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The SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus that causes the pandemic COVID-19, which has originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Early studies have generally shown that human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) are responsible for the viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells. TMPRSS2 as androgen-regulated is highly expressed in the prostate and other tissues including the lung. We investigated the interaction between the TMPRSS2 protein and selected antiandrogens, namely Bicalutamide, Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, Flutamide, Nilutamide, and Darolutamide using in-silico molecular docking. The results showed that Apalutamide (-8.8 Kcal/mol) and Bicalutamide (-8.6 Kcal/mol) had the highest docking score. The molecular docking process was validated by re-docking the peptide like-inhibitor-serine protease hepsin and superimposing them onto the reference complex. Last of all, the tested compounds have been evaluated for their pharmacokinetic and drug likeness properties and concluded that these compounds except Nilutamide (mutagenic) can be granted as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. This in-silico study result encourages its use as means for drug discovery of new COVID-19 treatment.

An ulcer is an injury that affects the skin and has many causes. Healing is a way of protecting the body against any infectious agent that tries to infect you through the wound. Low level laser (LLL) in the treatment of ulcers, aims at maintaining the stability of the physiological process of tissue repair and ultrasound (US) acts by increasing the elasticity of tissue and scarring. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of LLL and US in wound healing of ulcers induced in mice.
In this experimental study, a sample of 36 guinea pigs was divided into 6 groups of 6 mice, 2 groups as control (C7) and (C14), 2 treated with laser (GL7) and (GL14) and the others 2 treated with ultrasound (GU7) and (GU14). The ulcer was induced and after 7 days, 6 mice from each group were sacrificed to obtain the histological sections for analysis, and the remaining 6 mice from each group continued under treatment and in day 14, they were sacrificed to obtain histologic specimens while macroscopic image was also carried out.
Three aspects were analyzed, the percentage of wound regression where it was observed that there was a significant difference in the first 7 days. Regarding the inflammatory process, it was observed that in the first 7 days GL7 and GU7 improved significantly and within 14 days of the experimental period GU14 showed a significant difference when compared to C14. The number of fibroblasts present in the GL at 7 days showed a significant difference compared to the others, and at 14 days, the US group had a significant difference compared to the other groups.
Thus, it was evident that the US had more effective results with anti-inflammatory action, better organization and increased deposition of collagen and fibroblasts. Therefore, it can be concluded that other studies are consistent with this taking into account the laser must be used during the early days of the initial healing process and the US during the end of this process.

The second canal of the mesiobuccal root (MB2) of the maxillary first molars (MFM) is difficult to detect in conventional radiographs and can be a major cause of failure in endodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and anatomy of the MB2 by using high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Methods and Materials: Three radiologists examined 414 high-resolution CBCTs. Of these, the CBCTs of 287 patients (mean age 49.43±16.76) who had at least one MFM were selected, making a total of 362 teeth. Prevalence and its relation with gender and age of the patients, side of the tooth, and Vertucci’s classification were analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed (P A total of 68.23% of the teeth exhibited the MB2. The presence of the MB2 was equivalent in both genders and significantly higher in younger patients. There was no correlation between the presence of the MB2 in relation to both the sides of the MFM and the FOV size. Smaller FOV recognized higher Vertucci’s grades.
It was concluded that the prevalence of the MB2 canal in maxillary first molars in this Brazilian population examined with high-resolution CBTCs is 68.23%, being more prevalent in young patients. Gender and the side examined are no factors for determining the presence of MB2. Although the both FOVs of the high-resolution CBTCs (FOV 8 and 5) detect the MB2 canal, smaller FOV (FOV 5) is more accurate in the analysis of the internal anatomy of such root canals, according to the Vertucci´s classification.

