposite and the control group on day 30 after operation, respectively. Also, bone filling and angiogenesis in rabbits treated with zeolite/collagen nanocomposite were higher than other groups.

Zeolite/collagen nanocomposite scaffolds bear a crucial capability in the reconstruction of bone defects and can be used in bone fractures.

Today, increasing attention is being paid to the application of biocompatible polymers as drug carriers with low cytotoxicity in drug delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic effects of anticancer agents.
In this study, a biocompatible synthetic polymer (grafted on graphene oxide), composed of N-isopropylacrylamide and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with L-lysine segments (Lys/PNIPAM-PVP/GO), was developed as a nano-vehicle for the drug. This platform was used for the delivery of fluorouracil (FU) to A549 human lung cancer cells. The superior characteristics of the platform included low-cost precursors, easy synthesis, and the presence of many functional groups for loading drugs. To determine and compare the cytotoxic effects of free FU and its formulated form on the A549 cells, MTT assay was performed; the results showed no significant toxicity difference between the two treated groups (free and formulated FU).
For further evaluations, cellular uptake assays were performed via fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.
Both analyses revealed the low internalization of nano-vehicle into the A549 cells, with 4.31% and 8.75% cellular uptakes in the first two and four hours of treatment. Therefore, the low penetration rate reduced the toxicity of drug-loaded nano-vehicle.
Finally, DAPI staining and Annexin V-FITC staining were performed as complementary techniques to determine cell apoptosis

In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has received much attention in the controlled drug release and biomedicine fields. This research aims to develop new methods for the physical modification of Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles with polymers through physical retention. In this study, first, the degradable polycaprolactone-ethylene glycol copolymer and magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized. The anticancer drug doxorubicin was prepared using a dual-emulsion (w/o/w) copolymer containing magnetic iron nanoparticles. FT-IR, NMR, XRD, VSM, and, SEM analyzes were used to characterize copolymers and magnetic nanoparticles with drug-containing copolymer coating. The results showed that nanoparticles had superparamagnetic properties and their particle size was between 70-150 nm. The drug encapsulation efficiency was about 96%. The influence of pH and temperature on the drug release curve was investigated. The drug release was 31% and 26% after 144 hours in pH = 5.8 and 7.4 respectively. Since the extracellular fluid of the tumor is acidic, the rate of drug release in these media will be better than in other cells. The kinetics of the drug release was also studied based on zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. From the kinetic models, Higuchi was found to be the best model based on the correlation coefficient. The performance of the drug-loaded magnetic-copolymer nanoparticles with other similar studies was compared. The results revealed that the magnetic PCL-PEG copolymer with pH-sensitive properties can be used as an effective carrier for anticancer drugs delivery.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has a serious challenge to the control and treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. Nanotechnology and the use of nanoparticles are some of the most effective approaches to overcome this topic. Silver nanoparticles have been studied as an antibacterial agent more than other nanoparticles by researchers. In this study, the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized by three methods including; bacterial, plant extract, and chemical procedure were compared. So, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using the supernatant of Bacillus spp. with Zarshouran gold mine source, oregano extract, and sodium borohydride chemical. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. Comparison of the MIC results showed that the antibacterial effect of nanoparticles synthesized with Bacillus spp. was more than fivefold higher than the plant extract and chemical synthesis method. We showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of nanoparticles synthesized with Bacillus spp., oregano extract, and sodium borohydride ranged from (1.4-5.6 μg / mL), (5.6-22.5 μg / mL), and (22.5-45 μg / mL), respectively.

Context:

 Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility created by mutations in autosomal dominant genes is responsible for 5 to 10% of all BC cases in women. Recent studies have identified genes associated with increased risk for aggressive BC, providing the basis for better risk management.

Evidence Acquisition: 

The latest information in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were the main databases for finding articles. A combination of keywords of ‘metastasis’, ‘invasion’, ‘aggressive breast cancer’, ‘prognostic factor’, ‘mutation’, and ‘cancer treatment’ was searched in the databases to identify related articles. Titles and abstracts of the articles were studied to choose the right articles.