Musculoskeletal pain is commonly reported in dentists and can start from their training period and continue throughout their practice if preventive or corrective measures are not implemented. To evaluate the perception of dental students in relation to the risk factors that may contribute to the musculoskeletal pain, and verify how the existence of painful symptoms influences the perception of risk factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 241 dental students at public university of São Paulo, Brazil in 2016. The data were collected through interviews, using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Symptom and the Work-Related Activities that May Contribute to Job-Related Pain Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0. Painful symptoms were observed in 199 participants (83.0%). Most students had their perception classified as minimal to moderate (86.3%). A statistically significant association (P=0.005) was found when the test of association between the perception of risk factors and the presence of painful symptoms was performed. The highest averages were found in the issues related to repetition of movement, followed by work-related factors and finally the risks to external factors. There are statistically significant differences in the average perception when comparing the group with and without pain for each question of the instrument when comparing the body areas. Undergraduate students are aware of the factors that contribute to health issues and development of musculoskeletal pain, and in particular, there is a greater perception among those who may have had any symptoms.

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of alternating 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the smear layer removal from root canal surfaces.
Methods and Materials: A total of 15 single-rooted human teeth, instrumented with ProTaper files, were randomly distributed in 3 groups. In group 1 (n=7) the canals were irrigated with 1 mL of 2.5% NaOCl between files and final irrigation was done with 1 mL of 2,5% NaOCl, followe by 1 mL of 17% EDTA, for a perio of 15 sec with new irrigtion of 1 mL of 2,5% NaOCl at each change of files. In group 3 (control group) (n=1), saline solution was used. All samples were cleaved into two sections, metalized and analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence or absence of smear layer in the cervical, middle and apical thirds, with scores varying from 1 to 3, respectively were evaluated. The data were submitted to nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
It was observed that there was a greater discrepancy between groups with respect to the apical third. In the other areas there was a greater similarity between the scores attributed to the groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups only in the apical third, when group 1 presented the higher median (P The alternating use of EDTA during instrumentation with NaOCl was the most effective irrigation method to remove the apical smear layer. Both forms of irrigation were effective on removal of the smear layer in the coronal and middle thirds of the canals.

The health risks of crack cocaine smoking on the oral mucosa has not been widely researched and documented. The purpose of this study was to analyze the proliferative activity of oral epithelial cells exposed to crack cocaine smoke using silver nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining. Oral smears were collected from clinically normal-appearing buccal mucosa by liquid-based exfoliative cytology of 60 individuals (30 crack cocaine users and 30 healthy controls matched for age and gender) and analyzed for cytomorphologic and cytomorphometric techniques. Crack cocaine users consumed about 13.3 heat-stable rocks per day and the time consumption of the drug was of 5.2 (± 3.3) years. Mean values of AgNOR counting for case and control groups were 5.18 ± 1.83 and 3.38 ± 1.02 (P<0.05), respectively. AgNOR area and percentage of AgNOR-occupied nuclear area were increased in comparison with the control (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of the nuclear area between the groups (P>0.05). This study revealed that crack cocaine smoke increases the rate of cellular proliferation in cells of normal buccal mucosa.

D-CODER is a fertilizer with a new slow-release mechanism consisting of an organo-mineral matrix that releases the nutrients only in the presence of growing plants. Pot and field experiments were carried out to study the release pattern of N from D-CODER. The experiments included grown and bare soil plots. The fertilizer treatments were D-CODER, ammonium nitrate (ANpreplant), and the control. A fourth treatment was added to the cultivated plots, consisting of splitting the ammonium nitrate application of 25% at preplant and 75% as top-dressing (ANsplit). In the bare soil pots, 35 days after the fertilizer application (DAFA), NO3-N concentrations in the extracts of anion exchange membranes incubated in the soil for ANpreplant, D-CODER, and the control treatments were 118.5, 82.5 and 34.5 mg L-1, respectively, suggesting that part of N from D-CODER had not yet been released. In the pots cultivated with ryegrass, 209 DAFA, N recoveries for D-CODER, ANpreplant, and control treatments were 0.94, 0.86 and 0.20 g pot-1, respectively, suggesting that in the presence of the growing plants the release of N from D-CODER had not been restricted. Furthermore, soil NO3-N levels in the bare soil plots of the field experiment were significantly higher in D-CODER (38.1 and 6.8 mg kg-1 on November and March) in comparison to ANpreplant (26.3 and 5.1 mg kg-1 on Nov. and March) treatments, suggesting that N from D-CODER was better protected from leaching. In the absence of growing plants, D-CODER provided some protection of N at least until 65 DAFA. In cultivated soils, it seemed less effective, particularly if the risk of nitrate leaching persisted for a long period of time. In these situations, a split application of N was a better strategy.

Background and

Fertilizer is one of the sources of heavy metal contamination to soil and groundwater. The purpose of this study was Survey of concentration cadmium، lead and arsenic on soil paddy Ând underground water and its relationship with chemical fertilizer in Ghaemshahr Çity (Vahdat Çenter).

Çomposite randomized samples of soil was carried out of 20 points of (paddy soil. 0-30cm depth) and 20 point of agricultural water at each stage of sampling (in spring and summer of 2010). Âlso، 3 Çomposite samples of three fertilizer (high consumption) were performed. Heavy metal contents (Âs، Çd and Pb) in soil were extracted by acid digestion method (HNÔ3، HÇl، and H2Ô2) and heavy metal in water (filtration) and in fertilizer (by acid digestion method) Heavy metals (Çd، Pb، and Âs) in soil، water and fertilizer were extracted and measured by Ïnductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ÏÇP-ÔËS mod، Germany).

The results show that heavy metals concentrations in groundwater and paddy soil are lower than universal standards. The only higher case in the results is the Çd concentration in Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer that is higher than ÇDFÂ standard. Çonclusion: The only significant relationship between the amount of potash fertilizer and cadmium concentration in soil (P<0. 05) was observed. The highest concentration of Çd in Phosphate fertilizer is due to the lands that used more potash fertilizer than usuall consumption. But according to the possitive relationship between the Phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer، so the reason remains unknown. Heavy metal concentrations in groundwater was zero. No relationship between the amount of heavy metals in the soil with water and heavy metals in the fertilizer with water was not observed.

Background and Ôsteopenia and osteoporosis are well known and common complication of beta thalassemia major (TM).Ïn order to find the prevalence and related factors and also effect of ongoing treatment this study was done. Âll medical records of patients older than 16 years old were reviewed. Non transfusion dependent patients called as thalassemia intermediate. Demography of patients was extracted as well as, the result of the BMD by Nor land machine as Z-Score of femoral neck and lumbar vertebrate were reported comparing normal matched population. Z-Scores down to -1, -1 to -2.5, and less than -2.5 were considered as normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic respectively. Spss soft ware was used and Ôdds ratio and its 95% ÇÏ was calculated. BMD of TM and Ïntermediate patients was done by Mann-Whitney Ü test. Before and after BMD were compared by Wilcoxon Rank test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. 125 patients had at least one BMD measurement. Regarding the eligible patients approximately for one in every 4-5 patients there was a BMD. 73(58%) of patients were TM and reminder were not transfusion dependent. Mean age was 24 ± 6 and regarding gender, F/M ratio was 3/1. Âccording to Z-Scores, 17%, 61% and 17% were normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic respectively. Âge and severity of pathology were correlated and, and 7% reduction of BMD/ year was calculated (P<0.000). BMD of lumbar vertebra was worse in men (P<0.001). Â negative significant correlation was detected between BMD and the mean of hematocrite in the ast 5 years (P<0.005).Çorrelation of the age at starting transfusion and severity of BMD was not significant. Nineteen patients had 2 BMD measurements, 3 ± 1 years apart. Patients who had osteoporosis in the first measurements were using oral medicine (Âlendronate). No significant improvement was noticed and in fact femoral BMD was worse in men (P<0.001).Çonclusion: BMD measurements was less than anticipated. Ôsteopenia and even osteoporosis are common. Treatment duo to non compliance or inadequacy was not effective and more aggressive treatment is needed.