 Mutations in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein (BRCA2) genes are two central players related to the high risk of BC. Mutation in tumor protein p53 (TP53) is another important mutation that leads to triple-negative BC. Although the majority of BC types are not associated with high-throughput mutant genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53, they are associated with low-throughput genes, including DNA repair protein Rad50 (RAD50), Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene (NBS1), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), BRCA1-interacting protein 1 (BRIP1), E-cadherin gene (CDH1) and PALB2, UCHL1, aldehydedehydrogenase1A3 (ALDH1A3), androgen receptor (AR), 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA), phosphatidylinositol-4, and luminal gene expression that are generally mutated in the global population. High tumor mutational burden (TMB) was associated with improved progression-free survival.

 The lymph node status, early tumor size, ER, PR, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), and Ki-67 are conventional prognostic factors for BC. However, these factors cannot exactly predict the aggressive behavior of BC. Hence, in this review, we discussed new prognostic factors of aggressive BCs that are useful for the treatment of patients with BC.

Iron oxide nanoparticles are smart materials that have been commonly used in medicine for diagnostic imaging, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications. In this study, Iron oxide nanoparticles and Doxorubicin (DOX)- Chrysin (Chr), were absorbed into triblock copolymer (PCL-PEG-PCL) for narrow behavior. PCL-PEG triblock copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) with polyethylene glycol (EG) as an initiator. The bulk properties and chemical structure of these copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. In adding together, the consequential particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and zeta potential measurement. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of the three most important parameters on encapsulation efficiency, namely DOX and Chr weight (2-18 mg), ε -CL weight (0.6-3.8 g), and sonication time (15-75s). The optimum encapsulation conditions were: 11.2 mg for DOX and Chr weight, 3.75 g for ε -CL, and 48.15 s for sonication time. The highest encapsulation efficiency in these conditions predicted by the equation is 95.68% and the release profile was controlled. There is potential for the application of Fe3O4- PCL-PEG4000 magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical purposes.

 This practice performed to compare the quality of analgesia, hematological parameters, and prevalence of cardiac dysrhythmias following epidural administration of lidocaine, lidocainemeloxicam, and lidocaineMetamizole sodium in cows.

 Fifteen adult Holstein cows aged between 35 years were assigned into three equal groups.

 Each cow received the lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg), lidocainemeloxicam (0.11 mg/kg – 0.25 mg/kg) or lidocaineMetamizole sodium (0.11 mg/kg 4 mg/kg) randomly via epidural injection into first intercoccygeal space.

 Analgesia onset and duration were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and ruminal motility were also recorded at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, Electrocardiograms at 0, 60 and 120 minutes and blood samples were collected through the caudal vein at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Detection of arrhythmias was done by checking 60 seconds of each electrocardiogram.

 analgesia onset in lidocainemetamizole treatment was significantly longer than that of the other groups (p 0.05). Also, the duration of analgesia was significantly longer in lidocaine treatment compared to other experimental groups (p <0.05). There were no significant differences among heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and ruminal motility between experimental groups (p >0.05). Hematological parameters changes were not significantly different and all of the detected cardiac arrhythmias were physiologic among treatments (p > 0.05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:

 Aforementioned dosages could be used in cows without any clinical, cardiac, and hematological side effects. Lidocaine analgesia was reliable; however, the authors were not sure about adequate analgesia resulted after injection the halfdose of meloxicam and Metamizole in combination with lidocaine therefore, further studies should be done.

In recent years, the development of nanoparticles in the field of drug release has received much attention. This research aims to develop new methods for the physical modification of Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles with polymers through physical retention. In this study, after synthesizing the biodegradable polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol magnetic copolymer, the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and Chrysin in these polymers were encapsulated by dual emulsion (w / o / w). The effect of temperature and pH on drug release was investigated. After performing kinetic studies, the diffusion coefficient of drug release was also studied. The drug distribution was considered uniform and the system was assumed to be in Cartesian coordinates. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient of drug release followed Fick's law. At first, due to the high concentration difference of drugs in the early times, the diffusion coefficient was higher, but then with time and with decreasing the concentration difference, the diffusion coefficient decreased and remained constant.