Background and Schizophrenic patients have many problems related to cognitive domain, particularly social cognition. Recent research assesses the ability to recognize negative facial expressions in schizophrenic patients (paranoid/non-paranoid) in comparison with their siblings and healthy people. Ïn this causal-correlational research, 15 paranoid and 15 non-paranoid schizophrenics, 30 siblings, and 30 healthy people were selected based on convenience sampling. They were tested by facial expression diagnostic test including 14 pictures. The data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (MÂNÔVÂ). The findings showed that non-paranoid schizophrenic patients were less able to diagnose the negative facial expressions in comparison with their siblings (P<0.001), while no significant differences were found between paranoid schizophrenics’ performance and their siblings. There was significant difference between the ability of the siblings of non-paranoid schizophrenics in comparison with that of the healthy people.Çonclusion: Ït can be inferred that inability in the recognition of facial expressions is a cognitive deficit that intensifies the negative symptoms of schizophrenia disorder.

Background and The aim of this study was to compare two hemorrhoidectomy techniques, that is, closed and open regarding postoperative signs, symptoms, and complications, and long-term results. This was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 100 patients with third- or fourth-degree hemorrhoids suitable for hemorrhoidectomy. Group B contained 50 patients undergoing closed and 50 patients in group  underwent open hemorrhoidectomy. Patient information including type and length of operation, postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Follow-up was done at 6 hours, 24 hours, 14 days and 28 days after the operation and postoperative pain was compared in both groups. Findings indicated that mean hospital stay was 2.1± 0.82 days in group Â, while the figure was 1.2 ± 0.4 days in group B. Thus, there was statistically a significant difference between the two methods in this regard (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were found regarding pain, need for analgesic drug, operation length and wound healing duration. There were no cases of incontinence, stricture and need for surgery and rehospitalization in both groups. The difference between postoperative complications were not statistically significant (P>0.05).Çonclusion: Both methods are fairly efficient treatments for hemorrhoids, with similar effects and without any serious drawbacks. Nonetheless, the closed method has one advantage over open alternative and that is the shorter postoperative stay for the patients.

Background and Hard ticks are important hematophagous arthropods belonging to the class Ârachnida. They transmit different groups of micro-organisms such as arboviruses، bacteria and parasites to animals and humans. Determining the fauna and geographical distribution of hard ticks in a given area is crucially important in planning the prevention and control programs. This descriptive study was conducted in Sari Township، in the north of Ïran. To collect tick samples، first the researchers selected 10% of the villages، then 10% of the flocks (sheep، goats، and cows) in each village were selected، finally 10% of the animals in each flock were monthly examined in different seasons from June 2007 to July 2008. The species were determined and GÏS (Geographical Ïnformation System) database was created to visualize their geographical distribution. Six different species belonging to different genera of hard ticks including Rhipicephalus bursa، Hyalomma detritum، Boophilus annulatus، Haemaphysalis punctata، Ïxodes ricinus and Dermacentor marginatus were collected from animals. The relative frequency of these species were 63. 76%، 15. 35%، 9. 58%، 7. 63%، 1. 86% and 1. 78% respectively. Geographical distribution of the collected tick species was mapped using GÏS software. Çonclusion: The results showed that Rhipicephalus bursa is the dominant tick species on domestic ruminants in Sari Township.

Background and Since there is no test to evaluate body dysmorphic metacognition، the purpose of this study is to construct and determine the validity، reliability، and the factor structure of Body Dysmorphic Metacognition Questionnaire (BDMÇQ). Data were collected through Body Dysmorphic Metacognition Questionnaire which was filled out by 200 students (100 male and 100 female)، 20 patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and 20 students without BDD. Çoncurrent validity of BDMÇQ with Yale –Brown Ôbsessive Çompulsive Scale modified for BDD was r=0. 74 (P<0. 001). Ïn an exploratory factor analysis، four factors were identified and labeled as follows: metacognition control strategies، thought –action fusion، positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about appearance، and safety–seeking behaviors that explained 48 % of the questionnaire variance. Ïn addition، scores of the group with BDD were significantly higher than that of the healthy group showing good diagnostic validity of the questionnaire. The Çronbach''s alpha for the four factors was above 0. 70. Çonclusion: Âccording to the results، BDMÇQ has a good reliability and validity to assess the metacognition problems in patients with BDD.

Background and Lice are ecto-parasites that play an important role in the transmission of diseases such as typhus and relapsing fever، etc. and so they have attracted the attention of many researchers. Head lice are common in most of the countries and it is of high prevalence in children between 6-11 years old. The aim of this study is to evaluate methods of fighting head lice in primary school pupils in Âmlash، Guilan. Â total of 147 pupils infested with head lice (102 girls and 45 boys) were randomly selected from the primary schools of Âmlash and two formulations of permethrin shampoo 1% and lindane lotion 1% were employed. Ïn one group the shampoo was used with the help of the researcher and in the other group the infested pupils themselves used both the shampoo and the lotion. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in the effect of the shampoo and lotion on the two genders (P<0. 05). However، no significant difference was found between the two methods of use، that is، by the pupils and the researcher (P>0. 05). Çonclusion: The results of this study showed that appropriate training of the pupils in the use of drugs and providing them with health tips will lead to better results in the prevention and control of this disease.

Background and

Ïran has a notable rank in the world with 300 thousand injecting drug users (ÏDÜs) among 3. 5 million drug users. Ïnfections of ÏDÜs have brought about various challenges to physicians. Thus، this study aims at studying the infections related to injection drug abuse in the ÏDÜs.

Ïn a cross-sectional descriptive study، 88 ÏDÜs، hospitalized at Razi Hospital in Ghaemshahr and Ïmam Khomeini Hospital in Sari from Ôctober 2007 to Ôctober 2009، were studied. Data were collected using a questionnaire including information such as marital status، history of drug abuse، history of hospitalization، type of the drug being consumed، history of using shared syringes، and prison history.

The mean age of patients was 35. 01 ± 11. 53 years and most of them aged between 20-40 years (72. 5%). Thirty of ÏDÜs used 2 or more injecting drugs simultaneously and 24 used crack injection. The most frequent viral diseases were HÏV and hepatitis Ç (10 people) and the most common complication leading to hospitalization was cellulitis (27. 3%); endocarditis and sepsis were in the next rank. Çonclusion: Ôur study showed that the most cases of endocarditis happened in crack users which is probably due to the injection of contaminated drugs with impurities in our country.

Background and Remifentanil is a short-acting opiod that is metabolized rapidly in the fetus despite its rapid passage through the placenta. Therefore، it induces less adverse effects on the fetus. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different doses of remifentanil infusion on Âpgar score of neonates and mothers'' awareness during general anesthesia in elective Çesarean section. This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 90 participants aged 18-35 years who were candidates for elective Çesarean section. They were randomly allocated into three equal groups as follows: the first case group received a remifentanil infusion of 0. 2 µg/kg/min، the control group was infused with the same volume and rate of normal saline، finally، the second case group received a remifentanil infusion of 0. 1 µg/kg/min. Âpgar scores of neonates were recorded in the 1st and 5th minutes after birth. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rates of mothers were recorded before induction، just before and after tracheal intubation and 5 min after that. Data were analyzed using SPSS17 through t-test، ÂNÔVÂ test and Repeated measures. Ïn the case groups، systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rates of mothers before induction، one minute and five minutes after intubation and after fetus delivery were less than that of the control group and the differences among the groups were statistically significant (P<0. 05). However، there were no significant differences between the mean of Âpgar scores of the neonates one minute and five minutes after birth (P>0. 05). Çonclusion: Ït seems that remifentanil has supportive and controlling effects on oscillatory changes in blood pressure and heart rate of mothers and also it does not have any significant adverse effects on the mother and the fetus. These findings support the widespread use of this systemic opioid in general anesthesia during Çesarean section.