Magnetic nanoparticles have been highly regarded because of their unique properties, such as hyperthermia, medicine control release, and diagnostic applications. The main aim of the current paper is to offer a new system for the modification of Fe3O4 (SPIONs) superparamagnetic nanoparticles physically and chemically with polymers through physical retention. These modified nanoparticles have been used to encapsulate cisplatin as an anticancer medicine and the effect of nanocapsulated cisplatin has been studied in lung cancer (A549) cell line. Using ring-opening polymerization Triblock copolymer PCL-PEG-PCL was prepared of ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Magnetic iron nanoparticles were also prepared and identified. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the bulk features of the copolymers were determined. Nanoparticles loaded with Cisplatin have been ready using the copolymer containing iron superparamagnetic nanoparticles via double emulsion solvent evaporation method and evaluated for medicine entrapment efficiency (%), the quantity of medicine, size, and surface morphology. Cytotoxic tests have been considered using the MTT assay method in lung carcinoma (A549)-treated cells. The results of the study demonstrated that nanocapsulated cisplatin had a significant cytotoxic and anticancer effect in vitro of the lung cancer cell line and it can be concluded that this approach has the ability to fail some of the main chemotherapy constraints and can be an appropriate approach for future programs in the treatment of lung cancer.

Some native species of medicinal plants are abundantly found in Iran. High incidence of ulcers in diabetic patients necessitates research on herbal medicines with fewer side effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the histological variables of the Fumaria parviflora extract on the repair of ulcers in diabetic rats. The study was carried out in 48 adult male Wistar rats at 14-15 weeks of age, weighing 200 ± 10 gr. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n= 12), including negative control group (healthy without any treatment), positive control group (diabetic with no treatment), experimental group I (diabetic treated by eucerin cream), and experimental group II (diabetic treated by a cream containing 3% F. parviflora). Histopathological examination was done at the end of days 3, 7, 14, and 21. The size of the scars and tissue indices were measured in these groups. There was a significant difference between the experimental group II and other groups in the rate of recovery (P <0.001). Compared to experimental group I, the scores for some microscopic parameters were higher in experimental group II. According to current study, topical use of F. parviflora could diminish inflammation and accelerate wound healing. It was also found to be highly efficient in accelerating the transition from inflammatory to fibroblast hyperplasia phase. Therefore, F. parviflora as an efficient low-cost herbal medicine could be used in accelerating wound healing.

Bone regeneration is a multifactorial phenomenon which contributed to several factors. It is reported that risedronate is effective for musculoskeletal diseases. The current study was to determine effectiveness of the risedronate-loaded nano capsules for calvaria healing in rabbit. Experimental study. 15 white adult male New Zealand rabbits were used. Four full-thickness skull defects were created in the calvarial bone. The first defect kept unfilled (control). The second was filled with nano risedronate capsules. The third hole was filled using an autogenous bone. The fourth hole was filled with nano risedronate capsules+ autogenous bone. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, inflammation level, bone vitality grade, bone type and foreign body were determined. According to the results, the most inflammation was found in control and the lowest in the nano autograft (p<0.05). Bone formation in the nano autograft group was significantly faster after 4 weeks (p<0.05). Typical bone type II was observed in all of the groups. After 8 weeks, the grade II inflammation was detected in the control group (p<0.05). After 8 weeks, The highest grade of inflammation rate were seen as I and 0 in autograft and nano risedronate + autograft groups, respectively (p<0.05). After 12 weeks, grade III bone viability was higher in nano risedronate + autograft group compared to the autograft group (p<0.05). After 12 weeks, the positive foreign body was detected in control and nano groups. No foreign body was seen in nano risedronate + autograft and autograft groups. The achieved results suggested have risedronate-loaded nano capsules have positive effects on bone formation and viability in calvaria healing in rabbit which be diminishing osteoclast activity improves bone formation.

Incorporation of antifungal and antimicrobial agents into tissue conditioners might inhibit the formation of microbial plaque and prevent complications such as denture stomatitis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of a tissue conditioner after incorporation of ZnO‒Ag nanoparticles into their structure. In this in vitro study, 4 microorganisms were evaluated at 6 concentrations of ZnO‒Ag nanoparticles at 24- and 48-hour intervals, using 168 samples. The nanoparticles were mixed at a ratio of 50% Ag and 50% ZnO and were homoge-nized with the tissue conditioner at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 wt% according to the MIC technique principles. After culturing the microorganisms, a spectrophotometer was used for determining proliferation of microorganisms with the use of turbidity after 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 37ºC. Complete inhibition of the proliferation of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed at 24- and 48-hour intervals at a concentration of 10%; such inhibition was observed at 20% concentration of nanoparticles with Streptococcus mutans. In addition, the most effective concentration of ZnO‒Ag nanoparticles at both 24- and 48-hour intervals was 5% with C. albicans and 2.5% with E. faecalis. In addition, the most effective concentration at 24-hour interval with S. mutans was 10% and with P. aeruginosa they were 5% at 24-hour and 2.5% at 48-hour intervals. Incorporation of ZnO‒Ag nanoparticles into tissue conditioners resulted in the inhibition of bacterial prolifera-tion.