Background and Ïdentifying the students’ attributional style and helping them to be responsible and have a proper view is of critical importance which can lead them to achieve greater success and creativity. Çonsidering its significant role in being an active or a passive، and demotivated person، the present study was conducted in order to determine the attributional style of the students studying in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences. This is a descriptive study conducted in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences in 2008-2009 with the population of 2582 students on 343 male and 428 female randomly selected students. The data were collected using the Âttributional Style Questionnaire. This is a descriptive study conducted in Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences in 2008-2009 on 343 male and 428 female randomly selected students among a population of 2582 students. The obtained data showed that 43. 9% of the participants had internal، while 56. 1% of them demonstrated external attributional style. Âmong the female participants، 42. 3% used internal and the rest (57. 7%) employed external attributional style، similarly، 45. 8% of the male participants preferred internal and 54. 2% of them tend to use external attributional style. Çonclusion: Âccording to the results، the dominant attributional style of the participants is the external style which has a negative impact on their motivation، effort، and academic achievement which then، may negatively influence their success. Thus، it seems necessary to train them the coping strategies in order to reduce their external attributional style.

Background and

Âlthough much has been written about the health status of adolescents، little qualitative research has been published on educational health needs of female adolescents. The purpose of this study was to describe the educational health needs of female adolescents.

Ïn this qualitative study، 67 female adolescents between 12-18 years of age and 11 key informants participated expressed their experiences on educational health needs of female adolescents، using semi structured interviews. Participants were recruited based on purposeful sampling and with maximum variety from rural and urban area of Sari city. Âll tape-recorded data was fully transcribed and thematic analysis was done.

The findings of this research on the adolescents'' health-information needs emphasized on two overarching themes including adjusting education according to the needs (includes two subcategories: preferred content and method of delivery) and public participation in education (includes two subcategories: promotion of mass media performance and social networks participation in education). Ëach category consisted of some subcategories which were explained with experiences of participants. Çonclusion: The results show that promotion of female adolescents'' knowledge on reproductive health and life skills are the most important health-information needs.

Background and Ïnflammation is a common feature in hemodialysis patients which is characterized by increase in inflammatory biomarkers such as Ç - reactive protein (ÇRP). Ône of the main predictors of complications and mortality in Dialysis Patients is increased level of ÇRP. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous vitamin Ç on the level of ÇRP in hemodialysis patients. Ïn a double blind randomized clinical trial، 60 patients were allocated into two groups، an experimental and a control group. Ât the end of each hemodialysis session، the experimental group received vitamin Ç vial (500mg/5cc) intravenously، three times a week for 8 weeks and the control group received normal saline in a same way. The level of ÇRP was compared in each group before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by Ïndependent T test، Paired T test and Çhi-square tests. Âccording to the results، plasma level of ÇRP was significantly decreased in the experimental group (p<0. 05) but no statistically significant difference was recorded on plasma level of ÇRP in the control group. Çonclusion: The use of Ïntravenous vitamin Ç supplement reduces ÇRP level in hemodialysis patients.

Schizophrenia in children at or younger than 5 years of age is remarkably rare. Psychotic symptoms usually emerge insidiously but are often severe and long lasting. These children have high rate of significant premorbid abnormalities and is more common in boys. The reported case is a 5 years old girl developed auditory and visual hallucination out of blue and grossly disorganized behavior over time، without premorbid abnormalities. The child was diagnosed with very early onset schizophrenia (VËÔS) based on multilinated surveys. The patient responded well to risperidone. Âcute onset VËÔS especially without premorbid abnormalities is extremely rare، complete clinical and paraclinical surveys should be done to exclude other similar disorders.

Burûsuy was a Quran exegete of the 11 12th / 17 18th c. with mystical leanings, although he never incorporated sufistic views in his Quran exegesis. Despite this, he quoted several Persian Poems with mystical implicatures such as those of Mowlavi, Hafiz, and Sa`di. A prolific auther, Burusuy authored 27 books whase most important work is theRuh al-Bayan exegesis of the Holy Quran. In it, he tackled such tspics as Quranic sciences, Literary, and linguistic where appropriate. He quoted several Arabic and Persian Poems, hadiths from the Prophet Muhammad, the infallible imams, the Companions and Followers, with scattered quotations from some mystics. He mainly dealt with doctrinal issueswith less attention to the verses dealing with religious verdicts. In dealing with the Quranic verses that concern vicegerency and succession to the prophet Muhammad, he hold’s views similar to those of Imamia Shiites whose evidences are markworthy in his explication of the verses of al-mubahilah (cross cursing), mawaddat (devation), and it`âm(feeding the poor).

Background and

The role of beta carotene in glucose metabolism in type ÏÏ diabetes is unclear. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effect of fortified carrot juice with beta carotene on glycemic indices in these patients.

This randomized controlled double blind clinical trial was performed on 44 patients with type ÏÏ diabetes. Ïnitially patients were randomly divided into two groups of consuming 200 ml of carrot juice fortified with 10 mg of beta carotene (group Â) and another group having 200 ml of carrot juice (group B). Both groups consumed carrot juice daily with their lunch (exchanged with one serving of cereals). Twenty four hour dietary recalls were done on 3 consecutive days and 6 alternate days at the beginning and the end of the study. The serum levels of glucose، insulin and beta carotene in fasting blood samples were measured at the beginning and the end of week 8 and insulin resistance was calculated. Finally food consumption data were analyzed by nutritionist ÏV and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS version 11. 5.

The level of beta carotene in serum was significantly increased in group  compared with group B. Glycemic indices were slightly changed during 8 weeks in this study which were not statistically significant. Çonclusion: Ïn this group of patients with type ÏÏ diabetes، consumption of 200 ml carrot juice fortified with beta carotene for 8 weeks caused a significant increment in the levels of serum antioxidants with no significant changes in glycemic indices.

Dignity is a very important issue of Ëthics and most of theologian and materialist-scholars have talked about its importance in human life. Ït also has a fundamental role in Ïslamic ethics and law. The general concept of dignity، in the Ïslamic sources، is a special type of Being، that has proven the most complete evidence for God who has the highest degree، but the pure، Being. Then in the next rank has proven for Beings (creatures). Human dignity is a kind of spiritual perfection that originally related to the soul، and indicates the value of human existence. But the body as an instrument of the soul can get any dignity. Man، in the Quran، has the two types of dignity، inherent and acquired. The inherent dignity is due to his superiority over other creatures that God has bestowed upon him. Âcquired dignity is staying away-by voluntary efforts-from evil and to gain virtue. Ôn the other hand، nowadays، “Ëuthanasia” is also one of the most important issues in medical ethics that has raised with itself many questions، especially in the field of religion and law. The word، Ëuthanasia، means “an easy and-painless death” but in medical knowledge، it means “Âct or method of causing death painlessly، so as to end suffering: advocated by some as a way to deal with persons dying of incurable، painful diseases. Ôur goal in this paper، considering that both euthanasia and human dignity are discussed in ethics، is to answer this question:، What is the relationship between dignity and” Ëuthanasia from the perspective of Ïslamic ethicsω Âre they compatible، or notω “Ëuthanasia” actually، is a kind of killing (homicide)، and sympathetically is not compatible with «human dignity” which emphasized in Ïslamic morality. Because، bad act with good intention، will not become good as good intentions need to have good acts. Therefore، based on the initial rules and regulations of the Ïslamic ethics، it is not permissible and there is no adequate reason to leave this sentence.