Available methods for treating bone defects occasionally include limitations regarding supplying and applying the biological agents, thus mediators of bone regeneration still the safe method. The current study aimed to determine the possible effects of eggshell as an agricultural waste product in the form of nanocomposite containing ostrich eggshell (NCOE) on calvaria bone formation in rabbits. A number of 15 adult male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Four full-thickness skull defects were created in the calvarial bone. The first defect (control) was kept unfilled. However, the second and third defects were filled with nanomaterial and using an autogenous bone, respectively. In addition, the fourth one was filled with a mixture of NCOE and autogenous bone. On the 30th, 60th, and 90th days after surgery, the blood samples were obtained and red blood cells, white blood cell, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell HGB, and platelets (PLT) were determined. On the above-mentioned days, the animals were sacrificed and the bone density was determined using radiography images. Based on the results, a significant difference was observed on bone formation in control (0.18 ± 0.01 mm Al equivalent), autograft (0.1 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), NCOE (0.12 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), and NCOE + autograft (0.07 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.) defects at day 30 post-surgery (P < 0.05). Further, significant differences were found on bone density in control (0.09 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), autograft (0.13 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), NCOE (0.14 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), and NCOE + autograft (0.20 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.) defects at day 60 post-surgery (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were detected regarding bone density in control (0.15 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), autograft (0.21 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.), NCOE (0.22 ± 0.02 mm Al equiv.), and NCOE + autograft (0.29 ± 0.01 mm Al equiv.) defects after 90 days (P < 0.05). The results revealed that the NCOE + autograft defect had a better bone formation in all stages of the study (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on blood hematology indexes (P > 0.05). Generally, based on the results, NCOE + autograft had positive effects on calvaria healing in the rabbit.

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic gram negative bacillus which is one of the most common human infections. This bacterium is associated with various diseases and having multiple virulence genes such as toxins and adhesion factors. Several adhesion factors of bacteria involved in binding to the gastric epithelial cell and cause infection. The purposes of this study were to assess the babA2, babB and oipA genes to H. pylori isolated from Imam Reza Hospital of Tabriz.
Biopsy specimens obtained from 340 patients (During the year 2016) were cultured on Brucella agar and 130 H. pylori isolates were collected. Genomic DNA of total H. pylori isolates was extracted by using CTAB method. PCR reaction was performed on glmM gene for the confirmation of H. pylori. The presence of the babA2, babB, oipA genes were determined by PCR method.
The prevalence of babA2, babB and oipA genes was positive in 62.3%, 73.8% and 54.6%, respectively. The endoscopic observations indicated 21 PUD and 109 NUD cases of total 130 isolations. These findings showed that the prevalence of the babA2, babB and oipA genes in PUD patients were 13.1%, 10.8% and 6.9%, respectively.
Our findings showed that the prevalence of all three genes of babA2, babB and oipA in NUD patients is more than PUD patients. The oipA gene has a significant relation in developed clinical outcomes.

Objective- The present study was aimed to evaluate repair of a critical segmental defect of rabbit femur using the rabbit’s femoral defects repaired by Zeolite and Zeolite/Collagen scaffolds
Design- Experimental Study
Animals- Forty-five mature male New Zealand white rabbits
Procedures- The animals were randomly divided into three groups of 15 animals each. In the first group (NC) the defect was made and with no treatment the wound was closed. In the second group (ZNC) the nanocomposite of zeolite was implanted into the defect. In the third group (Z/COL NC) the nanocomposite of zeolite/collagen was implanted into the defect. The periost and subcutaneous tissues were then closed primarily. The specimens were taken on days 15, 30, and 60 postoperatively and assessed histopathologically.
Results- Comparison of average scores of union index among groups showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of union in three groups (p0.05).
Conclusion and clinical relevance- The results of this study showed that zeolite and zeolite/collagen nanocomposite could be taken into consideration for grafting for bone fracture healing. It could be concluded that zeolite and zeolite/collagen nanocomposite bear a crucial capability in the reconstruction of bone defects and could be used as scaffold in bone fractures.